山东省畜禽粪便资源评估及肥料化与能源化利用潜力分析

文章利用《2017年山东省统计年鉴》统计数据,结合文献数据,对2016年山东省各市畜禽养殖规模及其粪便产量进行统计,分析其粪便资源区域分布特征以及各市的畜禽粪便耕地负荷,并概算粪便肥料化利用潜力和沼气潜力,为山东省养殖废弃物资源利用提供参考依据。结果表明,2016年山东省畜禽总量(猪当量)为14484.74万头,产生粪便1.47亿t;肥料化利用折算成有机肥的量为6182.48万t,利用畜禽粪便还田代替化肥可减少化肥投入87.90亿元;能源化利用产沼气潜力为197.70亿m~3。在山东17个地级市中,德州市畜禽粪便总量最多,为2124.33万t;菏泽市有机肥生产潜力和沼气潜力最大,分别为780.85万t和24.84亿m~3;济南市、德州市畜禽粪便耕地负荷分别为34.39 t·hm~(-2)和33.00 t·hm~(-2),超过30 t·hm~(-2)。     

沈阳地区畜禽粪便资源量概算及沼气潜力分析

随着集约化养殖业的发展,大量的畜禽粪便给环境带来严重的污染。畜禽养殖产生的畜禽粪便既是污染源,同时又是可以开发利用的宝贵资源。本文根据2006年沈阳统计年鉴数据,对沈阳畜禽粪便资源量进行了估算,并分析了其分布状况。结果表明,沈阳地区每年产生畜禽粪便2011.75万t,可产沼气167666.61×104 m3。按沈阳826539农户计算,户均可拥有沼气量为2028.54 m3,可完全解决农村生活用能。因此,沈阳应加大畜禽粪便的沼气化利用水平,进一步在农村地区推广应用沼气技术。     

替代燃油的一种新型燃料——生物质气体

近年来,我国的养殖业从庭院养殖向集约化、规模化、商品化发展,伴随而来的养殖业废弃物的环境污染问题日益严重.全国年产20亿t（吨）畜禽粪便,绝大多数未经处理而直接排放,给地表水、地下水和环境造成了严重的污染.而20亿t的畜禽粪便若经过发酵处理,可产沼气360亿m^3,相当于一个大型汽田.面对全球性能源短缺和燃油排放造成的环境污染,以及畜禽废弃物给农业生态环境造成的污染,如何将畜禽废弃物处理产生的沼气这个清洁能源充分利用起来,替代燃油,同时治理环境污染已成为崭新的课题急待研发.     

利用畜禽粪便生产沼气的技术装备研究与效益分析

利用畜禽粪便生产沼气是集约化畜禽养殖场粪便及污水处理与资源化利用的重要途径。近几年来,我国大中型沼气工程数量每年以40%以上的速度快速增加,已建成并运行的大中型沼气工程每年可处理数亿立方米畜禽废弃物与养殖场废水。2007年,国家发布的《可再生能源中长期发展规划》以及农业部编制出台的《全国农村沼气工程建设规划》提出:到2020年全国大中型沼气工程达到8000处,年利用沼气总量达440亿m3。然而,在沼气工程得到快速发展的同时,对已建沼     

河南乡村生物质和边际土地资源量统计及其能源转化潜力分析——以周口市杨湾村为例

河南是我国主要的产粮大省,生物质资源丰富。文章通过实地调查,走访问卷的方式对河南典型乡村,周口市杨湾村的边际土地分布、总面积和秸秆类生物质、畜禽粪便、农民生活污水等生物质资源量进行资源收集和潜力分析。通过分析调查,杨湾村生物质资源丰富,可转化为多种形式的能源,若简单以可转化沼气量为统计指标,则杨湾村生物质和边际土地可产297819.41 m~3沼气,其中,生物质资源可转化为291053.94 m~3沼气,充分利用边际土地,可产6765.47 m~3沼气。将其进行有效利用,不仅可以提高当地生物质资源的利用率,改变村庄的能源结构,同时还能降低环境污染,具有显著的社会经济和生态效益。     

区域农业废弃物资源量估算及利用技术分析

以宣化县为例,利用统计数据和文献数据对区域农业废弃物总量进行了估算并提出利用对策。研究结果表明,从1991-2012年宣化县秸秆资源总量和畜禽粪便产生量均呈增加的趋势,秸秆资源量为19.82~39.13万t,畜禽粪便产生量为50.69~191.83万t,其中农作物秸秆主要是玉米秸秆,畜禽粪便主要是牛粪和猪粪。根据宣化县的农业废弃物特点提出利用技术为:玉米秸秆作饲料利用;牛粪、猪粪和玉米秸秆发酵生产沼气或进行高温堆制生产有机肥。     

双重背景下发展沼气产业的机遇和挑战

日益严重的能源问题和快速增长的城乡垃圾造成的环境污染问题已成为制约我国经济快速发展的主要因素,在此双重背景下,我国沼气产业一方面面临着解决我国能源不足和城乡生态环境污染的机遇,另一方面又面临着发酵装备比较落后、尚未形成产业的规模化、沼气设备制造业生产落后、下游产品的开发和利用程度不够等挑战.我国畜禽粪便、农作物秸秆、人粪尿的沼气资源丰富,利用沼气工程技术解决我国能源问题和保护生态环境潜力巨大.     

畜禽粪便无害化生物处理技术的研究

畜禽粪便排泄物虽然是一种污染源,但如果将其合理有效地处理,进行开发利用,变废为宝,会成为一项重要的和可利用的资源.其中,应用微生物无害化活菌制剂发酵技术处理畜禽粪便,是比较科学的、理想的和经济实用的方法,所产生的无害化生物有机肥是一种重要的肥料.畜禽粪便年排放量按19亿t计,折算成标准化学氮肥为570万t,标准磷肥420万t,标准钾肥330万t,合计折算标准化肥总量约为1320万t,并可提供有机质约为2850万t.同时,畜禽粪便通过生物发酵处理后消除了病菌和虫卵等有害微生物,使环境得到改善和净化.     

南平市畜禽粪便沼气潜力概算及沼气工程发展现状调查

文章对2005年~2013年期间南平市畜禽粪便沼气潜力进行概算,介绍了南平市规模养殖场沼气工程建设发展现状、沼气工程工艺技术发展情况、沼气工程沼气使用情况以及相关产业发展情况,结果分析了南平市沼气工程存在的问题并针对这些问题提出了相关政策建议。     

中国沼气综合利用潜力

沼气综合利用是农村沼气建设中降低生产成本、提高经济效益的一项综合性技术措施,本文以我国2004年的沼气综合利用情况,分析了沼气综合利用的生态经济效益,在此基础上对中国沼气综合利用潜力进行估算。结果表明,中国沼气综合利用生态经济效益显著,2004年沼气综合利用增加经济效益43.57×108元,保护森林167.1×104hm2,减少CO2排放655.17×104t,减少SO2排放5.94×104t。目前中国沼气发酵产物综合利用程度较低,经济潜力开发率不到1%,生态潜力开发率仅在4%左右,前景广阔。     

Prediction of Kernel and Bulk Volume of Wheat and Canola during Adsorption and Desorption

Information don the shrinkage of grain both in bulk and as individual kernels is important in postharvest processing of these materials. The mass and volume of samples of wheat and canola seeds exposed either to humid or dry air were measured during adsorption or desorption cycles. When the grains were exposed to 90% r.h. at 40°C, the bulk density of wheat decreased almost linearly from 790 to 686 kg/m³as the kernel moisture content increased from 8% to 22% w.b. The bulk density of canola descreased by 11 kg/m³, from 672 to 661 kg/m³as the kernel moisture content increased from 5% to 19% w.b. The laws of mixtures were used to develop the following equations to predict grain kernel (v_k)and grain bulk volume (v_b)respectively as functions of moisture adsorption or desorption:v_k/v_k0=[1-M₀/1+(γ-1)M₀] [1+(γ-1)M/1-M]andv_b/v_b0={[1-(M₀-M)][1+(γ-1)M]/[1+(γ-1)M₀]} (1-ϵ₀)/(1-ϵ)wherev_kandv_k0are the kernel volumes,v_bandv_b0are the bulk porosities at the kernel moisture contents ofMandM₀respectively;γis the dry kernel density and is assumed to be a constant for each grain. Compared with experimental data, the kernel volumes of both wheat and canola, adequately predicted by the first equation. The second equation gave an adequate prediction of the bulk volume of canola by assumingϵ= ϵ₀,but not for wheat unlessϵwas expressed as a polynomial function of kernel moisture content.     

拖拉机深松机组匹配田间试验方法探讨及测试

针对目前我国深松作业机组匹配田间试验测试方法缺失的问题,分别从主要影响深松机组作业性能的6个方面进行田间试验方法简单探讨,并以某型拖拉机为例对该试验方法进行了验证和对该拖拉机深松机组性能进行了测试,为广大农机具工作者进行拖拉机深松机组匹配田间试验测试提供方法参考。     

Combined effects of KNO3 and salinity on yield and chemical composition of lettuce and Chinese cabbage

Summary The effect of N and K nutrition on the salt tolerance of lettuce (Lactuca saliva L. cv. Saunas) and Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L., Pekinensis cv. Kazumi) was evaluated in three greenhouse experiments under a controlled aero-hydroponic system of cultivation. Three levels of KNO₃ (1, 5 and 10 mM) were tested in all the experiments with rapidly circulated saline and nonsaline nutrient solutions. Two experiments, carried out between January and March 1989, with lettuce (Exp. I) and Chinese cabbage plants (Exp. III), consisted of two salinity levels, EC = 1.75 and 6.0 dS m^–1, the former representing a nonsaline nutrient solution. In the third experiment with lettuce (Exp. II., conducted between March and May 1989), three saline nutrient solutions having EC levels of 4.7, 7.75 and 10.75 dS m^–1 were compared to the nonsaline solution. The nutrient solutions were salinized with NaCl and CaCl₂, in a 4:1 molar ratio. The highest yields of fresh weight of both crops were obtained from the 5 mM KNO₃ under both saline and non-saline conditions. The 10 mM treatment caused yield reduction in Chinese cabbage, probably due to a severe tipburn disorder. The relatively high fresh weight yield obtained at the lowest (1 mM) KNO₃ level can be explained by the positive effect of circulation velocity on nutrient uptake. The threshold salinity damage value for the vegetative yield of lettuce plants fed by 5 or 10 mM KNO₃ was approximately 5 dSm^–1 and the yield decreased by 6.5% per unit dS m^–1 above the threshold. No yield improvement due to the addition of KNO₃ occurred under highly saline conditions (Exp. II). The fresh weight of Chinese cabbage obtained from the saline 1 and 5 mM KNO₃ treatments was approximately 15% lower than the non-saline-treatment (Exp. III). Salinity increased tipburn and the effect was not altered by the addition of KNO₃. No significant interaction between nutrition (KNO₃ level) and salinity was found. The application of salts increased the concentration of Na and Cl in plant tissue and reduced the levels of N and K; the opposite occurred in plants fed by the medium and high levels of KNO₃.Contribution from Institute of Soils and Water, ARO, Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel. No. 3092-E 1990 series     

Effects of different irrigation programs on flower and capsule numbers and shedding percentage of sesame

Irrigation is of great importance to sesame production in Mediterranean-type environments due to positive effect on flower and capsule numbers. Water stress limits sesame growth and development. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different irrigation programs on flower and capsule numbers, shedding percentage, and yield of sesame. The amount of water used was based on free surface evaporation from a screened class-A pan. Irrigation treatments consisted of three different irrigation intervals (I₁: 7-day; I₂: 14-day; I₃: 21-day), four plant-pan coefficients (K_cp1: 0.60; K_cp2: 0.80; K_cp3: 1.00 and K_cp4: 1.20). The first irrigation was carried out when the available water was at 40% level in the 90 cm of the soil profile. The results revealed significant linear relationships among the irrigation water, water consumption and total number of flower per plant. On the other hand, the highest total number of flower per plant and the highest shedding percentage were obtained from 7-day intervals. Irrigation interval-irrigation amount interaction was significant for the number of sound capsule per plant. The highest number of sound capsule was obtained from K_cp3 treatment at I₁ irrigation interval. Therefore, sesame yield increased by increasing the capsule number.     

Comparative affects of blending,intera/inter-seasonal cyclic uses of alkali and good quality waters on soil properties and yields of paddy and wheat

Degradation of soils irrigated with the ground waters having residual alkalinity constitutes a major threat to irrigated agriculture in semi-arid parts especially the South Asia. Paddy–wheat has come to stay as the major crop rotation in the afflicted areas, which is either irrigated solely with alkali waters (AW) or combined with good quality water supplies through canal networks. Therefore, to develop appropriate conjunctive use strategies for the latter situations, response of paddy and wheat was evaluated to the combined use of a good quality water (GW, EC_iw 0.5, RSC nil) and that having residual alkalinity (AW, EC_w 2.3 dS m⁻¹, RSC 11.3 mequiv L⁻¹, SAR_w 15 mmol L^0.5) for 6 years (1997–2003) in lysimeters (2.0 m deep, 0.9 m i.d., with drainage outlets at the bottom) filled in with a sandy loam soil (pH 7.8, ESP 5.3). Increase in soil pH (8.71), salinity (3.8 dS m⁻¹) and sodicity (ESP 27.3) as a consequence of irrigation with alkali water markedly affected the yields of both the crops. The sustainability yield index (SYI) was 0.522 and 0.793 for paddy and wheat, respectively, indicating the sensitivity of the former to the use of alkali water. Keeping the AW input to be similar through irrigations, the SYI for paddy with blending of GW and AW in the ratio of 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2 was 0.732, 0.708 and 0.678, respectively, when compared with 0.751, 0.729 and 0.701 under intera-seasonal cyclic uses. Similarly, the SYI of wheat ranged between 0.821–0.907 and 0.853–0.949 with blending and cyclic uses of the two waters, indicating thereby a yield advantage with the latter. When the two waters were rotated inter-seasonally, the dilution effects of monsoon rains helped to induce greater use of AW for paddy. The overall deterioration in soil properties under different modes was related to proportion of AW applied. It was concluded that the alternating good quality and alkali waters could be a better way to alleviate sodicity problems caused with the use of alkali water alone.     

Yield and quality of melon grown under different irrigation and nitrogen rates

During 2 years, a melon crop (Cucumis melo L. cv. Sancho) was grown under field conditions to investigate the effects of different nitrogen (N) and irrigation (I) levels on fruit yield, fruit quality, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and nitrogen applied efficiency (NAE). The statistical design was a split-plot with four replications, where irrigation was the main factor of variation and N was the secondary factor. In 2005, irrigation treatments consisted of applying daily a moderate water stress equivalent to 75% of ETc (crop evapotranspiration), a 100% ETc control and an excess irrigation of 125% ETc (designated as I₇₅, I₁₀₀ and I₁₂₅), while the N treatments were 30, 85, 112 and 139 kg N ha⁻¹ (designated as N₃₀, N₈₅, N₁₁₂ and N₁₃₉). In 2006, both the irrigation and N treatments applied were: 60, 100 and 140% ETc (I₆₀, I₁₀₀ and I₁₄₀) and 93, 243 and 393 kg N ha⁻¹ (N₉₃, N₂₄₃ and N₃₉₃). Moderate water stress did not reduce melon yield and high IWUE was obtained. Under severe deficit irrigation, the yield was reduced by 22% mainly due to decrease fruit weight. The relative yield (yield/maximum yield) was higher than 95% when the irrigation depth applied was in the range of 87-136% ETc. In 2006, the interaction between irrigation and N was significant for yield, fruit weight and IWUE. The best yield, 41.3 Mg ha⁻¹, was obtained with 100% ETc at N₉₃. The flesh firmness and the placenta and seeds weight increased when the irrigation level was reduced by 60% ETc. The highest NAE was obtained with quantities of water close to 100% ETc and increased as the N level was reduced. The highest IWUE was obtained with applications close to 90 kg N ha⁻¹. The I₂₄₃ and I₃₉₃ treatments produced inferior fruits due to higher skin ratios and lower flesh ratios. These results suggest that it is possible to apply moderate deficit irrigation, around 90% ETc, and reduce nitrogen input to 90 kg ha⁻¹ without lessening quality and yields.     

畜禽粪污综合利用对土壤肥力和持续农业的影响分析

文章围绕畜禽粪污治理现状,深入探讨畜禽粪污综合开发利用对农业土壤肥力持续发展的意义,并针对不同时期,相应的粪污利用策略对现代绿色农业持续发展的影响进行了分析。     

萃取浓缩沼液对尖孢镰刀菌和腐皮镰孢菌抑制效果的影响研究

为了研究不同有机溶剂萃取浓缩沼液对尖孢镰刀菌(Fusariumoxysporum)和腐皮镰孢菌(Fusariumsolani)抑制效果的影响,该实验采用6种常见的有机溶剂(乙酸乙酯、苯、乙醚、甲苯、环己烷、石油醚)对已经去除80%水分的沼液浓缩液进行萃取后再浓缩,将最终的萃取浓缩物进行抑菌试验。结果显示:6种有机溶剂萃取得到的萃取浓缩物都对尖孢镰刀菌和腐皮镰孢菌有抑制作用,且萃取浓缩物的抑制效果强于浓缩液、原沼液和萃取后剩余浓缩液的抑制效果。该实验可为沼液防治三七根腐病的利用奠定基础和依据。     

Effect of cyclic use and blending of alkali and good quality waters on soil properties,yield and quality of potato,sunflower and Sesbania

Degradation of soils through the use of alkali waters constitutes a major threat to irrigated agriculture especially for the cultivation of sodicity sensitive crops. The response of potato (Solanum tuberosum), sunflower (Helianthus annus) and Sesbania (Sesbania sesban) green manure to the combined use of a good quality canal water (CW, ECcw 1.1 dS/m, RSC nil, SAR 1.8) and an alkali water (AW, ECaw 3.6 dS/m, RSC 15.8 me/L, SAR 12.4) was evaluated for 5 years (1998–2003) on a well drained sandy loam soil (ECe 2.5 dS/m, pH 7.9, exchangeable sodium percentage, ESP 5.3). Increase in soil pH (8.9–9.1), salinity (4.7–5.1 dS/m) and sodicity (ESP 25–41) as a consequence of irrigation with alkali water affected the growth and yields of all the crops. The sustainability yield index (SYI) when irrigated with AW was 0.063 and 0.133 for potato and sunflower, respectively, indicating that these crops should not be irrigated with such high alkalinity waters. Cyclic use treatments included alternating irrigations with CW and AW, with CW to start with (1CW:1AW), alternating two irrigations each with CW and AW and applying CW to start with (2CW:2AW), alternating two irrigations each with CW and AW and applying AW to start with (2AW:2CW), four irrigations with AW to start with and followed by two with CW (4AW:2CW) and crop-wise alternations of CW and AW, with application of CW to potato and AW to sunflower (CWp:AWs). The SYI of potato improved to 0.703, 0.642, 0.442 and 0.579, respectively with the cyclic 1CW:1AW, 2CW:2AW, 2AW:2CW and CWp:AWs treatments. The values of SYI were 0.633 and 0.415 for potato when irrigated with blends of CW and AW in the ratio 2:1(2CW:1AW) and 1:2 (1CW:2AW), respectively. Similarly, the SYI for sunflower ranged between 0.481–0.736 and 0.512–0.592 for cyclic use and blending but was reduced to 0.394 with 4AW:2CW in cyclic use mode. When averaged for 5 years, the relative yields (compared to CW) ranged between 65–85 and 61–94% for cyclic use in potato and sunflower, respectively. However, the values ranged between 66–83 and 71–81% for blended waters. Considerable deterioration in produce quality was observed in terms of potato grade and weight loss on storage as well as the smaller seeds along and lower oil content in the case of sunflower. The overall deterioration in soil properties under different modes was related to the proportions of AW applied. Computations further indicated that with a similar proportion of CW and AW, cyclic application CW during the initial stages would minimise the adverse effects of alkali water.     

Effects of salinity and fertigation practice on cotton yield and N recovery

The purpose of optimal water and nutrient management is to maximize water and fertilizer use efficiency and crop production, and to minimize groundwater pollution. In this study, field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of soil salinity and N fertigation strategy on plant growth, N uptake, as well as plant and soil ¹⁵N recovery. The experimental design was a 3 × 3 factorial with three soil salinity levels (2.5, 6.3, and 10.8 dS m⁻¹) and three N fertigation strategies (N applied at the beginning, end, and in the middle of an irrigation cycle). Seed cotton yield, dry matter, N uptake, and plant ¹⁵N recovery significantly increased as soil salinity level increased from 2.5 to 6.3 dS m⁻¹, but they decreased markedly at higher soil salinity of 10.8 dS m⁻¹. Soil ¹⁵N recovery was higher under soil salinity of 10.8 dS m⁻¹ than those under soil salinity of 6.3 dS m⁻¹, but was not significantly different from that under soil salinity of 2.5 dS m⁻¹. The fertigation strategy that nitrogen applied at the beginning of an irrigation cycle had the highest seed cotton yield and plant ¹⁵N recovery, but showed higher potential loss of fertilizer N from the root zone. While the fertigation strategy of applying N at the end of an irrigation cycle tended to avoid potential N loss from the root zone, it had the lowest cotton yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Total ¹⁵N recovery was not significantly affected by soil salinity, fertigation strategy, and their interaction. These results suggest that applying nitrogen at the beginning of an irrigation cycle has an advantage on promoting yield and fertilizer use efficiency, therefore, is an agronomically efficient way to provide cotton with fertilizer N under the given production conditions.