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1.
Ueno TE Gonçalves VS Heinemann MB Dilli TL Akimoto BM de Souza SL Gennari SM Soares RM 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(4):547-552
Serum samples from 1028 sheep were collected from 32 herds within Federal District, in the central region of Brazil. The samples
were examined by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) using sera diluted 1:64 and 1:50 as cut-off values for the detection
of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum, respectively. The observed prevalence for T. gondii infection was 38.22% (26.81%<CI 0.95<49.62%), and the titers ranged from 64 to 65536. The observed prevalence for N. caninum infection was 8.81% (7.08%<CI 0.95<10.53%). The titers ranged from 50 to 51200. The reactant sera to both pathogens corresponded
to 4.67% of the samples. The risk factors were not determined because of the absence of negative herds for T. gondii and the high proportion of positive herds for N. caninum (87.50%). The prevalence for T. gondii infection was significantly higher among males than in females. The present work is the first report on seroprevalence of
T. gondii and N. caninum in sheep from Federal District and shows that infection by both parasites is widespread in the ovine population from this
region. 相似文献
2.
Camacho AT Guitian FJ Pallas E Gestal JJ Olmeda AS Habela MA Telford SR Spielman A 《Tropical animal health and production》2005,37(4):293-302
The control of equine piroplasmosis is becoming increasingly important to maintain the international market open to the horse industry. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the occurrence of equine piroplasmosis (Theileria equi and Babesia caballi) in Galicia, north-west Spain, and to compare haematological and serum biochemistry parameters between non-parasitaemic horses and horses parasitaemic with T. equi and B. caballi. Sixty serum samples (control group) were taken from healthy horses pastured on two farms, and examined for evidence of equine T. equi and B. caballi infection by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Of the 60 samples, 24 (40%) and 17 (28.3%) samples were positive for T. equi and B. caballi, respectively. Twelve (20%) samples were positive for both parasites. Haematology and serum biochemistry were compared between controls and a series of 36 horses clinically affected by T. equi (25) or B. caballi (11). Compared with the healthy group, there was a 43% and 37% decrease in the haematocrit for T. equi and B. caballi infection, respectively. Parasitaemic horses presented an intense anaemia and serum biochemistry signs of liver damage. The anaemia was more severe in T. equi-infected than in B. caballi-infected horses. Our results suggest that equine piroplasmosis is widespread in the region and is a cause for concern. 相似文献
3.
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of meiotic stages during in vitro maturation (IVM) on the survival of vitrified-warmed buffalo oocytes, vitrified at different stages of IVM. Cumulus oocyte
complexes obtained from slaughterhouse ovaries were randomly divided into 6 groups: control (non-vitrified, matured for 24
h at 38 ± 1°C, 5% CO2 in humidified air), and those matured for 0 h (vitrified before IVM) or 6, 12, 18 and 24 h before vitrification. Cumulus
oocyte complexes were vitrified in solution consisting of 40% w/v propylene glycol and 0.25 mol/L trehalose in phosphate-buffered
saline supplemented with 4% w/v bovine serum albumin. Vitrified cumulus oocyte complexes were stored at −196∘C (liquid nitrogen) for at least 7 days and then thawed at 37°C; cryoprotectant was removed with 1 mol/L sucrose solution. Cumulus oocyte complexes in the 0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h groups
were then matured for an additional 24, 18, 12, 6 and 0 h, respectively, to complete 24 h of IVM. Among the five vitrification
groups, 89–92% of cumulus oocyte complexes were recovered, after warming, of which 84–91% were morphologically normal. Overall
survivability of vitrified cumulus oocyte complexes was lower (p < 0.05) than that of non-vitrified cumulus oocyte complexes (94.5%). Survival rates of cumulus oocyte complexes matured 24
h prior to vitrification (61.3%) were higher (p < 0.05) than those matured for 12 h (46.7%), 6 h (40.6%) and 0 h (37.6%). Nuclear status following 24 h IVM was assessed.
A higher proportion of non-vitrified (control) oocytes (72.7%) reached metaphase II (M-II) stage in control than oocytes vitrified
for 24 h (60.0%), 18 h (54.4), 12 h (42.3%), 6 h (33.3%) and 0 h (31.6%) (p < 0.05). The results suggest that length of time in maturation medium prior to vitrification influences post-thaw survivability
of buffalo oocytes; longer intervals resulted in higher survival rates. 相似文献
4.
Motubatse MR Ng'ambi JW Norris D Malatje MM 《Tropical animal health and production》2008,40(3):229-238
In a first of two experiments, twenty yearling male Pedi goats weighing 21.3 ± 0.5 kg live weight were used in a 37-day study
in a 2 (levels of PEG 4000) × 2 (levels of Acacia) Factorial arrangement in a Completely Randomised Design to determine the
effect of the level of Acacia nilotica leaf meal supplementation plus 23 g polyethylene glycol 4000 on diet intake and digestibility, and growth rate of Pedi goats
fed ad libitum Buffalo grass hay. Acacia nilotica leaf meal contained high amounts of total phenolics (2.04 % DM) and low amounts of condensed tannins; both extracted (0.37
% DM) and unextracted (1.83 % DM). Supplementation with PEG 4000 increased (P < 0.05) crude protein intake as the level of
Acacia nilotica leaf meal increased from 80 to 120 g. Similarly, treatment with PEG 4000 improved (P < 0.05) DM, OM and CP digestibilities
when compared to 80 g Acacia nilotica leaf meal. Supplementation with PEG 4000 resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in blood urea concentrations. Polyethylene glycol
4000 has the potential to improve the feeding value of A. nilotica leaf meal and can, therefore, be used in the feeding systems for ruminant animals. The second experiment determined the effect
of A. nilotica leaf meal supplementation on in vitro digestibility of the diets similar to the actual ratios of the first experiment. Level of A. nilotica leaf meal supplementation plus 23 g PEG 4000 supplementation improved (P < 0.05) in vitro DM, OM and CP digestibilities where 120 g A. nilotica leaf meal was supplemented. Similarly, 23 g PEG 4000 supplementation also improved (P < 0.05) in vitro CP digestibility where 80 g A. nilotica leaf meal was supplemented. In vivo DM and OM digestibilities were best predicted from in vitro DM and OM digestibilities while in vivo CP was explained by in vitro OM and CP digestibilities. It is, therefore, concluded that in vitro DM and OM digestibilities have good capacity to predict in vivo DM and OM digestibilities while OM and CP digestibilities have good capacity to predict in vivo CP digestibility. 相似文献
5.
Arriaga-Jordán CM Pedraza-Fuentes AM Velázquez-Beltrán LG Nava-Bernal EG Chávez-Mejía MC 《Tropical animal health and production》2005,37(7):589-597
The economic contribution of draught animals to smallholder Mazahua campesino systems in two mountain villages of San Felipe del Progreso, in the central highlands of Mexico, was assessed. Campesinos rely on draught animals for cultivation tasks, as pack animals, and as transport for agricultural and domestic activities.
The villages were San Pablo Tlalchichilpa (SPT) and La Concepción Mayorazgo (LCM). Twelve households that possessed draught
animals were monitored from July 1999 to June 2000, nine in SPT and three in LCM, in terms of animal inventories and income
from their draught animals, in cash and opportunity values. Equines in SPT have substituted bulls, and are recognized for
their multipurpose contribution, while in LCM bulls are still used for ploughing the land. Overall total mean gross income
was US$490.78 per farm per year, plus US$56 as opportunity value of the fertilizer value of manure for both villages. Deducting
estimated costs, owning draught animals leaves a mean net margin of US$412.50/year in SPT and of US$285.64/year in LCM. There
is a significant correlation (p < 0.05) between ownership of draught animals and incomes, with a regression coefficient of US$279.16 per year per draught
animal. Besides positive economic returns, having work animals alleviates drudgery for the campesino families. 相似文献
6.
A serological survey was conducted among sows in the Mekong delta in southern Vietnam in 1999 to investigate variations in
leptospiral Seroprevalence over a one-year period. In this region, leptospirosis is endemic and a high leptospiral Seroprevalence
has been shown in the pig population. In this study, the serology of six Leptospira serovars was analysed by the microscopic agglutination test for 429 sows at five large-scale state farms sampled during the
dry period, the rainy period and the early dry period. The serovars included were L. interrogans serovar (sv) autumnalis strain Akiyama A, L. interrogans sv bratislava strain Jez, L. interrogans sv icterohaemorrhagiae strain Kantorowicz, L. interrogans sv pomona strain Pomona, L. borgpetersenii sv tarassovi strain Perepelitsin, and L. kirschneri sv grippotyphosa strain Duyster. Variations in Seroprevalence over the year were found for sv bratislava and sv icterohaemorrhagiae:
the Seroprevalence was higher during the dry period compared with the rainy period (p = 0.07 and p = 0.005, respectively) and the early dry period (p = 0.00006 and p = 0.0006, respectively). It is concluded that in regions where water is constantly abundant and where animals are exposed
to the outdoor environment all year round there are highly significant variations in leptospiral Seroprevalence over the year. 相似文献
7.
Larval antigen of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, the vector of Theileria annulata, was purified by two-step affinity chromatography using anti-tick gut-specific rabbit IgG and IgG from immunized cattle. The purified antigen showed the presence of a single polypeptide of 37 kDa (GHLAgP) on SDS-PAGE. Two groups (I and II) of naive crossbred calves (Bos taurus × B. indicus) were immunized with 1 mg of GHLAgP in three divided doses. Immunized calves of group I were also infected with a sublethal dose of T. annulata along with a group of non-immunized calves (group III). Animals in groups I, II, III as well a control group (group IV) were challenged with live nymphs of H. a. anatolicum on the 10th day of immunization. There was a significant reduction in the number of emerging adults of 56.9% ± 1.67% in calves of group I (p < 0.01) and 63.09% ± 1.26% in calves of group II (p < 0.001) compared to the controls. The calves of groups I and II showed antibody responses to tick antigen up to day 70 post immunization. Infection with T. annulata was determined in the salivary glands of adult ticks that developed from the nymphs used for challenge infection. In ticks taken from group I calves, there was a 75.0% ± 0.00% infection compared with only 85.0% ± 2.88% infection in ticks taken from calves of group III. Using PCR, a lower infection (83.33% ± 3.33%) was detected in ticks that developed from calves of group I compared with calves from group III (90.00% ± 2.88%). The ground-up tick supernatants (GUTS) of the ticks taken from calves of group III yielded higher infection rate and exhibited higher infectivity titre in in vitro infection assay of bovine mononuclear cells than the GUTS of the ticks taken from calves of group I. The results suggest a partial reduction in growth rate of T. annulata in ticks feeding on calves immunized with GHLAgP. 相似文献
8.
Swai ES Karimuribo ED Ogden NH French NP Fitzpatrick JL Bryant MJ Kambarage DM 《Tropical animal health and production》2005,37(8):599-610
A cross-sectional serological survey of A. marginale was conducted on 200 randomly selected smallholder farms in each of the Tanga and Iringa Regions of Tanzania between January
and April 1999. Sera, from dairy cattle of all ages, sexes and breeds were tested for antibodies against A. marginale using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibodies to A. marginale were present in cattle throughout the study areas and the overall prevalence was 20% for Tanga and 37% for Iringa. The forces
of infection based on the age seroprevalence profile were estimated at 8 for Tanga and 15 for Iringa per 100 cattle years-risk,
respectively. In both regions, seroprevalence increased with age (β = 0.01 and 0.017 per year of age, p < 0.005, in Tanga and Iringa, respectively). Older animals in Iringa were significantly and negatively associated with decreased
seropositivity (β = −0.002, p = 0.0029). Further results of logistic regression models reveal that geographic location of animals in Tanga was associated
with seropositivity (odds ratio (OR) = 2.94, p = 0.005, for Tanga Rural and OR = 2.38, p = 0.066, for Muheza). Animals acquired as a gift in Iringa had higher odds for seropositivity than brought-in cattle (OR
= 2.44, p = 0.005). Our study has identified and quantified some key risk factors that can guide planners devising disease control
strategies. 相似文献
9.
Bilge Karatepe Mustafa Karatepe Ayşe Çakmak Zafer Karaer Gül Ergün 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(1):109-113
The prevalence of equine piroplasmosis caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in Nigde, in central Anatolia, Turkey has remained unknown. Serum samples were obtained from a total of 125 horses and were
tested for antibodies to T. equi and B. caballi using the Indirect Fluorescence Antibody Test (IFAT). Twenty-three (18.4%) horses were seropositive for equine piroplasmosis.
Anti-T. equi was observed in 16 horses (12.8%) while anti-B. caballi was detected in 12 horses (9.6%). In addition, 5 serum samples were positive for both parasites. The prevalence rates of
antibodies to T. equi and B. caballi for female and male horses were statistically indifferent (p = 0.19 and 0.90). The difference between the seropositivity
rates to T. equi among age groups was statistically insignificant (p = 0.44) while the difference to B. caballi among age groups is statistically significant (p = 0.01). Seropositivity rates ranged from 2.9% to 25.7% for T. equi and 2.9% to 14.3% for B. caballi from the selected districts in Nigde. A statistically significant difference on seropositivity rates for the study sites
was observed for only T.equi (p = 0.03). This study indicates that T. equi is higher than B. caballi in Nigde.
This study was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Unit of Nigde University (FEB 2007/08). 相似文献
10.
Sharpsnout bream (Diplodus puntazzo) has been used in Adriatic aquaculture for less than a decade, but the decreasing trend of rearing this species will probably
result in its complete substitution by more exploited sea bream (Sparus aurata). Only two facilities still rear both fish species in neighbouring cages in monoculture. A switch of parasites was observed
between sparids during monitoring of the gill monogeneans of farmed fish. In wild fish of the Adriatic Sea, Lamellodiscus elegans (Monogenea: Monopisthocotylea) has previously been reported in annular (Diplodus annularis), and two-banded sea bream (D. vulgaris) and sharpsnout bream (D. puntazzo), and the present study confirmed its presence also in sea bream, in low prevalence and abundance. The exclusively sea bream
monogenean Sparicotyle chrysophrii (Monogenea: Polyopisthocotylea) was also isolated from sharpsnout bream, showing prevalence and abundance values even higher
than in its resident host. In the occurrence of L. elegans in sea bream, the opportunistic switch resulted in lower abundance and prevalence than in the original host, while in the
second case of switching the monogenean S. chrysophrii showed better reproductive capacity on a new host (sharpsnout bream). Both cases point to the possible enlargement of parasite
host range. 相似文献
11.
Haematological and serum biochemical values of clinical significance that could serve as reference data for deer kept in captivity
were measured for chital (Axis axis) and barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak). The venous blood from four each of chital and barking deer (n = 8) reared in semi-captivity was collected after proper restraint of the animals. The mean blood haemoglobin, packed cell
volume, total erythrocyte count and total leukocyte count of all the eight deer of the two species were 15.90 ± 0.44,g/dl,
51.44 ± 0.60%, 20.83 ± 0.57 × 106μl and 2.37 ± 0.20 × 103μl. Serum total protein, albumin, bilirubin, cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen irrespective of species were 6.83 ± 0.19,g/dl,
3.90 ± 0.11,g/dl, 0.33 ± 0.08,mg/dl, 106.81 ± 3.59,mg/dl and 24.79 ± 2.11,mg/dl, respectively. Serum enzyme activities indicative
of liver function such as alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) were 30.38 ± 4.67,units/ml and 42.88
± 5.97,units/ml, respectively. The serum calcium and phosphorus levels of all the eight deer were 10.27 ± 0.36,mg/dl and 8.31
± 0.68,mg/dl, respectively. This is the first report on baseline values in barking deer. The distribution of haematological
and serum biochemical values was fairly normal, suggesting that the mean values could be representative of normal values for
two different deer species. 相似文献
12.
The effect of salivary gland extract (SGE) from the tick Boophilus microplus was examined in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes in vitro. SGE was added to lymphocytes of seven cattle together with the mitogens concanavalin A (ConA), phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)
and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Semi-purified B cells from another seven cattle were stimulated with the mitogen lipopolysaccharide
(LPS). PHA and ConA stimulated proliferation of lymphocytes to the same extent, but the inhibition due to SGE of Boophilus microplus on the proliferative response stimulated by PHA (39.0% ± 9.3%) was less than the inhibition of proliferative response stimulated
by ConA (75.4% ± 6.9%). In contrast, SGE of B. microplus stimulated the proliferation of B cells in the presence of LPS in a dose-dependent manner. Enhanced stimulation of B cells
by SGE at >4 μg in culture was greater than twice that observed when B cells were stimulated by LPS alone. SGE does not have
a direct suppressive effect on bovine B cell proliferation; however, in vivo the effectiveness of B cell responses might be influenced by other immune factors, such as cytokine profiles. 相似文献
13.
Examination of possible transmission of the Irish strain of the sheep scab mite (Psoroptes ovis) of ovine origin between host species involved calves and goats being placed with infected sheep and also directly challenged with live mites. Although mites remained on recipient species for up to a week, they failed to produce disease in either of these species. Calves and goats that had live mites placed on them likewise failed to infect sheep with which they were housed. 相似文献
14.
Hao Wang Zihua Li Fu Gao Jiaqing Zhao Mingxing Zhu Xin He Nan Niu Wei Zhao 《Veterinary research communications》2016,40(2):73-79
Objective
This study aims to investigate the immunoprotection of recombinant Eg.P29 (rEg.P29) vaccine and analyze the underlying mechanism in sheep.Methods
Three groups of male sheep were immunized subcutaneously with rEg.P29 and PBS, Freund’s complete adjuvant as controls, respectively. After prime-boost vaccination, the sheep were challenged with encapsulated Echinococcus granulosus eggs. The percentage of protection in sheep was determined 36 weeks after the infection. Humoral immune response was analyzed for specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgM and IgE levels. Moreover, cytokines including interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4,and IL-10 were also evaluated.Results
Immunization with rEg.P29 induced protective immune responses up to 94.5 %, compared with immunoadjuvant group. The levels of specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2, and IgE as well as IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4 significantly increased after two immunizations (P < 0.05); however, the levels of IgM and IL-10 did not show difference.Conclusion
rEg.P29 showed Immunoprotection and induced Th1 and Th2 immune responses; hence, rEg.P29 is a potential vaccine for E. granulosus infection.15.
Yadav A Katoch R Khajuria JK Katoch M Agrawal R 《Tropical animal health and production》2011,43(8):1487-1492
Examination of 3,960 goats brought from six districts of Jammu province and slaughtered at Jammu abattoir from July 2005 to
June 2006 revealed 47.22% prevalence of larval stages of warble fly (Przhevalskiana silenus Brauer, 1858) in goats. Highest prevalence was recorded in Udhampur (56.44%) and lowest in Doda district (13.49%). Classification
of the study area into four zones based on height (meters above sea level), viz., zone I (300–325 m asl), zone II (325–800 m
asl), zone III (800–1,500 m asl), and zone IV (>1,500 m asl), revealed significant (p < 0.01) difference in infestation among animals of zone II (71.68%), zone III (40.12%), and zone IV (22.41%). However, animals
of zone I did not reveal any infestation. Statistical analysis in relation to age showed significant (p < 0.01) difference among different age groups, i.e., <1 year (2.81%), 1–3 years (51.17%), and >3 years (43.16%). Breed-wise
analysis also showed significantly (p < 0.01) higher infestation rate among Bakerwali (51.51%) goats as compared to Beetal (42.59%). But no significant difference
was recorded among male (47.81%) and female (46.82%) animals. The overall mean larva count (L1, L2, and L3) was observed to
be 14.72 ± 0.34, ranging from 4 to 72. It was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in animals of zone II (22.20 ± 0.21) as compared to goats of zones III (14.21 ± 0.41) and IV (7.73 ± 0.90).
Age-wise analysis of mean larva count also showed significant (P < 0.05) difference between animals of 1–3 years (16.25 ± 0.37) and >3 years of age (13.18 ± 0.40). Mean larvae count in relation
to sex and breed did not reveal any significant difference. First-instar larvae (L1) were recorded from May to mid-September, second larval stage (L2) from mid-September to mid-December, and third-stage larvae (L3) from mid-December to February. However, No larvae were recorded from March to April, which is suggestive of pupation period
in this region. Thus, it is concluded that adult fly is active in April to June. The results further confirmed that internal
life cycle of P. silenus is subcutaneous and no migration of larvae occurs. This is the first report from India, based on slaughter house study on
the prevalence and biology of goat warble fly infestation. It will help in devising suitable prophylactic and eradication
program to check the economic losses rendered by adult fly. 相似文献
16.
Simón F Kramer LH Román A Blasini W Morchón R Marcos-Atxutegi C Grandi G Genchi C 《Veterinary research communications》2007,31(2):161-171
Heartworm disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis affects canine and feline hosts, with infections occasionally being reported in humans. Studies have shown that both dirofilarial
antigens and those derived from its bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia, interact with the host organism during canine, feline and human infections and participate in the development of the pathology
and in the regulation of the host’s immune response. Both innate and acquired immune responses are observed and the development
of the acquired response may depend on the host and, or on its parasitological status. This review aims at illustrating current
research on the role of both D. immitis and Wolbachia, in the immunology and immunopathology of dirofilariosis. 相似文献
17.
Ansari-Lari M Haghkhah M Bahramy A Novin Baheran AM 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(4):553-557
A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to August 2006 in dairy herds in Fars province, southern Iran to determine
the herd-level risk factors for infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Statistical analysis using multivariable logistic regression showed that contamination of udders of periparturient
cows with manure (OR = 6.4, P = 0.02) and history of having suspected cases of Johne's disease in the herd (OR = 6.7, P = 0.04)
were significantly associated with the herd infection status. No relationship between breed, herd size and other management
practices with the infection status of the herd were found in this study. Implementing high sanitary measures in the farm,
particularly with respect to manure handling and cleaning could be considered as one of the important aspects in controlling
disease in the region as well as in the future educational effort. 相似文献
18.
Shafarin MS Zamri-Saad M Khairani BS Saharee AA 《Tropical animal health and production》2008,40(5):335-340
This report describes the proliferation and transmission patterns of Pasteurella multocida B:2 among stressful goats, created through dexamethasone injections. Thirty seven clinically healthy adult goats were divided
into three groups consisted of 15 goats in group A, 11 goats in group B and the remaining 11 in group C. At the start of the
study, all goats of group A were exposed intranasally to 1.97 × 1010 CFU/ml of live P. multocida B:2. Dexamethasone was immediately administered intramuscularly for 3 consecutive days at a dosage rate of 1 mg/kg. The exposed
goats were observed for signs of HS for a period of 1 month. At the end of the 1-month period, 11 goats from group B were
introduced into and commingled with the surviving goats of group A before all goats from both groups were immediately injected
intramuscularly with dexamethasone for 3 consecutive days. The treatment with dexamethasone was then carried out at monthly
interval throughout the 3-month study period. Goats of group C were kept separately as negative control. Three surviving goats
from each group were killed at 2-week interval for a complete post-mortem examination. Two (13%) goats of group A were killed
within 24 hours after intranasal exposure to P. multocida B:2 while another two (13%) goats from the same group were killed on day 40, approximately 10 days after the second dexamethasone
injection. All four goats showed signs and lesions typical of haemorrhagic septicaemia. Bacteraemia was detected in 3 goats
of group A that were having rectal temperature higher than 41°C. The P. multocida B:2 isolation pattern was closely associated with dexamethasone injections when significantly (p < 0.05) higher rate of isolations
from both groups were observed after each dexamethasone injection. Transmission of P. multocida B:2 from goats of group A to group B was successful when P. multocida B:2 was isolated from goats of group B for a period of 28 days. There was a strong correlation between dexamethasone injections,
rate of bacterial isolation and serum cortisol level. The IgG level showed an increasing trend 2 weeks after exposure to P. multocida B:2 and remained high throughout the study period. 相似文献
19.
The survey evaluated the market potential for guinea fowl (GF; Numidia meleagris) products in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe. Questionnaires were administered to traders/producers (n = 17), retailers (n = 12), cafeteria industry (n = 33) and consumers (n = 1,680) to establish their perceptions on guinea fowl products. The average household size was 6 ± 2. Each trader sold 10 ± 6.30
keets (mean ± standard error), 33 ± 15.05 growers, 20 ± 12.69 breeders and 20 ± 10.1 crates of 30 eggs per month. Each household
consumed 2.5 ± 1.39 kg of GF meat and 3 ± 0.65 dozens of GF eggs per month. Retailers purchased 52 ± 44.42 crates of GF eggs
and 41 ± 30.50/kg of GF meat whilst cafeteria purchased 33.6 ± 14 crates of GF eggs and 65.5 ± 33.52 kg of GF meat per month.
Growers for breeding were the major product for sale by traders (94.1%) at a price of US$7.50 ± 1.74/bird. Different industries
were offering different prices for guinea fowl products because of their scarcity on the market. The mean purchase price per
crate of 30 guinea fowl eggs sold to the retail and cafeteria were US$7.50 ± 1.74/bird. Different industries
were offering different prices for guinea fowl products because of their scarcity on the market. The mean purchase price per
crate of 30 guinea fowl eggs sold to the retail and cafeteria were US3.00 ± 0.58 and US$4.50 ± 0.50, respectively. The mean
purchase prices for GF meat was lower (P < 0.05) for retailers (US$4.50 ± 0.50, respectively. The mean
purchase prices for GF meat was lower (P < 0.05) for retailers (US2.5 ± 0.81/kg) than cafeteria (US$3.67 ± 0.83/kg). The challenges faced by producers in the marketing
of guinea fowl products included poor supply due to the absence of good road networks to connect source areas and the market,
perishability of dressed chickens due to power cuts and poor publicity. Overall, the study showed that there is greater market
potential for guinea fowl products and farmers can channel their products through traders, cafeteria and retail industries. 相似文献
20.
E. S. Swai W. Moshy P. F. Mtui S. Bwanga G. Machange P. Sanka 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(6):959-967
Sera from 497 sheep and 555 goats collected in a cross sectional study from different geographical locations in north-eastern
Tanzania were examined for antibodies to Ehrlichia ruminantium using MAP 1-B ELISA technique. E. ruminantium antibodies were found in 68.6% (341/497) of sheep and 64.7% (359/555) of goats. Overall seroprevalence was 66.5% (700/1052).
Infection rates were higher in sheep than goats (P < 0.05), in pastoral than in agro-pastoral production systems (P < 0.05)
and in female sheep than males (P < 0.05). (131/143) 91.6% of the farms/flocks tested revealed sero-positive animals. E.ruminantium infections were found in all the geographical villages and districts tested. The infection rates per administrative district
varied from 36.4% (Muheza) to 90% (Mkinga) in goats and from 11.9% (Muheza) to 94.6% (Mkinga) in sheep. The results shows
E. ruminantium infection was prevalent and widely but unevenly distributed throughout the eight districts under study. These findings should
be taken into consideration when future disease control and livestock upgrading programs are implemented. 相似文献