人工湿地在城市园林建设中的应用

人工湿地系统具有低投资、低能耗、低运行费、高生态环境效益等诸多优点,因此受到人们更多的关注。文章结合山东省潍坊市白浪河上游湿地的成功案例,对人工湿地系统在城市园林绿化建设中的应用进行了探讨。     

人工湿地在处理污水中的应用

介绍了人工湿地的构成和特点,阐述了人工湿地的净化机理和应用及对废水中的污染物质氮、磷、有机物的去除过程,提出人工湿地这种处理污水的方法具有良好的实用价值和应用前景。     

人工湿地在猪场污水净化中的应用

人工湿地具有良好的净化污水的功能,它是一种推流式生物反应器。文中主要叙述人工湿地结构与净化猪场污水机理;并分析了人工湿地从开始运行到成熟过程,湿地结构成分变化及对污水净化效果的影响;经筛选,人工湿地中的植物为鸭舌草,它是适于这类型人工湿地种植的良好草种。经运行测试分析表明:BOD₅去除率达88.04％,COD_Cr去除率达88.56％,SS去除率达90.77％,硫化物去除率达88.29％,铜化物去除率达95.74％。人工湿地因出水水质好,运行维护方便,在猪场污水处理系统中使用较为理想。     

天然湿地处理系统在废水处理中的作用

<正> 在美国的Florda州,土地用于城市废水处理已被广泛接受,但由于种种原因,这种方法的实际应用在有些地方受到限制。该州有大片湿地(Wetland),(总面积超过4500000公顷,约占其陆地面积的1/3)。过去10年里,科学家们对湿地用于城市废水处理进行了大量研究。并逐渐认识到湿地在处理城市废水中的功能和潜在经济价值,导致该州制订天然湿地处理系统废水常规许可排入量法规。     

湿地景观在城市园林规划建设中的运用

简要介绍了湿地的功能和作用,湿地景观和园林景观的类型。阐述了利用沼泽地、河流、湖泊、海滩、水库及池塘等湿地景观资源建设城市湿地公园与综合公园、沿河川风光带、湖泊景观、滨海景观及农业生产特色景观等城市园林景观,更好地建设城市园林,保护和美化城市的生态环境。     

人工湿地在景区生活污水处理中的应用

在中国旅游业迅速发展的的同时,景区内天然河流的污染日益严重,成为影响中国旅游业发展的亟待解决的问题。通过对人工湿地生态系统的构造及对生活污水中悬浮物质、有机物、氮、磷等去除机理的研究,表明人工湿地生态系统作为处理景区生活污水新技术既与周围环境相协调又具有投资少、运行费用低、运行维护方便、管理简单等优势,具有广泛的应用前景。     

人工湿地系统在垃圾渗滤液处理中的应用

人工湿地是一种很有前途的废水处理方法,具有对污染物的去除能力强、基建和运行费用低、维护管理方便、耐冲击负荷能力强等优点。对人工湿地系统在垃圾渗滤液处理中的表现进行了分析,结果表明,其对有机物、氮磷和金属元素均具有较高的去除率,利用人工湿地处理垃圾渗滤液的方法具有广阔的应用前景。     

重金属元素在湿地生态系统中的迁移与分配

为了解重金属元素在湿地生态系统中的迁移和分配特征,于2011年夏季采集了大庆市龙凤湿地土壤、水、芦苇、鱼等4种样品,采用原子吸收分光光度法测定其中Cu,Cd,Zn,Pb,As和Hg这6种重金属元素的含量水平,应用统计学方法分析了彼此之间的相关关系。结果显示,龙凤湿地环境质量状况良好,土壤重金属含量低于松嫩平原的平均值,水体环境质量低于地表水环境质量Ⅱ级标准;湿地中生存的动、植物对重金属的累积情况各不相同,鱼体重金属的富集情况为:Zn>Cd>Cu>As>Hg>Pb,而芦苇重金属的富集情况则为:Cd>Hg>Zn>Cu>As>Pb。分析表明,土壤重金属含量与植物、鱼体重金属含量之间均存在明显的正相关关系,而水、植物、鱼三者之间虽然也存在一定的正相关关系,但均未达到显著水平。     

人工湿地在大塘港水环境整治中的应用

堵港海涂水库的水质改善是个漫长的过程,采用的措施也是多种多样,在经过多年的自然排水和排咸站排咸运行后,大塘港水库水质仍不容乐观。结合近年象山县大塘港水环境保护与治理示范项目,着重分析了人工湿地生态系统建设对于减缓大塘港污染程度和改善水环境所起的作用,以期为人工湿地在平原水库中的推广应用提供参考。     

昆明翠湖湿地在城市生态环境中的重要作用

在对翠湖生物资源调查的基础上,介绍了翠湖的历史背景,探讨了翠湖湿地在昆明生态城市建设中的重要作用,结合现状研究了翠湖湿地的生态功能及社会服务功能,分析了翠湖湿地在滞留沉积物和营养物、降解有毒物质、净化环境空气、调节小气候、吸附粉尘、净化污水、改善城市环境、吸收二氧化碳、释放氧气等方面的重要作用,并针对现状提出了翠湖湿地生态环境建设与保护的一些建议和看法。     

Interactions of assemblages of mycorrhizal fungi with two Florida wetland plants

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are known to exist in wetlands, but little is known about their function in these environments. We conducted greenhouse experiments to study the effects of AM fungal assemblages—collected from different vegetation communities in a Florida wetland-under free-drained and flooded conditions, and at three phosphorus (P) levels on growth and P nutrition of Typha latifolia L. and Panicum hemitomon Schult. We also studied the effects of flooding on the spread of extraradical hyphae from P. hemitomon roots. For both plants no AM fungal assemblage had a consistent effect on plant growth and P nutrition. For T. latifolia, flooding nearly eliminated AM fungal colonization and, in the free-drained treatments, P amendment suppressed colonization. Furthermore, colonization by some mycorrhizal assemblages increased shoot- and root-P concentrations, but there were no significant plant growth responses. For P. hemitomon, the mycorrhizal association was suppressed by flooding and P amendment but, among the fungal assemblages, there were differences in root colonization. Mycorrhizal colonization improved some plant-growth and P-nutrition parameters at lower P levels relative to nonmycorrhizal controls, but generally conferred no benefit or was detrimental at higher P levels. Extraradical hyphae of most assemblages were restricted by flooding to 2.5 cm, though differences among AM fungal assemblages occurred with a maximum observed extension of 16.5 cm. We conclude that the impact of the mycorrhizal association on these wetland plants was a function of the complex interactions among the AM fungal assemblages, plant species, water condition, and P level. Future studies should focus on understanding the species composition of the assemblages, and potential adaptation to wetland conditions among these fungal species.     

Mycorrhizal colonization of plants in set-aside agricultural land

Agricultural overproduction has led the European Union to encourage long-term abandonment of agricultural land and the adoption of management practices which enhance transition to semi-natural grassland or forest. This paper reports the results of a field study conducted in newly abandoned agricultural land where the development of the mycorrhizal community was investigated in response to manipulation of the above-ground vegetation. The field site consisted of plots where the plant diversity was managed by (1) sowing 15 plant species, (2) sowing four plant species, and (3) allowing plots to be naturally colonized by plants. The plant mixture contained grasses, legumes and forbs that were all expected to occur on the site following succession. Each of the low diversity replicates contained a different subset of the high diversity mixture, in order to avoid confounding diversity effects with sampling effects. A subset of these plots was inoculated with soil cores from a later successional stage and the experiment was arranged in a randomized block design. The catch plants, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies and Plantago lanceolata, were planted in the experimental plots and the presence of ecto- or arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on their roots was determined. The level of AM colonization of P. lanceolata and the ectomycorrhizal colonization of F. sylvatica was lower in the sown treatments with high and low plant diversity compared to areas that were naturally colonized by plants. The survival of catch plants of the tree species was also higher in the naturally colonized plots. Soil inoculations had no effect on either of the mycorrhizal types or the survival of catch plants. The establishment of non-introduced woody plant species was more successful in the naturally colonized treatments.     

Abundance of fungi and bacteria in a nutrient-impacted Florida wetland

Microorganisms have been proposed as early indicators of wetland change; however, there is often too little information to reliably use microbial parameters for this purpose. The objective of this study was to document how nutrient loading, plant community, and season affected arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (expressed as percent colonized root length), other fungi (estimated by ergosterol concentration), and bacteria (quantified by direct counts) in soil and detritus, and thereby to broadly evaluate the potential of native microorganisms to serve as indicators of wetland integrity. Dominant wetland plant communities (Panicum, Cladium, Typha, Salix, mixed herbaceous, and deep-water slough) were sampled seasonally from nutrient-impacted and reference areas of a central Florida wetland with historic nutrient loading (only Cladium occurred in both impacted and reference areas). Nutrient impact increased soil and detrital ergosterol and bacterial counts in some plant communities and seasons (e.g., Cladium sampled in the fall); however, the nutrient effect was confounded by interactions with the plant community and season. Nutrient impact reduced AM root colonization in samples from impacted compared to reference Cladium communities during summer and fall; however, there were again significant interactions with season and other plant communities. We conclude that before soil fungi and bacteria can be used as indicators of wetland integrity background values for each plant community and season need to be well documented.     

Global diversity and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form associations with most land plants and can control carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling between above- and belowground components of ecosystems. Current estimates of AM fungal distributions are mainly inferred from the individual distributions of plant biomes, and climatic factors. However, dispersal limitation, local environmental conditions,and interactions among AM fungal taxa may also determine local diversity and global distributions. We assessed the relative importance of these potential controls by collecting 14,961 DNA sequences from 111 published studies and testing for relationships between AM fungal community composition and geography, environment, and plant biomes. Our results indicated that the global species richness of AM fungi was up to six times higher than previously estimated, largely owing to high beta diversity among sampling sites. Geographic distance, soil temperature and moisture, and plant community type were each significantly related to AM fungal community structure, but explained only a small amount of the observed variance. AM fungal species also tended to be phylogenetically clustered within sites, further suggesting that habitat filtering or dispersal limitation is a driver of AM fungal community assembly. Therefore, predicted shifts in climate and plant species distributions under global change may alter AM fungal communities.     

鄱阳湖湿地不同环境条件土壤AM真菌群落特征及其影响因素

丛枝菌根(AM)真菌可以与湿地植物共生，并在湿地生态系统的修复与维护过程中具有重要作用。然而，不同环境条件下湿地土壤AM真菌群落分布特征及其影响因素仍然有待明晰。选择鄱阳湖湿地不同水位条件(高水位和低水位)2种典型植物群落(南荻和水蓼)为研究对象，运用高通量测序技术探究水位和植被类型对鄱阳湖湿地土壤AM真菌群落结构和多样性的影响，比较不同环境条件下AM真菌群落结构和多样性差异，分析其与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明，AM真菌OTU数为21～38,水位和植被类型影响鄱阳湖湿地土壤AM真菌OTU数，高水位下AM真菌OTU数高于低水位，水蓼群落高于南荻群落。被鉴别出的菌属为Glomus、Claroideoglomus和Paraglomus,其中，Glomus是优势属，占比85%以上，其相对丰度在高水位下显著高于低水位(p<0.05),南荻群落高于水蓼群落。AM真菌多样性指数(Simpson和Shannon指数)受水位和植被类型以及二者交互影响(p<0.01),低水位下不同群落之间的AM真菌多样性指数无显著差异，而高水位下水蓼群落AM真菌多样性指数显著高于南荻群落(p<0.05...     

Uptake of Heavy Metals by Mycorrhizal Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

It has been previously indicated that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can enhance the bioremediation abilities of their host plant. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a crop plant with some unique physiological properties, such as tolerance to salinity. However, its tolerance to other stresses such as heavy metals must be tested. Accordingly, it was hypothesized that barley can be efficiently used to treat heavy metals in symbiotic and non-symbiotic association with AM fungi. In a greenhouse experiment barley plants were inoculated with the AM species Glomus mosseae and grown in a soil polluted with cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), and lead (Pb). Relative to Cd and Co, mycorrhizal barley absorbed significantly higher amounts of Pb. AM species also significantly decreased Cd and Co uptake by barley indicating the alleviating effects of G. mosseae on the stress of such heavy metals.     

毛乌素沙地典型克隆植物根际AM真菌多样性研究

为阐明毛乌素沙地3种典型克隆植物沙鞭[Psammochloa villosa(Trin.)Bor.]、羊柴(Hedysarum leaveMaxim)和油蒿(Artemisia ordosica Krasch.)根际AM真菌多样性,2006年的5月、7月、10月从毛乌素沙地选取东北缘的中国科学院植物研究所鄂尔多斯沙地草地生态研究站和西南缘的陕西榆林珍稀沙生植物保护基地两个样地,按0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm、30~40 cm、40~50 cm 5个土层采集3种克隆植物根际土壤样品,研究了其根际AM真菌物种多样性和生态分布。在分离出的4属23种AM真菌中,球囊霉属(Glomus)15种,无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)5种,巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspora)2种,盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)1种。摩西球囊霉(G.mosseae)是沙鞭根际的优势种,黑球囊霉(G.melanosporum)是3种克隆植物共同的常见种;不同属种的AM真菌生态分布亦存在差异。AM真菌孢子密度、种的丰度和物种多样性指数均表现为在研究站样地的羊柴根际最高。该研究结果表明,毛乌素沙地的3种典型克隆植物与AM真菌之间形成良好的共生关系,这对开发漠境AM真菌资源和利用菌根生物技术维护沙地生态系统结构的完整性具有重要意义。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in tree-based intercropping systems: A review of their abundance and diversity

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are important components of agroecosystems as they form symbiotic associations with the majority of agricultural crops. The mycorrhizal association is normally mutualistic and can provide a number of benefits to the host plant including increased nutrient uptake, improved water relations, and protection from pathogens. However, conventional agricultural practices have been shown to have a negative impact on the abundance and diversity of AM fungi. The use of more diverse and sustainable land use practices such as tree-based intercropping can have the potential to reduce the negative impact of agricultural practices on AM fungi. This paper reviews the literature to investigate the effect of temperate and tropical tree-based intercropping systems on the abundance and diversity of AM fungi. Evidence from these studies suggests that tree-based intercropping systems support a more abundant and diverse AM fungal community compared to conventionally managed systems. However, there are studies that observed zero or negative significant effects on the AM fungal community as a result of incorporating trees into agricultural systems. The variable effect of tree-based intercropping systems on AM fungi observed may be a function of the different cultivation techniques, climatic variation, or diverse tree-crop combinations used within the different tree-based intercropping systems. To further our understanding of AM fungal dynamics in tree-based intercropping systems, future research should focus on the influence of tree species with varying mycorrhizal associations and the functional role of common mycelial networks in these systems, while utilizing applicable molecular techniques.     

How distinct are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities associating with grapevines?

Grapevines form associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. These root-dwelling fungi have the potential to contribute to crop vigor, productivity, pathogen protection, and nutrient content in grapes. In this study the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities of grapevines and the surrounding interrow and native vegetation are compared. We found over 40 different taxa associating with both vines and interrow vegetation, but these communities differed based on host plant identity. These differences were apparent even after accounting for differences in soil chemical properties and differences in host plant diversity between vinerows and interrows, indicating that Vitis preferentially interacts with a subset of the viticultural fungal community. Since AM fungal communities play a major role in grapevine health, our results suggest that host identity and the diversity of AM fungal hosts in a vineyard can have strong effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community structure. In this paper, we used high throughput sequencing of the large subunit rDNA to analyze the diversity of AM fungi growing in a vineyard.     

Native soil organic matter as a decisive factor to determine the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community structure in contaminated soils

The present study of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is focused on the identification of AM ecotypes associated with different plants species (Poa annua, Medicago polymorpha, and Malva sylvestris) growing in three contaminated soils with different organic matter, phosphorus, and trace element (TE; Cu, Cd, Mn, and Zn) contents. Soils were amended with biosolid and alperujo compost. Shifts in AM fungal community structure, diversity, richness, root colonization, and plant TE uptake were evaluated. Soil properties and plant species had a significant effect on AM fungal community composition as well as on root colonization. However, AM fungal diversity and richness were only affected by soil properties and especially by soil organic matter that was a major driver of AM fungal community. As soil quality increased, Glomeraceae decreased in favor of Claroideoglomeraceae in the community, AM fungal diversity and richness increased, and root colonization decreased. No effect due to amendment (exogenous organic matter) addition was found either in AM fungal parameters measured or TE plant uptake. Our results revealed that the role of TE contamination was secondary for the fungal community behavior, being the native organic matter content the most significant factor.