华南梅花鹿研究现状及展望

概述了国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物华南梅花鹿(Cervus nippon kopschi)在分布现状、栖息地状况、种群数量结构、采食习性、社会行为学、生长发育及繁殖习性、保护遗传学等方面的研究内容,认为未来华南梅花鹿的主要研究方向为分布范围及其种群数量结构、栖息地生境的评估、行为学研究和种群活动分布格局。     

桃红岭梅花鹿

<正>江西桃红岭梅花鹿国家级自然保护区位于长江中下游南岸的江西彭泽县境内,是目前国内唯一以南方亚种野生梅花鹿命名的国家级自然保护区,区内野生梅花鹿365只,是全国梅花鹿南方亚种最大的野外种群。桃红岭保护区首次开始使用远红外线技术是2014年9月,主要目的是为了更好监测保护区内野生动物特别是梅花鹿的种群数量、栖息地环境、行为变化等方面的数据。通过近半年时间的实地监测应用,保护区     

清凉峰自然保护区华南梅花鹿种群数量与分布研究

于2006年1—3月,采用雪地足迹计数法和样带法对清凉峰国家级自然保护区内野生华南梅花鹿种群与分布进行调查研究,结果表明,在38条样带中有13条样带发现有华南梅花鹿,这13条样带构成一个狭长地带;清凉峰自然保护区内野生梅花鹿种群最低密度为0．90头／km^2,最高密度为2．79头/km^2,平均密度为1．84头／km^2,种群数量为104（51～156）头。研究揭示,华南梅花鹿主要在海拔800-1200m的范围内活动,栖息地植被类型以草甸和灌丛为主。     

四川铁布自然保护区保护价值分析

四川铁布自然保护区主要保护对象是四川梅花鹿及其栖息地,通过对该保护区的唯一性和不可替代性、生物多样性、生态价值、社会价值等方面的论述,阐明了保护区在四川梅花鹿及其栖息地保护中的重要意义。     

江西桃红岭梅花鹿国家级自然保护区梅花鹿栖息地优化对策建议

通过对江西桃红岭梅花鹿国家级自然保护区梅花鹿华南亚种栖息地现状调查,分析了影响梅花鹿华南亚种向保护区外围扩散的原因,探讨了保护区在栖息地管理中存在的问题,提出对栖息地优化管理的对策与建议。     

我国白尾海雕种群与分布状况

通过对我国白尾海雕分布区域和种群现状的研究,查清我国白尾海雕资源状况、分布区域、栖息地现状、种群受威胁状况及其动态变化情况,由此可知:东北地区是白尾海雕的重要繁殖区域,我国关于白尾海雕系统研究起步较晚,尚处于初级阶段,应加强白尾海雕基础研究、种群动态及野外监测研究,故在此可开展繁殖生态学以及行为学等领域的研究。     

大熊猫栖息地评价研究进展

在回顾大熊猫栖息地评价研究历史和现状的基础上,总结了大熊猫栖息地评价的考察指标和研究方法,探讨了非生物因子、生物因子以及干扰因子对大熊猫栖息地的影响以及栖息地破碎化特征。野外调查误差大、评价指标的局限性等是目前大熊猫栖息地评价研究中存在的主要问题,应用目前较流行的已被证明比较优良的无线电遥测、GIS与遥感成像等先进技术,并融合景观生态学理论,从较大尺度空间来研究大熊猫的栖息地评价,应是今后的发展方向。     

仙洞山保护区梅花鹿种群现状

2013年冬季至2014年早春,在仙洞山保护区对梅花鹿种群现状开展研究,保护区内有梅花鹿267只,其中幼鹿32只、亚成体55只、成体164只,成体雌雄比为1∶0.57,梅花鹿种群数量稳定增长,但增长率在逐年减小,显示种群数量逐渐接近保护区的饱和容纳量。     

大熊猫的行为和保护研究

指出了将行为研究理论运用到动物保护中是生物保护学的一个新发展方向,大熊猫行为学和行为生态学不断发展的同时,相关的行为知识也逐渐被应用在栖息地管理、种群动态监测、种群灭绝风险预测、圈养大熊猫饲养和繁殖、圈养大熊猫放归等大熊猫保护和管理的具体实践中,对大熊猫的保护有着积极意义。总结了大熊猫行为研究在保护管理实践中比较重要的应用,并对今后大熊猫的保护行为学研究提出了展望。     

人为干扰对植物种群影响研究初论

人为干扰的研究近些年是生态学研究的一大热点,人为干扰与植物种群关系的研究是干扰生态学研究的一个层面,现就人为干扰对植物种群影响的研究进行了初步探讨.     

梅花鹿的生态生物学研究进展

梅花鹿（Cervus nippon）隶属偶蹄目鹿科,是濒危级珍稀保护动物,主要分布在黑龙江、吉林、江西、浙江、安徽、四川和甘肃省等地。总结了梅花鹿的分类与分布、种群密度和结构、生境选择、行为、繁殖、食性以及生存现状,提出了相应保护对策。     

Population structures and spatial patterns of two unpalatable Arisaema species(Araceae) with and without clonal reproduction in a riparian forest intensively grazed by Sika deer

General decline of understory cover can result from increased abundance of and foraging pressure by deer.But population size and degree of aggregation can increase for unpalatable understory plants that escape foraging pressure.Clonal reproduction can enable unpalatable plant species to increase their population sizes while trending toward spatially aggregated distributions.However,the details of the relationship between clonal reproduction in unpalatable plants and their dynamics under intensive deer herbivory are not clear.We compared the population structures and spatial patterns of two coexisting unpalatable plant species,Arisaema ovale(with clonal reproduction)and A.peninsulae(without clonal reproduction)in a riparian forest intensively grazed by Sika deer,and examined the null hypothesis that the extent of spatial aggregation and local population size would not differ between the clonal and non-clonal Arisaema species.In a 0.36-ha plot,A.ovale had a larger population size(1087 individuals)with a higher abundance ratio of small plants(p<0.01)than A.peninsulae(84 individuals).Analyses of spatial point processes showed that both populations were spatially aggregated(p<0.05).The spatial aggregation of A.peninsulae,however,became weaker than that of A.ovale,when we excluded one dense patch originating from irregular seed dispersion.These results,excluding the aggregated distribution observed in A.peninsulae,suggested a substantial contribution of clonal reproduction to the expansion of the local A.ovale population following intensive grazing by Sika deer.     

我国麝资源现状及保护对策

我国曾是世界上麝资源最丰富的国家,但由于偷猎盗猎和对其栖息地的干扰破坏,使我国麝资源急剧减少。本文在论述我国麝资源现状及危机原因的基础上,在种群保护、栖息地管理、限制麝香利用、监测与研究等方面提出保护管理对策。     

Effects of Sika Deer Browsing on the Structure and Regeneration of the Abies firmaForest on Kinkazan Island,Northern Japan

Abstract

Two Abies firmaforests, one on an island (Kinkazan Island) inhabited by Sika deer (Cervus nippori)and another on the opposite peninsula in northern Japan, were compared. Species richness was poorer on the island than on the peninsula, and only low growing plants (rosettes or prostrate forms) and unpalatable plants were found there. The biomass in the forest floor in the island plots was only about 10% ofthat on the peninsula plots. Densities of woody plants in the island plots were much lower (350-600 stems/ha) than those in the peninsula plots (1400-2300 stems/ha). The size class distributions of woody plants were biased toward larger size classes in the island plots, indicating that these stands were older and lacked young trees. In contrast, the tree sizes were variable among the peninsula plots, suggesting that the peninsula forest was logged in different years. Sika deer seemed to have prevented the regeneration of the A. firma forest on the island by removing most of the seedlings and saplings. Proper population control of the deer is necessary for healthy forest regeneration.     

Changes in spatial patterns of sika deer distribution and herbivory of planted seedlings: a comparison before and after deer population control by culling

Sika deer (Cervus nippon) sometimes cause extensive damage to planted tree seedlings. To evaluate the effects of culling on the spatial distribution patterns of sika deer and browse damage to planted seedlings, we compared the data collected before and after experimental culling in a cool, temperate, mixed forest on Kyushu Island, Japan. Experimental culling, conducted in an area of 1 km², removed five, four and two sika deer in April, June and October 2011, respectively. During the year before culling, the spatial pattern of the number of sika deer caught on camera corresponded to the predicted sika deer density. Sika deer immediately browsed planted seedlings after the initial planting. The cumulative number of browsed seedlings increased over time, especially in winter. The spatial pattern of the cumulative number of sika deer caught on camera corresponded to that of browsed seedlings at the year’s end. During the year when culling was conducted, the number of sika deer caught on camera decreased around the center of the study site where the culling was conducted and the number of browsed seedlings decreased. During the year following culling, the cumulative number of browsed seedlings was very similar to that in the year before the culling, while the same low number of sika deer was caught on camera. These results indicate that the effects of deer culling resulted in decreased levels of sika deer appearance and browse damage for more than 1 year and for several months, respectively.     

珍稀动物麋鹿的保护研究概述

麋鹿属于国家一级保护动物,国内外学者在麋鹿种群健康繁衍和保护事业方面进行了大量的研究工作.文中介绍了麋鹿的生物学特征、种群、行为学、生境学、遗传多样性、药用价值及国外研究现状,提出国内需在分子细胞生物学层次上开展麋鹿的相关研究工作,以促进麋鹿种群的保护和健康繁衍.     

A geostatistical approach to spatial density distributions of sika deer (Cervus nippon)

Sika deer (Cervus nippon) cause serious damage to trees in Japanese forests. Browsing, bark stripping, and tree abrasion with antlers account for 50% of total wildlife damage over the past decade. The extent of forest damage depends on deer population density. We determined the spatial distribution of sika deer population density on Mt. Hiko (Fukuoka Prefecture, southwestern Japan). We also investigated changes in population density distribution over time. Determinants of population density were examined, with particular emphasis on the hunting cull. Deer densities in 1999 and 2004 were estimated by fecal pellet counts at 86 sites. We used kriging, a geostatistical technique that is a component of geographic information systems, to interpolate site-specific point data over large areas of landscape. Mapping procedures showed that high-density (≥30.0 deer km^?2) and low-density sections of landscape (≤10.0 deer km^?2) decreased in areal extent between 1999 and 2004. Contractions of high-density sections were attributable to intensive hunting. In low-density landscape sections, reduced hunting pressure allowed increased persistence of adult animals whose high fecundity led to population growth and higher deer densities. Landscape tracts with medium deer densities (10.0–30.0 deer km^?2) expanded, adding further difficulties to the task of wildlife management. Given the scale of the problems caused by deer, it is clear that reliable estimates of population size across space and time are essential components of the wildlife manager’s toolbox.     

Wintering Habitat Evaluation of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) in Forest Area of Northeastern China

IntroductionTheprofessionalsworkofwildlifemanagementisatargetforpopulationmanagement,butmoreandmoreprofessionalsworkersareinterestedinthemanagementofthewildlifehabitat(Belley,1984).ItisoneofessentiafworksforustoappraisehabitatwiththescientificmanagementontheReddeerpopulation.Soitisusefultoconservation,developmentandutilizationoftheReddeerinananimal'sperspective.Sincethe1970'smanyscientistshavebeenstudyingthehabitatevaluationfordeer.Severalmodelsandmethodssuchasthelineardiagram,thematrixmodel…     

猴猕岭野放坡鹿种群与栖息地现状

2003年开始由大田自然保护区向猴猕岭野放海南坡鹿,至2005年止共野放296头。2007年5月,海南林业局组织了海南坡鹿种群全面调查。我们对猴猕岭野放海南坡鹿种群数量与栖息地现状进行了调查,采用现场直观点数调查、样方调查和访问调查相结合的方法进行。调查结果为海南坡鹿530头,种群年均增长率约21．4％。事实证明了迁地野放坡鹿是成功的,为促进坡鹿种群的进一步发展及栖息质量不断改善,提出了相应的保护建议。     

Wintering habitat evaluation of Red deer (Cervus elaphus) in forest area of Northeastern China

Six ultimate factors (forage abundance, horizontal sheltering class, distance from human disturbance, snow depth, tree coverage, and edge effect) of Red deer (Cervus elaphus) were investigated in eastern Heilongjiang Province during winter from 1988 to 1991. On the basis of analysis of field data, we evaluated winter habitat conditions of Red deer. The results showed as follows: the wintering habitat quality of Red deer in poplar-birch stands was excellent in the Wanda Mountains, and was moderate in shrub-woods and Korean pine seed stands. According to habitat index (HI) values, the habitat quality in poplar-birch stands (HI=0.8185) was superior to that in shrub-woods (HI=0.4825) and in Korean pine seed stands (HI=0.4385). The wintering habitat quality of Red deer in the Wanda Mountains was superior to that of Dailing Forestry Region. According to the current situations of forestry areas in northeastern China, strengthening habitat management was important for the conservation and management of Red deer population in the next decades. This subject is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province. (Responsible Editor: Zhu Hong)