青海环湖地区放牧绵羊骨营养状况的研究

为了探讨青海环湖地区放牧绵羊骨营养状况,采用二甲氨基苯甲醛比色法、孔雀绿-钼酸比色法、MTB比色法和磷酸苯二钠法,对青海环湖地区4个县55只2～3岁放牧绵羊血清羟脯氨酸、钙和磷含量以及碱性磷酸酶进行了测定.结果表明,被检放牧绵羊的血清游离羟脯氨酸含量为(15.359±1.655)μmol/L,血清碱性磷酸酶活性为(2.797±0.741)nmol,(L·s),血清钙、磷含量分别为(2.443±0.291)mmoL/L和(1.210±0.390)mmol/L,血清无机磷明显低于正常值(P<0.05).结论说明,被检的55只放牧绵羊处于低磷的营养水平.     

甘肃现代肉羊新品种群血液生理生化指标的测定

试验通过对波德代、陶赛特、小尾寒羊及甘肃现代肉羊新品种群的19项生理生化指标进行了测定。结果表明,甘肃现代肉羊新品种群平均红、白细胞、血红蛋白数均在正常范围内,血钙(DH:1.35 mmol/L±0.24 mmol/L,BH:1.29 mmol/L±0.22 mmol/L)低于正常值,血磷(DH:1.40 mmol/L±0.13 mmol/L,BH:1.67 mmol/L±0.48 mmol/L)在正常值范围内,血清钾含量(DH:4.82 mmol/L±0.97 mmol/L,BH:4.72 mmol/L±1.09 mmol/L)在正常范围内,其他指标都在正常范围内或与正常值接近,说明其对当地自然生态环境和饲养管理条件有良好的适应性,可以发挥该品种的产肉遗传潜力。     

青海省育肥绵羊骨营养状况的检测

对青海省29只2-3周岁育肥绵羊骨营养状况进行了调查,结果发现被检育肥绵羊的血清游离羟脯氨酸含量为15．359 1．655μmol／L,血清钙含量和碱性磷酸酶活性在正常值范围内,血清无机磷明显低于正常值(P＜0．05),说明被检的29只育肥绵羊处于低磷的营养水平。     

大通县役用马骨营养状况的检测

对大通县32匹役用马的骨营养状况指标进行检测.结果表明,大通县役用马的血清钙浓度为3.06mmol/L±0.31 mmol/L;血清无机磷浓度为1.53mmol/L±0.30mmol/L;血清碱性磷酸酶活性为68.13IU/L±17.73 IU/L;血清羟脯氨酸含量为16.27μmol/L±3.μmol/L.均处于正常值范围内,公(骟)、母马组之间无显著的差异(P＞0.05).     

小尾寒羊血清钙磷含量的测定

对青海省乐都县小尾寒羊的血清元机瞵和四项血清钙指标进行了测定.结果表明:血清无机磷含量为1.21mmd/L,血清总钙含量为2.53 mmol/L,血清结合钙含量为1.62mmol/L,血清游离钙含量为0.93mmol/L,血清游离钙百分率为36.76%.     

植源性磷酸氢钙对肉鸡钙磷沉积的影响

植源磷酸氢钙是一种新型的饲料添加剂。为研究其对肉鸡血清钙磷沉积和骨骼发育的影响,探讨这种新型磷添加剂的应用效果,为广泛应用此添加剂提供参考。试验选择刚出壳的健康AA肉仔鸡180只,分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ4个处理组。结果表明:各处理组血磷含量保持在1.6~2.7 mmol/L、血钙含量维持在2.2~2.9 mmol/L,碱性磷酸酶活性与血清钙磷含量没有直接关系;Ⅰ组血清中碱性磷酸酶活性的均值最高为1 718.20 U几,Ⅲ组的最低为931.67 U/L;Ⅰ组血磷含量比Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ3组高17.33%、17.91%和20.92%(P0.05),Ⅰ组血钙含量显著高于Ⅲ组8.56%(P0.05);Ⅰ组骨骼发育最差,胫骨重量和长度均显著低于其余3个处理组;Ⅲ组胫骨长度显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.05);Ⅲ组骨磷百分含量较Ⅰ组显著高11.89%(P0.05);Ⅲ、Ⅳ组骨钙百分含量与Ⅰ组相比差异显著,分别比Ⅰ组提高了12.88%和11.77%(P0.05)。     

青海半细毛羊血清无机磷含量的测定

对青海省大通县43只青海半细毛羊血清中的无机磷含量进行了测定。结果表明：大通县青海半细毛羊血清中的无机磷含量为25.7mmol/L,公（羯）、母羊之间血清无机磷含量无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。     

湟源县青海半细毛羊四项血清钙指标的测定

对湟源县78只青海半细毛羊的四项血清钙指标进行了测定.结果为,血清总钙2.79 mmoL/L±0.18 mmoL/L;血清游离钙1.08 mmoL/L±0.11 mmoL/L;血清结合钙1.71 mmoL/L±0.11 mmoL/L;游离钙百分率38.82%±6.22%.公(羯)、母羊血清钙指标之间差异不显著.     

大通含野血牦牛10项血清生化指标的测定

对大通种牛场10头含野血牦牛10项生化指标进行了测定.结果表明,血清钠130.20mmol/L±6.88mmol/L;血清钾4.28mmol/L±0.88mmol/L;血清氯124.61 mmol/L±5.54mml/L;血清总钙8.58mnol/L±1.19mmol/L;血清无机磷1.14mmol/L±0.57mmol/L;血清铁33.22μmol/L±32.23μmol/L;血清镁1.63±0.36mmol/L;血清尿素氮12.54±5.75mmol/L;血清肌酐131.72±2.44 nmol/L;血清总蛋白78.63g/L±0.94 g/L.     

不同季节牧草钙磷含量对放牧绵羊血清降钙素的影响

研究了不同季节牧草钙、磷含量对放牧绵羊血清降钙素、碱性磷酸酶、血清钙、无机磷、血清钙磷比和血清钙磷乘积的影响,发现这些血清指标随季节变化明显。血清降钙素夏季时的含量为(184.627±117.224)ng/L,极显著的低于秋季时的含量(571.317±254.337)ng/L(P<0.01),但是与冬春季的含量(345.583±311.591)ng/L差异不显著(P>0.05),并且冬春季血清降钙素含量与秋季含量差异也不显著。从相关分析得出,降钙素与牧草钙,磷和钙磷比呈负相关,相关系数为-0.147,-0.234和-0.106,但是相关性不强。该地区在3季内,牧草能够满足放牧绵羊对钙的需要,但是不能满足对磷的需要(除夏季外),因此,引起钙、磷从骨骼中动员,使得血清降钙素、碱性磷酸酶等血液指标发生变化。应为该地区加强补饲,避免由钙磷缺乏引起的生产力下降。     

不同季节肉用种公牛精液品质与生理常值、血清及精清生化指标相关关系研究

以利木赞和夏洛来种公牛为试验牛，研究不同季节对其精液品质、冻精产量、生理常值、血清及精清生化指标的影响。结果表明：（1）与其它季节相比，夏季肉用种公牛的原精活力、冻精活力、活精于百分数、顶体完整率均显著降低，而精于畸形率显著升高（P〈0．05）。精子密度以秋季最低。（2）冻精产量夏季处于最低水平，平均每月仅为7388支。（3）夏季肉用种公牛的血清LH、睾酮、T3、皮质醇的含量分别为48．12、4．15、1．11、4．89ng／L，显著低于春、秋、冬季（P〈0．01）。（4）夏季肉用种公牛血清钠、钾、钙、镁均处于最低水平，显著低于其它季节（P〈0．01）。（5）夏季肉用种公牛精清睾酮水平明显下降，显著低于春季、秋季和冬季。（6）精清钠、钾、钙夏季含量最低，分别为83．12mmol／L、18，77mmol／L和4．63mmol／L；精清镁含量由春季至秋季呈显著下降趋势；精清磷含量夏季最高，为4．65mmol／L，显著高于春季、秋季和冬季。（7）肉用种公牛精清ALP夏季含量为1784．3U／L，显著高于春、秋两季，但低于冬季。（8）精清睾酮与精液品质各指标存在显著相关；血清生化指标与精清生化指标存在显著相关；直肠温度、呼吸频率与精液品质及血清生化指标存在显著相关性，与精清生化指标相关性不大。     

可消化钙水平对饲喂不同磷含量日粮生长猪生长性能和骨成分的影响

本研究开展了30 d的饲养试验以确定可消化钙水平对饲喂不同磷含量日粮生长猪生长性能和骨成分的影响。试验选择平均体重为(50.21±2.1)kg的生长猪180头,随机分为15组,每组12头猪,每个重复4头猪。试验日粮采用3×5因子设计,可消化磷水平分别为1.4、2.7、4.1 g/kg,可消化钙水平分别为1.3、2.5、3.8、5.0,和6.3 g/kg。结果表明,日粮可消化钙和可消化磷水平对生长猪末重、日增重、饲料报酬、骨钙和骨磷含量的影响具有显著交互作用(P<0.05)。在可消化钙磷比值分别为1.20∶1和1.25∶1,可消化磷水平为2.7 g/kg时,预测的最大体重为87.20 kg,日增重为1.23 kg。但由于方程的线性性质,没有得到预测的最大饲料报酬。随着日粮可消化钙水平的增加,无论饲粮中可消化磷水平是多少,平均日采食量均表现为显著降低(P<0.05)。可消化磷含量为2.7和4.1 g/kg时,预测的骨骼灰分最大值分别为55.8和60.1 g/kg,对应的可消化钙磷比值分别为2.03∶1和1.59∶1。综上所述,当日粮磷水平达到或低于需要水平时,过量的钙对50~85 kg猪生长性能具有负面影响。而当可消化钙水平高于需要水平时,饲粮中含有高于需要水平的可消化磷可以使猪的生长性能最大化。骨灰分最大化所需的可消化钙水平大于生长性能最大化需要的可消化钙水平,同时当磷水平达到需要量时,保证足够的骨矿化而不影响生长性能所需的可消化钙磷比为1.23∶1。     

放牧蒙古羊瘤胃细菌随季节变化规律的研究

试验旨在研究北方典型草原放牧蒙古羊瘤胃细菌菌群结构和多样性随季节变化的规律。随机选取北方典型草原上终年放牧不补饲的6只蒙古羊,在冬季（1月）、春季（4月）、夏季（6月牧草生长期和8月牧草旺盛期）和秋季（10月中旬）,通过口腔采取瘤胃液,利用MiSeq测序技术分析了不同季节、不同牧草生长时期瘤胃细菌种群的结构和多样性。结果表明,放牧蒙古羊瘤胃细菌在夏季牧草生长旺盛期操作分类单元（OTU）和多样性最高,冬季最少,瘤胃细菌夏季和冬季OTU和多样性都差异显著（P<0.05）。在门水平上,厚壁菌门（Firmicutes,56.93%）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes,21.52%）为蒙古羊瘤胃中的优势细菌种群;厚壁菌门OTU在8月达到最大值,拟杆菌门OTU在6月达到最大值,均与其他月份差异显著（P<0.05）。在科水平上,瘤胃菌科（Ruminococcaceae,19.09%）、毛螺菌科（Lachnospiraceae,16.98%）、克里斯蒂娜科（Christensenellaceae,12.11%）、普雷沃氏菌科（Prevotellaceae,8.51%）和理研菌科（Rikenellaceae,8.27%）是蒙古羊瘤胃中的优势种群,分别在夏季（6月或8月）数量达到峰值。在属水平上,普雷沃氏菌属（Prevotella,4.79%）、丁酸弧菌属（Butyrivibrio,1.77%）和瘤胃球菌属（Ruminococcus,1.27%）含量最高。因此,北方牧区放牧蒙古羊瘤胃细菌以厚壁菌门的瘤胃菌科数量最高,是典型的消化纤维素细菌,符合以牧草为饲的放牧羊的特征。     

Osteopenic disease in growing pigs: diagnostic methods using serum and urine calcium and phosphorus values, parathoromone assay, and bone analysis.

This research was performed to evaluate the utility of several serum and urine parameters as well as bone ash and plasma parathormone assay to diagnose and monitor diet-related osteopenia in growing pigs. Five diets were tested as follows: calcium-deficient, phosphorus-replete; moderate-deficiency of calcium and phosphorus; marked deficiency of calcium and phosphorus; calcium replete, phosphorus deficient; and vitamin D deficient. Parameters monitored included serum calcium and phosphorus as well as ratios of urine calcium to creatinine, phosphorus to creatinine, calcium to phosphorus, and percent fractional excretions of calcium and phosphorus. Plasma parathormone (PTH) levels were monitored in 2 of 3 experiments. Osteopenic bone differences at necropsy were evaluated by bone density, percent ash, ash per milliliter bone, calcium per milliliter bone, and phosphorus per milliliter bone. Marked change in urine mineral parameters, especially the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio, typically occurred within 1 to 2 days of treatment and preceded significant change in serum mineral or plasma PTH by 2 to 3 weeks. When monitored, plasma PTH levels were elevated following treatment, which confirms the hyperparathyroid state induced by the test diets. Significant differences in bone mineralization between control and treatment diets at necropsy were generally observed. The results of this study indicate that the analysis of urine minerals offers an early, noninvasive technique to investigate diet-associated osteopenic disease in growing pigs, which can be supported further by bone mineral analysis at postmortem using techniques herein described. Several urine mineral reference intervals for application to field investigations are included. Research into application of similar techniques to evaluate calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in pigs of all ages, including gestating and lactating gilts and sows, appears warranted.     

Failure of copper or vitamin D supplements to affect the dental condition of young sheep on two Wairarapa farms

Regular injections of copper or vitamin D had no overall effect on growth rate, fleece weight, or the amount of wear of the central incisor teeth of sheep on two Wairarapa farms over 26 months. The greatest amount of tooth wear occurred during the period when soil ingestion (measured by acid-insoluble residue, titanium or aluminium in the faeces) was also greatest. Various indicators of copper, calcium or nutritional status were measured in the blood of control sheep and those receiving vitamin D or copper. At no sampling time was there a significant difference for any of these between groups on either farm. Pasture samples were analysed regularly for calcium, cobalt, copper, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, phosphorus, sulphur, zinc and percentage ash. At most times values were, on the basis of existing criteria, considered normal. Although the pasture calcium/phosphorus ratio fell below one on several occasions this did not result in a change in plasma calcium or phosphorus levels. On the basis of criteria established for pen-fed sheep, dietary available copper levels on both farms were considered low for much of the time. However, liver and blood copper values were adequate at alI times.     

22～42日龄黄羽肉鸡钙需要量研究

本试验旨在研究不同饲粮钙水平对22～42日龄黄羽肉鸡生长性能、胫骨性能和血清生化指标的影响,探讨22～42日龄黄羽肉鸡的钙需要量。试验选用22日龄岭南黄羽肉公鸡1 200只,分为6个处理,每个处理5个重复,每个重复40只鸡。处理1(对照组)肉鸡饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮(钙水平为0.45%),处理2～6(试验组)肉鸡饲喂在基础饲粮中添加不同水平石粉的试验饲粮,饲粮钙水平分别为0.60%、0.75%、0.90%、1.05%和1.20%,其他营养水平各处理基本一致。试鸡自由采食与饮水。试验期21 d。结果表明:1)在基础饲粮中添加钙显著提高了试鸡42日龄体重和平均日增重(P<0.05),显著降低了料重比(P<0.05),0.75%、0.90%、1.05%和1.20%钙水平组平均日采食量显著低于对照组和0.60%钙水平组(P<0.05)。2)不同饲粮钙水平对试鸡胫骨鲜重无显著影响(P>0.05),而对胫骨折断力、脱脂胫骨干重、胫骨灰分含量、脱脂胫骨灰分含量、脱脂胫骨中钙和磷含量、胫骨灰分中钙和磷含量影响显著(P<0.05),0.90%和1.05%钙水平组胫骨性能指标均显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。3)不同饲粮钙水平对试鸡血清钙、磷含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。综合得出,以生长性能和胫骨性能为评定指标,22～42日龄黄羽肉鸡钙需要量分别为0.60%和0.90%。     

日粮钙水平对空怀期云南半细毛羊生长性能及血清生化指标和繁殖相关激素的影响

试验旨在探讨日粮钙水平对空怀期云南半细毛羊生长性能、配种前血清生化指标和繁殖相关激素的影响,为开展空怀期云南半细毛羊营养需要量研究提供参考。选用50只体况良好、体重相近、38月龄的经产2胎空怀云南半细毛羊,随机均分为5组,分别饲喂0.40%(无外源钙)、0.45%、0.53%、0.66%、0.85%5个钙水平的日粮。预试期14d,正试期30d。结果表明:0.53%钙水平组云南半细毛羊的总增重、平均日增重、平均日采食量、耗料增重比等指标相对优于其他组;0.40%钙水平日粮组的血清钙最高,血清碱性磷酸酶、甲状旁腺素、钙、磷组间差异不显著(P>0.05);繁殖相关激素各组间表现不一,0.40%钙水平组雌二醇水平最高(P>0.05)。在日粮磷水平为0.20%水平条件下,0.53%钙水平组的空怀期云南半细毛羊表现出较好的生长性能,可为临配种前生理生化和激素水平提供较好准备;增加日粮钙水平,未见对以上指标有明显的正向增强作用,可能与日粮钙磷比失衡有关。     

饲料中不同维生素D含量对鲈鱼幼鱼生长性能和钙磷代谢的影响

本研究旨在探讨饲料中不同维生素D含量对鲈鱼幼鱼生长性能和钙磷代谢的影响。以初始体重为(2.26±0.03)g的鲈鱼幼鱼为试验对象,随机分为6组(每组3个重复,每个重复15尾鱼),饲喂维生素D含量实测值分别为34.2、219.4、393.8、775.9、1 534.1和3 091.2 IU/kg的等氮等能饲料,进行9周的养殖试验。结果表明:1)当饲料中维生素D含量在34.2~393.8 IU/kg时,鲈鱼的增重率随着饲料中维生素D含量的升高显著上升(P0.05),但是当饲料中维生素D含量高于393.8 IU/kg时,鲈鱼的增重率变化不显著并且出现平台期(P0.05)。同样,鲈鱼的特定生长率、饲料效率和蛋白质效率均表现出与增重率相似的变化趋势。2)饲料中维生素D含量显著影响了鱼体粗灰分、钙和磷含量,脊椎骨、鳃盖骨和鳞片粗灰分含量以及脊椎骨钙和磷含量(P0.05),但对鱼体粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和水分含量没有显著影响(P0.05)。3)饲料中维生素D含量对鲈鱼血清碱性磷酸酶活性及羟脯氨酸、钙离子和无机磷含量均有显著影响(P0.05)。4)饲料中维生素D含量显著影响了鲈鱼肝体指数及肝脏脂肪和维生素D含量(P0.05)。随着饲料中维生素D含量的升高,肝脏维生素D含量呈现升高的趋势,并在饲料中维生素D含量达到1 534.1 IU/kg时变化趋于平稳。以增重率为评价指标,采用折线模型分析得出鲈鱼幼鱼获得最大生长时对饲料中维生素D的需求量为431.0 IU/kg饲料。以肝脏维生素D含量为评价指标,采用二次曲线模型分析得出鲈鱼幼鱼获得最大肝脏维生素D沉积量时对饲料中维生素D的需求量为2 444.4 IU/kg饲料。     

Correlation of Different Biochemical Parameters in Blood Sera of Healthy and Sick Cows

Metabolic diseases of cows represent the leading internal pathology in Lithuania in terms of incidence and economic impact. This paper summarizes the mineral metabolic state of milk cows, and details the influence of feeding on serum levels of calcium, nonorganic phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sodium, glucose, total protein, and urea quantity, and correlationd among them, in healthy dry or post-calving cows as well as in cows with osteomalacia and milk fever after calving. There was less pronounced hypocalcaemia and there were only minor changes in phosphorus, magnesium, potassium and sodium in the serum of healthy dry and post-calving cows that had silage and mineral-vitamin supplements, compared to cows that did not have supplements and silage. There was a fall in calcium and phosphorus (to 1.89 +/- 0.12 mmol/L and 0.71 +/- 0.06 mmol/L, respectively) in the blood of cows sick with milk fever after calving, while levels of magnesium and potassium were increased. The correlation between calcium and phosphorus was r = 0.6993, p < 0.001 in the serum of sick cows. There was a fall in calcium, phosphorus and magnesium (to 1.86 +/- 0.46 mmol/L, 0.75 +/- 0.37 mmol/L, and 0.60 +/- 0.19 mmol/L, respectively) and an increase in sodium level (to 158.90 +/- 19.30 mmol/L) in the blood of cows with osteomalacia in comparison with healthy cows.     

Effects of different phosphorus sources in the diet on bone composition and stability (breaking strength) in broilers

In two fattening trials (in each 100 broilers kept in four groups with 25 animals) as well as in a balance trial (four groups with four broilers in a group) the effects of inorganic phosphorus sources [monocalcium phosphate (MCP), dicalcium phosphate (dihydrate; DCP) and defluorinated phosphate (DFP)] in broiler diets were examined. The four diets contained up to 9 g calcium and 6 g phosphorus per kg and comparable energy and nutrient contents. Controls were fed a commercial diet with Ca-Na-phosphate as inorganic phosphorus source supplemented by phytase. In both fattening trials body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion were proved as well as the calcium and phosphorus levels in serum, the breaking strength of tibia or humerus and the femur mineralization (ash content in the fat free dry matter). Furthermore, in the balance trial the retention of calcium and phosphorus was determined by calculation (intake minus excretion) as well as by analysis of body composition. On a high performance level (that was only slightly influenced by the different treatments), the addition of DFP resulted in significantly reduced phosphorus availability (estimated by analysis of the whole carcass: control/MCP/DCP/DFP: 48.6/46.0/45.7/35.5%). The significantly reduced phosphorus level in serum (1.77 +/- 0.20/1.77 +/- 0.24/1.73 +/- 0.28 1.34 +/- 0.33 mmol/l) indicates the lower phosphorus retention in broilers given DFP. Furthermore, the crude ash content (582 +/- 17.6/580 +/- 18.6/563 +/- 15.2/547 +/- 29.7 g/kg fat free DM) and the breaking strength of bones (in right tibia in trial 2: 232 +/- 82.4/227 +/- 51.5/232 +/- 41.7/196 +/- 655 N) were lowest when given DFP. For diagnostic purposes it is of special interest that the phosphorus levels in the serum reflected markedly the different concentrations of available phosphorus in the diet.