两种季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂对水生生物的毒性效应

为评价两种季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂对水生态的安全性,运用评价化学品对水生生物毒性的标准试验方法,测定了十二烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵（1227）和双八、十烷基季铵盐（C8-10）两种季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂对3种水生生物（斜生栅藻、大型溞和斑马鱼）的毒性。结果表明,在0.05~0.5 mg.L-1的浓度范围内,1227、C8-10对斜生栅藻的毒性表现出明显的剂量-效应关系,随处理浓度的增大抑制效应增强,0.5 mg.L-1C8-10对斜生栅藻具有杀灭作用;同时1227、C8-10与斜生栅藻还存在时间-效应关系,处理后抑制率随时间呈先升高后下降的趋势,72 h时抑制率最高。1227和C8-10对斜生栅藻96 h的EC50分别为0.109、0.103 mg.L-1,对大型溞的48 h LC50分别为1.56×10-2、1.45×10-2mg.L-1,对斑马鱼的96 h LC50分别为2.36、2.19 mg.L-1。C8-10对3种水生生物的毒性均高于1227,两种季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂对大型溞和斑马鱼的致死率（LC50）均随作用时间延长逐渐减小。     

重金属污染土壤毒性的发光菌法与斜生栅藻法诊断

应用斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)和明亮发光杆菌T3(Phyotobacterium Phosphoreum)对重金属污染土壤的毒性进行诊断,结果表明,斜生栅藻的增长率和发光菌的相对发光度与土壤中的重金属含量明显相关,并且随重金属投加量的增加,其增长率和发光度逐渐降低,对3种测试参数进行比较,发现采用细胞数增长率作为土壤毒性的检测指标比采用光密度增长率和相对发光度更为敏感。复合污染情况下,由于金属间的协同作用,使土壤的毒性比单一重金属污染时有明显的增强,从而为污染土壤的优先修复提供了理论依据。     

我国有机污染场地现状分析及展望

以有机污染场地为研究对象，调查分析了全国277个有机污染场地的行业类别、污染类型以及有机污染物种类分布情况，发现主要贡献行业为化学原料及化学品制造行业，贡献率为37.9%；污染类型中以各类有机污染物复合污染为主；除了不同有机污染物之间的相互复合，有机污染物与重金属复合污染特征明显，占总场地58.5%。有机污染物种类分布中多环芳烃类污染场地最多，占54.9%，与欧美有机污染场地中氯代烃类污染场地占比最多不同；其次为总石油烃和苯系物，占比分别为49.5%和36.8%。全国典型地理区域的有机污染特征和污染物超筛选值结果表明，总体上南方有机污染场地数目多于北方，东部经济发达地区场地数目明显多于经济发展中地区，西南和中南地区有机污染与重金属复合污染特征明显。各区域内污染物种类分布与行业相关性强，如多环芳烃污染多在各地区焦化厂场地中出现，总石油烃与重金属复合污染出现在机械制造和金属冶炼行业场地；氯代烃类污染物出现在氯碱生产相关场地；多氯联苯、多溴联苯醚、二噁英等污染出现在电子废弃物拆解集中区。通过对全国有机污染场地的分析和各地区污染特征的讨论，以期为开展污染场地环境调查与修复提供一定的参考，并为污染场地的监督与管理等工作提供依据。     

三聚氰胺对斜生栅藻的毒性研究

采用光照培养箱培养斜生栅藻的方法,以甘油为溶剂,研究了三聚氰胺对斜生栅藻的毒性效应。结果显示,当三聚氰胺的浓度在50、200 mg.L-1时,对斜生栅藻生长有促进作用,在750 mg.L-1时则表现出抑制效应,染毒7 d后对叶绿素的影响和对藻密度的影响一致,显示浓度-效应关系,即浓度越高抑制效应越明显。三聚氰胺对斜生栅藻超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的影响表现为：当三聚氰胺浓度为200 mg.L-1时酶的活性达到峰值,然后开始下降,在750 mg.L-1 SOD的活性与对照相比减少了43.6%,三聚氰胺对斜生栅藻的脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）的影响和对可溶性糖的影响效应是一致的,随着浓度的增加均在减少。     

土壤苯污染引起的饮用地下水健康风险评价

由于污染场地所引起的生态环境、食品安全和人体健康问题,污染场地的环境风险评价受到广泛关注。以某水源地油和苯等有机污染调查为依据,利用多介质暴露评价模型(MMSOILS模型),以苯为评价的目标污染物,分析烯烃厂不同分区的土壤苯污染对A地区造成的饮用地下水健康风险。结果表明,研究区4个分区中,裂解装置区的苯污染物释放是A地区地下水污染的主要来源,产生的饮水健康风险值为9.82×10-5,占总风险值的98.8%;而其他三个分区的影响较小;不同分区苯污染对A地区产生的饮水健康总风险值为9.94×10-5,大于美国环境保护署人体健康风险建议值10-6,对人体健康已经产生影响;裂解装置区的土壤苯污染作为饮水健康风险的主要来源,当其浓度值降低至1.32mgkg-1时,才能使其造成的饮水健康风险降低为10-6。     

我国有机氯农药场地污染现状与修复技术研究进展

有机氯农药是一类毒性大、残留期长,较难处理的一类化学品。有机氯农药生产企业搬迁遗留的污染场地是我国城市发展进程中面临的新环境问题。本文分析了我国有机氯农药污染场地中主要污染物种类及其残留特征,介绍了欧美发达国家应用于此类污染场地的修复技术,着重评述了我国有机氯农药污染场地的修复技术研发与应用情况,并就今后该类场地修复发展提出建议。     

镉-苯并（a）芘单一及复合污染对小麦种子萌发的影响

通过高等植物生态毒理试验,以根长、芽长和发芽率为主要测定指标,研究了镉-苯并（a）芘单一/复合污染对小麦种子萌发的影响,以考察两者复合污染的生态效应并筛选敏感毒性诊断指标。结果表明,镉与苯并（a）芘单一/复合污染条件下,小麦根伸长、芽长和发芽率均受到不同程度的影响。其中,镉单一污染条件下小麦的根长和芽长显著高于对照,表现为刺激生长效应;苯并（a）芘单一污染胁迫显著抑制了小麦根长和芽长的伸长;两者复合污染促进了小麦的生长。单一污染条件下,苯并（a）芘对小麦种子早期生长的毒害效应大于镉。两种污染物在供试浓度范围内相互作用的联合毒性效应为拮抗特征。3个指标中,小麦发芽率的指示效应最不明显。     

我国南方某典型有机化工污染场地土壤与地下水健康风险评估

以某典型有机化工污染场地为例,开展了多层次健康风险评估,推算了土壤与地下水的筛选值和修复目标值,确定了污染修复范围及修复量。结果表明:土壤与地下水均存在不同程度的有机污染,关注污染物氯仿、四氯化碳、苯、氯苯在0~1 m的土壤修复目标值分别为0.03、0.05、0.35、6.51 mg/kg;1~3 m的土壤修复目标值分别为0.07、0.30、0.90、13.49 mg/kg;3~5 m的土壤修复目标值分别0.14、0.46、1.69、20.45 mg/kg;5~9 m的土壤修复目标值分别为0.25、0.79、2.99、36.27 mg/kg,地下水修复目标值分别为0.32、0.51、3.43、21.80 mg/L。土壤中氯仿、四氯化碳、氯苯的超标点位随深度增加而增多,其风险或危害随之增大;地下水污染区域集中,GW6号点位4种污染物均超标,其中氯仿污染最严重,致癌风险高达1.11×10–3,非致癌危害商为9.8。     

加热气氛对柴油污染土壤低温热处理的影响

在N_2、CO_2、空气3种气氛条件下对柴油污染土壤进行250℃低温热处理,研究3种气氛对石油烃去除率、土壤碳/氮含量以及土壤中挥发/半挥发性有机污染物组分的影响。结果表明:在3种气氛条件下,柴油污染土壤中的石油烃总量去除率均超过98%,达到国家相关土壤质量环境标准。柴油污染土壤经过低温热处理后,污染物在土壤表层产生焦炭膜,使得热处理后的土壤保留较稳定的碳含量。土壤中的铵态氮和硝态氮受气氛影响较大,N_2条件下低温热处理后土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮含量大幅增加,而空气和CO_2条件下相对减少。柴油污染土壤中的挥发性有机污染物,经3种气氛条件下低温热处理后,大部分均被去除,仅CO_2气氛下残余少量苯系物;柴油污染土壤在热处理后有少量萘、菲等低分子量多环芳烃生成,在250℃温度下可能有产生低分子量多环芳烃的风险。综上所述,低温热处理是修复柴油污染土壤高效、可行的方法。     

土壤气相抽提技术修复柴油污染场地示范研究

土壤气相抽提(SVE)是一种广泛应用于石油类污染土壤修复工程中的原位修复技术,在广东某柴油污染场地开展SVE技术修复示范工程,探讨SVE技术对此类污染场地的修复效果。结果表明:经过3个多月的修复,土壤中总石油烃的最高去除率达64.88%,在试验进行50d后高浓度的挥发性有机物基本被去除,中低浓度污染物仍然存在,土壤中有效磷和速效氮含量与污染物的生物降解作用相关。为缩短修复时间、降低成本,应将SVE与生物通风技术相结合,并采用相应的强化措施(如添加菌剂和营养物质等),以期获得更高的修复效果。     

Influence of Mechanical-Biological Pretreatment On the Toxicity of Municipal Solid Waste

Mechanical-biologically pretreated residual waste was tested for toxicity, chemical quality and reactional behavior. Samples were taken from different composting plants at different stages of treatment. Acute toxicity was determined using Daphnia magna (crustacean) and Vibrio fischeri (luminescent bacteria), chronic toxicity was tested with Selenastrum capricomutum (green algae) and Lepidium sativum (cress). Samples were analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters and for biological parameters (respiration activity, gas-generating potential). Toxicity tests were carried out from eluates and toxicity was expressed in German regulatory G-values. The results of this study indicate that high toxicity was observed in untreated MSW samples and in samples with a short treatment period. In most cases toxicity decreased significantly when the treatment period increased and marked differences were observed in the susceptibility among the species. Toxicity varied between a G-value of 1 and 256. For some tests a good relationship was noted between toxicity and high results of conductivity, TOC, COD, BOD5 and biological tests. It was found that high toxicity can influence biological tests, resulting in longer lag-phases and thus leading to misinterpretation.     

Evaluation of a Multi-species Test System for Assessing Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Sediments and Water to Aquatic Invertebrates: Effects of Pentachlorophenol on Daphnia magna and Chironomus prasinus (6 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope   Single-species toxicity tests are currently used as main tools for assessing effects in ecological risk assessments. Nevertheless, in higher-tier evaluations, alternative ecotoxicological methods can be required. Alternative methods should cover more realistic exposure conditions and/or additional species or endpoints. Water/sediment systems can be considered for covering additional exposure routes. A typical feature of water/sediment systems is the modification of exposure levels with time. The simultaneous exposure of different species within the same system can cover differences in sensitivity and relevance of exposure routes. The aim of this study was to develop a water/sediment test that could detect relevant effects on two selected species and explore the relevance of sediment and waterborne exposure routes. This alternative method may provide relevant information facilitating the design of microcosm and mesocosm studies.Methods   A multi-species water/sediment system was designed using two invertebrates: Chironomus prasinus a benthic detritivore invertebrate and Daphnia magna a pelagic filtering invertebrate was designed. Seven static water/sediments systems were built up: two controls and five treatments where sediments were spiked with NaPCP at nominal concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. Each system contained caged and free (unrestrained) Daphnia magna organisms to consider differences in the exposure route (through sediment and/or water column) and Chironomus prasinus organisms. Fate and partitioning of PCP within the water/sediment compartments were assessed. Acute (lethality) and chronic effects (reproduction) for Daphnia magna were monitored after 48 h and 16 days of exposure, respectively. Adult emergence and oviposition success of Chironomus prasinus were monitored at the end of test (16 days).Results and Discussion   Mortality and reproduction inhibition of Daphnia magna occurred at the two higher doses, corresponding to maximum measured PCP water concentrations of 1.95 and 0.746 mg/l, respectively. Chironomus prasinus was less sensitive to PCP than Daphnia magna. Concentrations inhibiting reproduction and provoking almost 100% adult mortality in D. magna only reduced slightly the emergence and reproduction of chironomids. The experimental design focussed on suitability of the system for assessing simultaneously assessing effects on D. magna and C. prasinus instead of calculations of toxicity endpoints for PCP. The results indicate that this experimental design can be useful to the field of sediment/aquatic toxicity testing, particularly through the comparison with single- species results. Assessment of relative contribution of two exposure routes for Daphnia magna and complementary chronic endpoints derived from two different species can be achieved. Another advantage is that differences in reproduction strategies of selected species (sexual vs. parthenogenetic) should permit one to detect mechanisms of action associated to with endocrine disrupters.Conclusion   The feasibility of a two-species test built-up in an artificial sediment/water system has been demonstrated. This experimental design represents a cost/effective test which can assess effects through water and sediment pathways and incorporates several relevant chronic endpoints in a single assay. Recommendation and Outlook   By building on the experience gained, improvements for further test designs are discussed. Test validation with a set of model chemicals will contribute to address the effectiveness of the test developed as comparing compared to single- species tests.     

Characterization of anti-irradiation-denatured ovalbumin monoclonal antibodies. Immunochemical and structural analysis of irradiation-denatured ovalbumin

Five monoclonal antibodies (OVA-01, -02, -03, -04, -06) produced against irradiated ovalbumin were investigated in relation to the conformational change in the ovalbumin molecule induced by irradiation with Cobalt-60 gamma-rays. Four antibodies (OVA-01, -02, -04, -06) recognized both native and irradiated ovalbumin, but OVA-03 reacted only with irradiated ovalbumin. These antibodies were classified by modified competitive ELISA, and their K(d) values were determined by the Klotz equation. Epitope analyses were also performed on OVA-03 using CNBr-cleaved peptide fragments from ovalbumin, and it was confirmed that OVA-03 bound to the fragment corresponding to residues Val173-Met196 of the ovalbumin molecule that consists of internal beta-sheet strand 3A and helix F1 containing one open turn. These results demonstrate that dramatic conformational changes in proteins can be induced or that some tertiary or secondary structures can be broken down by gamma-ray irradiation, producing new antigenic sites.     

季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂对普通小球藻和斜生栅藻的急性毒性

以普通小球藻（Chlorella vulgaris）和斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）为受试生物,采用批量培养方法研究了13种季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂（QACS,烷基链长度CL=8~18）对两种淡水藻的急性毒性。结果表明,13种QACS对普通小球藻和斜生栅藻的96h-EC50分别在0.108~9.472mg·L-1和0.085~12.188mg·L-1之间;且随着烷基链长度CL的增加,取代基相同的QACS对两种淡水藻的急性毒性逐渐增大。抛物线模型较线性方程能更好地拟合QACS的急性毒性参数lg（1/EC50）与辛醇/水分配系数lgKow以及与烷基链长度CL之间的关系,且对普通小球藻和斜生栅藻的拟合趋势相同,可为预测类似化合物对淡水藻的急性毒性提供参考。     

N+注入对不同倍性双胚苗水稻幼苗生长及酶活性的影响

以同源四倍体双胚苗水稻品系09-04-01和相应的二倍体09-02-01为研究材料,对其不同剂量离子注入后种子电解质外渗率及幼苗生长状况和酶活性做了初步研究.结果表明:离子注入后,09-04-01种子电解质外渗率与对照相比的平均增幅低于09-02-01;09-02-01在1.0×1017N+/cm2注入剂量下幼苗生长状...     

A Simple Flow-through System for Toxicity Testing with Daphnids

A simple and accurate flow-through system was developed for toxicity evaluation of biodegradable substances, wastewaters, and surface waters. The chronic toxicity of phenol to the daphnid Daphnia magna was studied during a 21 d exposure period, first using a semi-static and later a flow-through test. The flow- through system was advantageous especially when lower concentrations of phenol were examined. Its use provided a constant concentration of phenol in all tested samples. Exposure to phenol showed a similar influence on both survival and reproduction of daphnids; the IC25 value was 3.18 mg L-1.     

Enantiomeric resolution and biotoxicity of methamidophos

Despite the fact that the biological processes of chiral pesticides are enantioselective, the biotoxicity of methamidophos with respect to enantioselectivity has so far received limited research. In this study, the enantiomeric separation and biotoxicity of the two enantiomers of methamidophos were investigated. Successful enantioseparation of methamidophos using high-performance liquid chromatography on a Chiralcel OD column was achieved. As indicated by the optical rotation and circular dichroism detection, (+)-methamidophos was eluted prior to (-)-methamidophos. The t test at the 95% level of confidence indicated significant differences between the enantiomers in their in vitro inhibition toward acetylcholinesterases of bovine erythrocytes and Electrophorus electricus and in vivo acute aquatic toxicity to Daphnia magna. The in vitro assays showed that (-)-methamidophos was about 8.0-12.4 times more potent to the enzymes than its (+)-form. In contrast, the (+)-enantiomer was 7.0 times more toxic to D. magna in 48 h tests. The toxicity of racemic methamidophos was intermediate in both in vitro and in vivo bioassays. These results suggest that the biotoxicity of chiral OPs to nontargeted organisms is enantioselective and therefore should be reevaluated with their pure enantiomers.     

Resin Acids and Retene in Sediments Adjacent to Pulp and Paper Industries (8 pp)

Aim and Background  

In order to identify potential risks of sediments contaminated by pulp and paper mill effluents, two boreal lake areas were investigated from core samples. Resin acids (RA) and their aromatized derivative retene were measured, suggesting that these aquatic toxicants can be long-lasting sources to expose benthic biota. On the other hand, dredging or other human actions can liberate toxicants, even from deep sediments, to an aqueous phase with harmful consequences to aquatic species. Since no historical sediment profiles were available, we investigated the toxic potential of sediment-water elutriates by way of the bioluminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri. In this investigation, we therefore analyzed both the concentrations of toxic chemicals and the toxicity as profiles in two contaminated lake sediments in Finland.     

雾滴大小、叶片表面特性与倾角对农药沉积量的影响

为提高农药的有效利用率,研究雾滴大小、叶片表面性质与倾角对农药雾滴沉积量的影响,选用6种喷头ST110-01、ST110-02、ST110-03、ST110-04、ST110-05及IDK120-03,在设定叶片倾角为0°、15°、30°、45°、60°、75°时在棉花、水稻与小麦叶片上进行试验研究。结果表明:叶片表面性质、叶片倾角对沉积量影响差异显著,喷头类型,即雾滴大小,对沉积量影响不显著;减小叶片倾角有助于增加沉积量;叶片微结构可能是作物影响沉积量的原因。该研究可为农药有效利用率的提高提供参考。