内蒙古达茂地区鼠类群落的初步研究

内蒙古达茂地区位于干草原与荒漠草原的过渡带。铗捕调查表明,该地区鼠类可分为8个群落:(1)草原黄鼠+五趾跳鼠群落;(2)五趾跳鼠+戈壁五趾跳鼠群落;(3)五趾跳鼠+三趾跳鼠群落;(4)小毛跖鼠+草原黄鼠+五趾跳鼠群落;(5)五趾跳鼠+长爪沙鼠群落;(6)子午沙鼠群落;(7)黑线毛跖鼠群落;(8)五趾跳鼠群落。8个群落可聚为3个群落组,即干草原鼠类群落组,荒漠鼠类群落组,盐沼灌丛鼠类群落组。由此构成该地区鼠类生态地理群。本文亦分析了群落多样性、均匀度指数及群落的生物量。     

内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区鼠害成因及防治区划

对内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区鼠类群落特征和鼠害成因的分析表明 ,该荒漠区鼠害类型可划分为 3大害区 5种危害类型 : 、山地危害区 ,长尾仓鼠 ( Cricetulus longicaudatus)、大林姬鼠 ( Apodemus speciosus)、危害类型 ( 1)和喜马拉雅旱獭 ( Marmota himalayana)危害类型( 2 )两种。 、贺兰山南麓开发区危害区 ,子午沙鼠 ( Meriones meridianus)危害类型。 、荒漠危害区 ,长耳跳鼠 ( Euchoreuteus naso)、五趾跳鼠 ( Allactaga sibirica)危害类型 ( 1)和三趾跳鼠 ( Dipus sagitta)、小毛足鼠 ( Phodopus roborovskii)、子午沙鼠 ( Meriones meridianus)危害类型 ( 2 )两种。针对 3大害区的不同危害类型 ,在防治上应采取相应的对策。     

EP-1与溴敌隆对长爪沙鼠野生种群增长的控制作用

2010年3—10月,在内蒙古鄂尔多斯荒漠草原分别设置不育剂试验区、毒饵试验区和对照区3个样区,采用春季一次性足量投饵、按月铗捕统计种群相对数量的方法,比较了不育剂EP-1和毒饵溴敌隆对长爪沙鼠Meriones unguiculatus野生种群数量增长的控制作用。结果显示,EP-1改变了 长爪沙鼠种群的年龄结构,不育剂区与毒饵区成体组成差异显著(F_{2, 14}=5.89,P<0.05),降低了长爪沙鼠幼体出生率和全年种群密度,全年幼体数量和总体种群数量均呈下降趋势(R₃²=0.8552,R₄²=0.5126)。EP-1对长爪沙鼠种群增长有持续控制作用,而溴敌隆对长爪沙鼠种群的有效杀灭作用只持续3个月,仅是短期控制。     

新疆啮齿动物新种新亚种新记录种与某些鼠种的新分布

本文报告了近 10余年新疆啮齿动物分类、分布的新发现。其中有新种伊犁鼠兔 ,新亚种天山黄鼠尼勒克亚种 ;新疆新记录种大林姬鼠、高原鼠兔、藏鼠兔、柯氏鼠兔 ;中国新记录种戈壁阿尔泰山鼠平和草原鼠兔。此外还指出脂尾三趾矮跳鼠、小毛足鼠、长尾仓鼠、大沙鼠、水鼠平和鼹形田鼠等 6种动物的新分布地点。     

复合不育剂EP-1对雄性长爪沙鼠的抗生育作用

在室内条件下采用食毒法研究了浓度为1/20000的复合不育剂EP-1饵料对雄性长爪沙鼠性激素、生殖器官及繁殖行为的作用.结果显示:给药1周后,血清内促卵泡素(FSH )、促黄体素(LH)和雌二醇(E2)水平与对照组相比差异不显著,但睾酮(T)浓度显著下降;试鼠精囊腺重量显著降低;睾丸和附睾重量虽略有降低,但差异均不显著;给药组精子平均畸形率为(55.0±2.79)%,显著高于对照组的(32.00±2.36)%;给药组睾丸曲精小管平均异常率为(22.99±5.00)%,显著高于对照组的(4.21±1.18)%;试鼠配对后主要表现为相互嗅闻,给药组雄鼠主动嗅闻雌鼠频次显著低于对照组,打斗和攻击频次也降低;实验室条件下,40天内对照组繁殖率为55.6%,而给药组均未繁殖.说明EP-1对雄性长爪沙鼠具有明显的抗生育作用.     

左炔诺孕酮-炔雌醚对长爪沙鼠的不育效果

采用强制给药的方式测定左炔诺孕酮-炔雌醚复合剂(EP-1)对雌性长爪沙鼠Meriones unguiculatus的不育效果。将试鼠分多剂量、单剂量及对照三组。多剂量组按照10mg/kg剂量,每周给药3天,连续4周;单剂量组按10mg/kg剂量仅给药1次;对照组与多剂量组同时等量以食用油灌胃。4周后与对照组比较,多剂量组子宫、卵巢的形态及其脏器系数、卵巢组织、血清雌二醇(E2)和促黄体生成激素(LH)的含量均有明显变化,且试鼠完全不育;单剂量组未发现子宫、卵巢等性腺的变化,血清E2、LH与对照组的差异不显著,且给药后1个月雌鼠可繁殖正常后代。结果表明,连续给药对雌性长爪沙鼠有生殖抑制作用。     

EP-1对雄性东方田鼠生殖的影响

为探索复方不育剂左炔诺孕酮-炔雌醚（EP-1）对雄性东方田鼠Microtus fortis的不育效果、适宜药剂浓度和生殖系统的恢复期等,采用一次性多个浓度组灌胃和多个时间段剖检的方法测定EP-1对雄性东方田鼠生殖的影响和药效持续时间。结果显示,不育剂EP-1对雄性东方田鼠具有明显的不育作用,但不育作用具有可逆性。试验组试鼠的睾丸系数、附睾系数降低,睾丸萎缩受损,精子密度与睾酮含量较对照组降低,且繁殖率下降。10、30、60 mg/kg处理组的雄性东方田鼠生殖系统恢复时间分别为40、55、60天左右,生殖恢复顺序为睾丸、附睾、精子密度。     

不育技术控制长爪沙鼠种群的初步研究

长爪沙鼠对混合不育剂EP-1的摄食系数为0.87,适口性良好。在野外投饵试验中,其洞口密度和洞系密度比对照组下降,表明该药对长爪沙鼠有毒杀作用。成幼比从0.6∶1降至0.45∶1。表明该药控制长爪沙鼠繁殖的效果显著。本试验还对该药对长爪沙鼠的生理作用作了测试。     

莫索湾绿洲鼠类群落结构研究

采用聚类分析方法,对莫索湾绿洲的鼠类群落进行分析。结果表明,该地区的鼠类可划分为6个群落类型：Ⅰ．以大沙鼠＋子午沙鼠为主的梭梭荒漠鼠类群落;Ⅱ．以红尾沙鼠＋子午沙鼠＋小五趾跳鼠为主的生态防护林鼠类群落;Ⅲ．以柽柳沙鼠＋红尾沙鼠为主的棉花田鼠类群落;Ⅳ．以小林姬鼠＋柽柳沙鼠＋小家鼠为主的草地鼠类群落;Ⅴ．以小家鼠十根田鼠为主的麦田鼠类群落;Ⅵ．以褐家鼠＋灰仓鼠＋小家鼠为主的居民区鼠类群落。6种群落相异程度极大（I≤0．3051）,且由无人干扰的原生梭梭荒漠到干扰强度最大的居民区,呈连续过渡排列。群落多样性指数（H）以群落Ⅵ最高（1．27）,群落Ⅲ最低（0．96）,均匀度指数（E）以居民区和农田类人工景观较高（Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ,Ⅵ均大于等于0.6）。     

大沙鼠扰动对荒漠土壤微生物数量和水肥状况的影响

对比分析古尔班通古特沙漠10组大沙鼠 (Rhombomys opimus) 洞区和无沙鼠扰动对照区20～30 cm土层微生物各类群 (真菌、细菌和放线菌) 的数量分布,并比较土壤理化性质的差异.结果表明:大沙鼠的活动改变了洞区土壤水肥状况,有利于土壤微生物,尤其是真菌的生长发育.洞区土壤细菌(3.40×105±6.79×104 个/g)、放线菌(7.52×104±1.11×104 个/g)、真菌(5.03×103±2.05×103 个/g)的数量均高于对照区(3.14×105±1.05×105 个/g,6.04×104±1.65×104 个/g,1.01×103±6.98×102 个/g),(t =0.67 ,p＞ 0.05;t=2.356,p＜0.05;t=5.861, p＜0.01).大沙鼠洞区20～30 cm土壤水分(1.40%±0.47%)、速效P(16.68±5.11 mg/kg)和速效K(125.50±24.99 mg/kg)含量显著高于对照区(0.90%±0.11%;1.59±0.55 mg/kg; 81.00±20.82 mg/kg),(t=3.276,p＜0.01;t=5.268, p＜0.01; t=4.326, p＜0.01).而土壤有机质含量(0.11%±0.02%)、全P(0.027%±0.002%)、全K(1.225%±0.053%)含量显著低于对照区(0.14%±0.03%,0.031%±0.004,1.293%±0.047%)(t= 2.997,p＜0.01;t=2.857,p＜0.01; t=2.982,p＜0.01).全N(0.009%±0.002%)和速效N(16.68±5.11mg/kg)的含量均低于对照区(0.01%±0.003%,16.80±5.15mg/kg),但是差异不显著(t＝0.87,p＞0.05;t＝0.052,p＞0.05).     

沙漠蝗灾发生、监测及防控技术进展

沙漠蝗Schistocerca gregaria因其具有强大的繁殖、取食和迁移能力被称之为世界上最具破坏力的害虫之一.本文综述了非洲沙漠蝗灾的发生历史及近年来的发生现状;叙述了沙漠蝗监测预警技术的发展过程及最新进展;同时分析了沙漠蝗的防治技术发展.总结认为蝗灾的物联网智能化监测和可持续绿色防控是未来的发展趋势,将为消除...     

沙漠蝗防控技术的综述

沙漠蝗Schistocerca gregaria为重大农业害虫,2020年初至今,沙漠蝗大面积暴发,导致多国进入紧急状态,联合国粮食及农业组织(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,FAO)号召全球共同应对沙漠蝗灾害.为有效防控沙漠蝗,本研究对沙...     

The desert locust,Schistocerca gregaria,and its control in the land of israel and the near east in antiquity,with some reflections on its appearance in Israel in modern times

Locusts and grasshoppers have caused periodic devastations since the very beginning of recorded history and are a threat worldwide until this very day. The most feared of all locusts was (and is) the desert locust,Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) (’arbeh’). This review deals with different aspects of man’s interaction with this pest in the Mediterranean and Near East regions as reflected by ancient literature: decorations found in Egyptian tombs (6th Dynasty, 2420-2270 B.C.), in the Har-ra=Hubullu list (Assyria — the Ashurbanipal Royal Library, 669-626 B.C.) and in Biblical, Rabbinical, Greek and Roman literature. The aspects covered herein are those of locust nomenclature, terms used for the development stages (life cycle), outbreaks, plagues and their consequences (famine), locusts as food, etc. Some control measures during Biblical, Grecian, Roman, Mishnaic, Talmudic, Byzantine and modern times (19th and 20th Centuries) are reviewed. Nowadays, the total area invaded during desert locust outbreaks and plagues extends over 29 million square kilometers of desert and subdesert, involving more than 60 nations. Between plagues the ’natural’ locust population occupies an area of approximately 14 million square kilometers of desert and subdesert. An attempt is made to identify various terms for locust in the pre-Biblical, Biblical, Rabbinical, Greek and Roman literature according to modern nomenclature.     

Effect of plant elicitors on the reproduction of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne chitwoodi on susceptible hosts

Sustainable strategies for plant-parasitic nematode control are required to reduce dependence on chemical nematicides. Foliar application of various compounds can induce a systemic defence response that reduces nematode infestation. The effects of benzothiadiazole (BTH), β-aminobutyric acid (BABA), jasmonates (cis-jasmone and methyl jasmonate) and salicylic acid (SA) in the development and reproduction of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne chitwoodi in tomato plants were assessed. The effects of BTH and of the jasmonates were further tested on potato plants. Pot assays were conducted using tomato plants cv. Tiny Tim or potato cv. Désirée treated with foliar sprays and inoculated with 300 second stage juveniles. Nematode development and reproduction were assessed 21 and 45 days after inoculation. Treatment with SA had a negative effect on nematode development in tomato plants but did not affect reproduction and methyl jasmonate treatment was the most effective in reducing nematode penetration (58 %). Nematode development was significantly affected in potato plants sprayed with cis-jasmone. Nematode penetration was reduced by 90, 67 and 81 % in plants treated with BTH, cis-jasmone and methyl jasmonate respectively, although the reproduction factor (Rf) was only significantly lower in the BTH treatment (Rf?=?7.6) when compared to the control (Rf?=?18.1). Our results suggest that both the SA and JA pathways play an important role in plant defence mechanisms against root-knot nematode development and reproduction for both plants, and should be considered in the design of integrated pest management approaches.     

The effect of some cucumber cultivars on the biology of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aphis gossypii</Emphasis> Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

The development, reproduction, and population growth parameters of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), were studied on three different Cucumis sativus cultivars (Beith Alpha Bal?kesir, B.T. Bursaalpha, Beith Alpha MR,) under controlled conditions (25?±?1 °C, 65?±?5% RH, and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Life table parameters were estimated according to age-stage, two-sex life table method. Results indicated that the Bt Bal?kesir are favorable hosts for A. gossypii because of the shorter preadult developmental time, lower preadult mortality rate, and higher total fecundity on this cultivar. The intrinsic rate of increase (r?=?0.4214 d^-1), the net reproduction rate (R₀?=?51.80 offspring), and the finite rate of increase (λ?=?1.5242 d^-1) values were higher on the Bt Bal?kesir. The effect of cucumber cultivars on the biology of A. gossypii was determined as significant and it was found that cv. Bt Bal?kesir was the most convenient cucumber cultivar in terms of the life cycle of A. gossypii. For an ecological and economic pest control, against aphids use of resistant or less favourable crop cultivars is considered one of the important components of integrated pest management. Therefore, results acquired might be used in pest management program that will be prepared for this aphid.     

新疆干旱半干旱农田应用0.2%莪术醇饵剂防治害鼠的效果

为了解0.2%莪术醇饵剂在新疆干旱半干旱农田应用的可行性,2022年4月至7月, 在新疆博州温泉县进行了该药防治害鼠试验。施药在3个试验点(即3个重复)进行, 在害鼠繁殖高峰期前施药, 投放药饵后30、60 d和90 d调查防控效果。结果显示:3个试验区域的结果趋势相似, 校正灭效基本维持在50%以上。与空白对照区相比, 优势鼠种灰仓鼠与根田鼠试验投饵区的雌鼠怀孕率明显下降, 小家鼠、灰仓鼠平均胎仔数明显降低, 小家鼠、灰仓鼠和根田鼠施药区域的鼠类个体的亚成体比例与对照区域明显下降, 说明该药剂对当地害鼠的繁殖具有明显的控制作用, 可达到控制害鼠数量的目的, 适口性也较好, 可以在当地推广应用。     

The need to implement the landscape of fear within rodent pest management strategies

Current reactive pest management methods have serious drawbacks such as the heavy reliance on chemicals, emerging genetic rodenticide resistance and high secondary exposure risks. Rodent control needs to be based on pest species ecology and ethology to facilitate the development of ecologically based rodent management (EBRM). An important aspect of EBRM is a strong understanding of rodent pest species ecology, behaviour and spatiotemporal factors. Gaining insight into the behaviour of pest species is a key aspect of EBRM. The landscape of fear (LOF) is a mapping of the spatial variation in the foraging cost arising from the risk of predation, and reflects the levels of fear a prey species perceives at different locations within its home range. In practice, the LOF maps habitat use as a result of perceived fear, which shows where bait or traps are most likely to be encountered and used by rodents. Several studies have linked perceived predation risk of foraging animals with quitting‐harvest rates or giving‐up densities (GUDs). GUDs have been used to reflect foraging behaviour strategies of predator avoidance, but to our knowledge very few papers have directly used GUDs in relation to pest management strategies. An opportunity for rodent control strategies lies in the integration of the LOF of rodents in EBRM methodologies. Rodent management could be more efficient and effective by concentrating on those areas where rodents perceive the least levels of predation risk. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.