青海省天峻县藏羊种公羊布鲁氏菌病的血清学调查

采用布鲁氏菌病琥红平板凝集试验和布鲁氏菌病试管凝集反应方法,对采自祁天峻县织合玛等十个乡镇的种公羊血清,进行了布氏杆菌血清抗体的监测。监测结果:3,456份种公羊血清中,检出布病阳性血清22只,阳性率为0.64%。同时对该地区布病流行现状及防治情况进行了调查,结果表明,该地区的种公羊存在布病感染,需引起相关业务部门的重视。     

天峻县部分乡镇藏羊种公羊布氏杆菌病的血清学调查

用布氏杆菌试管凝集试验(SAT),对来自青海省天峻县三个乡镇的土种藏羊种公羊,进行了羊布氏杆菌沉淀抗体的检测。结果:共检测6 932份藏羊种公羊血清样品,结果:检出阳性血清17份,阳性率为0.25%;     

放牧牛羊布鲁氏杆菌病、衣原体病所致流产调查及防控

血清学检测结果表明布鲁氏杆菌病和衣原体病是造成海晏县放牧牛羊流产的主要原因。流产率和阳性率在2011-2014年达到了最高水平。对布病阳性牛羊进行淘汰扑杀处理,藏羊血清阳性率降为零,但牦牛仍然徘徊在5%左右。目前海晏县藏羊流产主要由衣原体引起,牦牛为2种病原单独或混合感染引起。建议对牦牛进行布病、衣原体2种疫苗注射,藏羊进行衣原体疫苗注射;要求对布病血清阳性牦牛淘汰扑杀适当给予补偿,供种场牛羊进行衣原体病检测,阳性种畜淘汰处理,不得供种销售。     

江苏一起羊布鲁氏菌病的调查

针对日常监测中发现的羊布病阳性情况,组织开展对辖区内存栏羊的全面普查监测,共监测羊81个场群,检出布病阳性6个,群体阳性率7.41%,监测羊血清样品3939份,检出布病阳性570份,个体阳性率14.47%,并通过阳性场调查,摸清了布病传播的主要风险因素,为布病防控提供了技术支持.     

流产牦牛藏羊血清学检测结果分析与调查

对流产牦牛、藏羊血清进行布病、衣原体、弓形虫检测,牦牛布病阳性率达到52.63%,衣原体48.38%,混合感染率达到30.26%,弓形虫为零;藏羊衣原体阳性率67.98%,其它均为零。结果显示,牦牛流产由布病和衣原体引起,藏羊主要由衣原体引起,但不排除还有其他原因,建议加大衣原体病的防控力度。     

六盘水市羊群布鲁氏菌病血清学调查

为了解六盘水市羊群布鲁氏杆菌病的感染情况,为我市防控布鲁氏菌病提供参考,2014年3月至2015年12月在全市98个乡镇413个村的1 128个养羊场(户)共采集8 177份羊血清样本进行实验室检测,经虎红平板凝集试验初筛布病阳性血清样本285份,阳性率3.49%。285份疑似样本经试管凝集试验复检布病阳性血清为219份,符合率76.84%,总检出率为2.68%。从调查结果可见,养殖规模越大,阳性率越低,母羊阳性率高于公羊,六盘水市羊布病防控形势不容乐观,建议采取综合防控措施。     

贵南县贵德黑裘皮羊传染性胸膜肺炎的血清学诊断

用间接血凝试验对贵南县贵德黑裘皮羊品种资源保护场的99份黑藏羊血清进行了绵羊肺炎支原体抗体检测。结果:检出阳性血清26份,阳性率26.26%。     

青海省互助县藏羊弓形虫血清学调查

应用间接血凝试验(IHA)对青海省互助县8个地区的100份藏羊血清进行了弓形虫病调查,以抗体效价≥1∶64为阳性判定标准。结果显示,互助县8个地区藏羊不同程度感染了弓形虫,100份样本中共检出4份阳性血清,阳性率为4%。     

2014年~2019年河池市羊布鲁氏菌病监测分析

为全面了解河池市羊布鲁氏菌病(Brucellosis,以下简称“布病”)流行现状和特点,进行风险评估,为全市的布病防控和全面净化提供科学依据。2014年—2019年,采集全市11个县(区)1337个场点47062份羊血清,采用虎红平板凝集试验和试管凝集试验进行布病检测,检出阳性场点25个,阳性血清417份,群体阳性率为1.87%、个体阳性率为0.89%,采取扑杀及无害化处理阳性羊及其同群羊1431只。河池市2016年检出羊布病个体阳性率高达6.15%,通过采取扩大监测面、强化监测频次、对检出阳性病例进行100%扑杀无害化处理等措施,2019年羊布病个体阳性率下降到0.18%,防控工作卓有成效,但布病防控形势仍然严峻,要实现所有县(区)达到羊布病净化标准,还需要毫不松懈继续抓好羊布病监测工作。     

青海省天峻县土种藏羊布氏杆菌病的血清学调查

用布氏杆菌试管凝集试验(SAT),对来自青海省天峻县的土种藏羊,进行了羊布氏杆菌沉淀抗体的检测。共检测360份藏羊血清样品,结果:检出阳性血清4份,阳性率为1.11%;     

Salmonella in pork cuttings in supermarkets and butchers' shops in Denmark in 2002 and 2006

The prevalence of Salmonella in fresh pork cuttings in Denmark in the years 2002 and 2006 was investigated at retail and compared with the retail supply pattern. A total of 1025 and 3473 samples were taken in 2002 from butcher's shops and supermarkets, respectively. The corresponding numbers in 2006 were 259 from butchers' shops and 628 from supermarkets. In 2002, 1.2% of all samples were positive for Salmonella; butchers' shops and supermarkets had 1.8% and 1.0% positive samples, respectively. The overall prevalence in 2006 was 4.2%, with prevalence of 8.1% and 2.6% for butchers' shops and supermarkets, respectively. Hence, increases around 3- to 5-fold were found. There was neither observed any parallel increase in Salmonella positive carcasses in Danish slaughterhouses during the study period, nor were any changes in supply routes towards slaughterhouses with higher prevalence observed, which could explain the apparent increase. We hypothesize that hygiene levels and ability to avoid cross-contamination and prevent growth of the organism, in the meat processing chain after slaughter were the most likely responsible factors. Results from this study indicate that the hygiene performance, particularly at retail, has a significant impact on the occurrence of Salmonella. This implies that there is no direct link between slaughterhouse Salmonella surveillance data and the level of Salmonella contamination at retail. To improve risk assessment of Salmonella in fresh pork meat, this study underlines the need for comprehensive retail data.     

Helminth and protozoan parasites in dogs and cats in Belgium

This study investigates the level of helminthic and protozoal infestation over the last 10 years in strays, well-cared-for dogs and cats. Determination of the prevalence of infections was based either on faecal examination or on worm counts at necropsy. Of 2324 faecal flotations (NaCl sp.gr. 1.20) of stray dogs, 34.2% had eggs or proglottids of one or more worm species consisting of Toxocara canis (17.4%), Toxascaris leonina (10.1%), Uncinaria stenocephala (11.4%), Trichuris vulpis (7.0%) and cestodes (2.1%). Isospora oocysts were observed in 5.2% of the dogs. The data on the distribution of the various worm species in the positive dogs indicate that T. canis eggs were by far the most common (50.9%). Necropsy data from 212 infected dogs indicate that 38.9% were infected with T. canis and 33.7% with T. leonina. The overall prevalence of worm infestation of 246 well-cared-for kennel dogs, based on worm egg counts by the McMaster technique, was 36.1%. Of 30 feline faecal samples examined by flotation, 83.3% were positive for parasites, including Toxocara cati (60%), Ancylostoma tubaeformae (36.6%), Taenia (Hydatigera) taeniaeformis (20%) and coccidia (30%). Toxocara cati was the most frequently found worm species at the necropsy of 25 cats (52%). Toxoplasma was not observed.     

Sanguinarine metabolism and pharmacokinetics study in vitro and in vivo

Sanguinarine (SA) is a benzo[c] phenanthridine alkaloid which has a variety of pharmacological properties. However, very little was known about the pharmacokinetics of SA and its metabolite dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) in pigs. The purpose of this work was to study the intestinal metabolism of SA in vitro and in vivo. Reductive metabolite DHSA was detected during incubation of SA with intestinal mucosa microsomes, cytosol, and gut flora. After oral (p.o.) administration of SA, the result showed SA might be reduced to DHSA in pig intestine. After i.m. administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their peak concentrations (C_max, 30.16 ± 5.85, 5.61 ± 0.73 ng/ml, respectively) at 0.25 hr. Both compounds were completely eliminated from the plasma after 24 hr. After single oral administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their C_max (3.41 ± 0.36, 2.41 ± 0.24 ng/ml, respectively) at 2.75 ± 0.27 hr. The half-life (T_1/2) values were 2.33 ± 0.11 hr and 2.20 ± 0.12 hr for SA and DHSA, respectively. After multiple oral administration, the average steady-state concentrations (C_ss) of SA and DHSA were 3.03 ± 0.39 and 1.42 ± 0.20 ng/ml. The accumulation indexes for SA and DHSA were 1.21 and 1.11. The work reported here provides important information on the metabolism sites and pharmacokinetic character of SA. It explains the reasons for low toxicity of SA, which is useful for the evaluation of its performance.     

Chlortetracycline in swine-bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in fasted and fed pigs

Chlortetracycline hydrochloride was administered intra-arterially (11 mg/kg) and as an oral drench (33 mg/kg) to ten 21.0-31.5-kg pigs. Five of the pigs were fasted 18 h prior to dosing and five of the pigs were fed ad libitum prior to dosing. The mean volume of distribution determined by area-under-the-curve calculations for the fasted pigs (0.967 +/- 0.210 l/kg) was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than the mean volume of distribution for the fed pigs (1.39 +/- 0.31 l/kg). Mean total body clearance of the drug was also significantly less (P less than 0.05) in the fasted pigs (0.165 +/- 0.055 l/kg/h) as compared to the fed pigs (0.307 +/- 0.053 l/kg/h). The elimination constants (beta) were not found to be statistically different (P less than 0.05): 0.1811 +/- 0.0057 for the fasted pigs; 0.2260 +/- 0.0461 for the fed pigs. The bioavailability for both groups was similar; 19.12 +/- 8.3% for the fasted pigs and 17.88 +/- 5.3% for the fed pigs. In a second experiment three groups of six pigs which weighed 34.5-44.1 kg were fed a corn-soy diet ad libitum. The rations were fortified with chlortetracycline at 100, 400 or 1000 mg chlortetracycline hydrochloride/kg feed. Chlortetracycline concentrations were determined in plasma samples collected over a 6-day period. Plasma chlortetracycline concentrations reach a plateau within 24 h after initial access to the trial diets and were highly correlated with the dose of the drug consumed (r2 = 0.97).     

2005年国内蛋、肉鸡市场分析回顾及2006年走势预测

2005年如果没有年底的禽流感疫情,对于我国蛋鸡、肉鸡生产来说应该是一个非常完美的丰收年,是哪些因素导致了2005年蛋鸡市场如此好的行情?2006年我国家禽市场又将走向何方?……作者对以上热点问题进行了深入分析研究,供读者参考。     

Pharmacokinetics of penicillin-G in ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation

Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug.     

Housing of dogs and cats in shelters and kennels in Switzerland

The study deals with the situation regarding housing of dogs and cats in Swiss shelters and kennels. In shelters, dogs were mainly held inside a cubicle with a small outside yard. In kennels, housing of dogs took place mainly in inside rooms. Usually two or three dogs were kept together. Cats were held in rooms, with or without outside yards, mainly in groups; no establishment preferred exclusively the housing in cubicles. Shelters received on average 183 dogs and 262 cats each year. Among them, about a third were lost animals while the remaining ones were relinquished. The study highlights some possibilities for improvements and the great diversity of the establishments regarding their size, infrastructure, housing conditions and aims.     

Salmonellae and Campylobacters in Household and Stray Dogs in Northern Taiwan

Rectal swabs were collected from 437 household and 491 stray dogs in northern Taiwan from May 2003 to June 2005 to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of salmonellae and campylobacters. The results revealed that 2.1% of household dogs and 6.3% of stray dogs were positive for salmonellae, with Salmonella Duesseldorf being the most dominant serotype in both. Additionally, 2.7% of the household dogs and 23.8% of the stray dogs were positive for campylobacters. Campylobacter jejuni was the most prevalent species (86.8%), followed by C. upsaliensis (9.3%) and C. coli (3.9%). Both salmonella and campylobacter isolation rates from the stray dogs were significantly higher than those from the household dogs (p < 0.01). The susceptibility of 33 C. jejuni isolates to eight antimicrobials was studied by the E-test. A high rate of resistance was observed to azithromycin (93.9%), clindamycin (87.9%), erythromycin (81.8%), tetracycline (78.8%), chloramphenicol (69.7%), nalidixic acid (51.5%), gentamicin (33.3%), and ciprofloxacin (18.2%). The susceptibility of 40 Salmonella isolates to 15 antimicrobials was also studied by the disc-diffusion method. All the Salmonella isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Resistance was observed most frequently to tetracycline (77.5%), chloramphenicol (52.5%), and ampicillin (50%).