纸浆保水值对抄造纸性能及成纸性能的影响

以短周期马尾松高白度纸浆为对象，研究了纸浆保水值与纸浆品种、打浆度、细小物质含量、纤维平均长度的关系。论述了以保水值预测纸浆抄造性能的可能性。还研究了纸浆保水值与成纸机械强度的关系。     

稻草氧碱浆打浆特性的研究

为研究稻草氧碱浆的打浆特性,采用PFI磨考察了不同打浆度对稻草氧碱浆滤水性能、纤维形态的影响,并分析其纸张强度性能的变化。结果表明:纸浆打浆度与保水值在打浆初期快速上升,在打浆后期上升趋缓,但是打浆度在打浆初期能快速上升至55~60°SR,而保水值快速上升阶段仅到45°SR左右;同时杂细胞的存在对滤水性能不利。打浆度35~75°SR过程中,纤维长度的变化不大,未除杂浆纤维长度下降最多约为7.3%,除杂浆纤维长度下降最多约为4.0%,而打浆对纤维表面的细纤维化作用明显。未除杂浆纸张耐破指数和抗张指数在打浆度65°SR时达到最佳,杂细胞的存在会对纸张的抗张强度提高形成一定的阻碍,除杂浆纸张耐破指数和抗张指数在65°SR以上的高打浆度下仍然保持上升的趋势,因而更倾向于在高打浆度、高结合强度要求的纸种当中获得应用。     

酶处理对混合杨木P-RC APMP浆打浆性能的影响

探讨了纤维素酶、木聚糖酶处理对混合杨木温和预处理和盘磨化学处理的碱性过氧化氢机械浆(P-RC APMP)的打浆性能和打浆能耗的影响。结果表明:与未经过酶处理浆相比,纤维素酶和木聚糖酶处理可明显改善纸浆的打浆性能和降低打浆能耗,纸浆打浆度提高1.0～6.5°SR,或在相同打浆度下打浆能耗降低10%～25%。纤维素酶处理浆裂断长提高18%,撕裂指数提高14%,耐破指数提高16%,耐折度提高100%。木聚糖酶处理纸浆白度提高1.7度(ISO),纸浆物理强度略有上升。纤维素酶在改善纸浆打浆性能、降低打浆能耗和提高物理强度方面好于木聚糖酶,木聚糖酶在改善纸浆光学性能方面优于纤维素酶。酶处理可以使纸浆纤维结构变得疏松柔软,从而增强纤维间的交织能力。     

水下超疏油纸基材料的制备及其油水分离性能

以阔叶浆为绿色可降解的木质纤维原料,结合打浆处理和马来酸酐(MA)以及次磷酸钠(SHP)改性,制备出具有低成本、高湿强度、良好油水分离性能和可重复使用的纸基功能材料。研究结果表明:打浆处理不仅提高了纤维的比表面积以及相互之间的交联程度,同时还实现了对纸页孔结构的优化调控;以低成本的马来酸酐为表面亲水改性剂和增湿强剂,MA/SHP改性同时提高了纸页的羧基含量和湿强度,纸页的湿强度提高到原来的4倍,最大湿强度可达其干强度的48%。改性后的纸页由于亲水性的提高,对大豆油、石油醚以及正己烷的水下油接触角均大于150°,具有水下超疏油的性质,同时油水分离效率大于99.2%。打浆度60°SR、MA质量分数8%的样品(P60-8MA)对大豆油、石油醚以及正己烷的乳化油和油水混合物都具有高的分离效率(99.2%),经循环使用10次后,P60-8MA油水分离效率始终保持在99.0%以上,通量为236～247 L/(m~2·h)。该高湿强度、孔径可调控的水下超疏油纸基功能材料解决了传统处理方式效率低下、处理材料难以回收等问题,实现了木质纤维的高值化利用,在含乳化油废水处理中具有广阔的应用前景。     

两种商品木浆的纸浆性能研究

选取市场上具有代表性的两种商品针、阔叶木浆进行PFI打浆处理,研究在不同打浆度下浆料纤维质量、动态滤水性能、Zeta电位、微观结构等方面的变化,并对不同比例配抄条件下的成纸性能进行考察,结果表明:针、阔叶浆的打浆度与打浆转数之间的关系均符合线性分布:y=17.7503+0.0015x,R^2=0.9914(针叶浆);y=8.8986+0.00275x,R^2=0.9734(阔叶浆);经PFI打浆后,两种木浆纤维长度、宽度变化较小,细小组分含量变化明显;随着打浆度的升高,两者的滤水性能下降,Zeta电位先上升然后基本保持不变;初始打浆度下,随着针叶浆比例的减少、阔叶浆比例的增加,成纸的抗张强度先下降再增大,厚度逐渐下降至不变,定量逐渐增加,柔软度逐渐下降;随着打浆度的升高,成纸的抗张强度增大,厚度、定量逐渐下降,针叶浆成纸柔软度逐渐下降,阔叶浆成纸柔软度先升高再逐渐降低。     

纤维素酶预处理对杨木APMP浆配抄性能的影响

为了改善杨木高得率浆的配抄性能,扩大其应用范围,研究探讨了纤维素酶预处理对杨木碱性过氧化氢机械浆(APMP浆)配抄性能的影响。结果表明,与未经过酶预处理的杨木APMP浆相比,酶处理后APMP浆打浆能耗最大可降低19%,纤维吸水润胀程度增加,保水值增加12.6%;与不同比例针叶木漂白硫酸盐浆(BKP浆)配抄后,纸张的裂断长、耐破指数和撕裂指数均有所提高,最大可分别提高6.1%,44.6%和30.3%,纸张的松厚度、白度和不透明度稍有降低。纤维质量分析仪(FQA)、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析结果显示,酶处理后纤维平均长度增加7.0个百分点,细小纤维组分减少10.0%,纤维卷曲指数降低22.4%,结晶度提高0.7%。可见,纤维素酶预处理可以改善杨木APMP浆的配抄性能,提高纸浆纤维质量,所配抄的纸张的物理强度性能指标有显著提高。     

木聚糖酶处理改善速生杨化学机械浆性能的研究

用木聚糖酶处理速生杨化学机械浆(APMP),通过分析检测处理后纸浆的打浆度和成纸物理性能,探讨了木聚糖酶处理对速生杨高得率浆抄造性能的影响.实验结果表明,与未经过木聚糖酶处理APMP浆相比,酶处理后纸浆的打浆度降低10°SR以上,返黄(PC)值下降0.28,抗张指数和耐破指数稍有降低,而撕裂指数提高0.34mN*m2/g,不透明度提高1.1%,松厚度提高0.08cm3/g,戊聚糖含量降低1.64%,酸溶木质素含量稍有降低,纤维素含量和Klason木质素含量相对提高.木聚糖酶处理速生杨高得率纸浆,主要降解纸浆中的木聚糖,对纤维素大分子影响较小.     

木质纤维纸基吸附材料及其重金属离子吸附性能

以杨木化学机械浆为原料,通过抄纸和一步涂布工艺,获得了高湿强度、高金属离子吸附性能和易于分离回收的木质纤维纸基吸附材料;选用马来酸酐和次磷酸钠作为绿色改性剂提高纸基吸附材料的湿强度和羧基含量。研究表明,增加马来酸酐浓度同时提高了木质纤维间的交联程度和羧基含量,进而增加了纸基材料的湿强度和金属离子吸附位点数量。其中纸基吸附材料的湿强度可达到其干强度的35%,羧基含量可达到0.69 mmol/g。随着马来酸酐溶液浓度的增加,纸基吸附材料的羧基含量及对重金属离子吸附性能也显著提高。吸附试验表明,吸附动力学和热力学分别很好地拟合了准二级方程和Langmuir模型(决定系数R^2≥0.998),对Cu^2+和Pb^2+的理论最大吸附容量分别为35.4和110.0 mg/g。基于造纸加填工艺在纸基吸附材料中负载20%多孔沸石填料以提高吸附容量并降低生产成本,其对Cu^2+和Pb^2+的理论最大吸附容量分别提高到56.5和126.6 mg/g。该多功能纸基吸附材料在克服传统吸附材料吸附剂不易分离、回收利用等问题的同时,具备了大规模生产的潜力,为木质纤维的全质化和高值化利用提供了新的思路和方法。     

装饰板漫谈

装饰板,是将表层纸、装饰纸和底层分别浸以三聚氰胺和酚醛树脂,经烘干,再把胶纸切成一定规格,然后按顺序铺装层叠,送入热压机,在高温高压下制成的。表层纸起着保护花色的作用,它洁白干净,浸胶后透明,并有一定的湿强度;装饰纸(中层)上印有图案和花纹,可仿造各种     

打浆过程预添加CMC对杨木APMP浆悬浮液屈服应力的影响

为考察打浆过程中添加羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)对杨木碱性过氧化氢化学机械浆(APMP浆)悬浮液屈服应力的影响,在分析杨木APMP浆打浆度与屈服应力关系的基础上,先添加一定量的CMC-Na对杨木APMP浆进行预处理10 min后,再分别用瓦利打浆机和PFI磨打浆处理,分析不同打浆方式以及添加CMC-Na预处理后对杨木APMP浆的打浆度和屈服应力的影响。结果表明:对于相同打浆度的杨木APMP浆,屈服应力(τ_y)随着浆料质量分数(C_m)的增加而迅速增加,且符合指数方程τ_y=aC_m~b,其中a与b值与打浆方式和打浆度的大小密切相关;经低浓度游离状的瓦利打浆机处理的浆料,其屈服应力随着打浆度的增加而减小,而中高浓度黏状的PFI磨打浆处理结果则相反。打浆过程预添加CMC-Na时,浆料打浆度随CMC-Na添加量(以绝干浆质量计)的增加先升高后降低;当CMC-Na添加量为2%并预处理10 min时,经瓦利打浆机处理的浆料打浆度可由45°SR提高到48°SR,而经PFI磨处理的浆料打浆度可由40°SR提高到50°SR,并且浆料悬浮液的屈服应力均达到最低值,分别为16.4和22.8 Pa(浆料质量分数为3%)。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.