黔饲1号小黑麦适宜刈割次数及刈割期研究

对饲草型小黑麦新品系黔饲1号不同刈割次数及在孕穗期、抽穗期、开花期与乳熟期不同刈割时期,测定其鲜草产量、干草产量、鲜干比、株高、粗蛋白含量、酸性洗涤纤维及中性洗涤纤维含量等指标,利用灰色关联度分析法进行综合评价,根据评价结果确定该品系的最佳刈割期。结果表明,刈割2次处理鲜草产量达45.638 t/hm~2;不同刈割时期以乳熟期干草产量最大,为19.45 t/hm~2;抽穗期粗蛋白产量2.24 t/hm~2,均高于其他生育时期,且综合评价也最高。要得到较高的经济效率,应选择乳熟期刈割;要得到最佳利用率,应选择抽穗期刈割。     

甘引1号黑麦在天祝县高寒区的最佳刈割期

牧草在适宜时期刈割,可确保其草产量和营养品质达到最优组合。本研究通过对甘引1号黑麦(Secale cereale‘Ganyin No.1')在天祝县高寒区不同生育期株高、草产量、茎叶比、鲜干比、粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维等指标的测定,确定其最佳刈割期。结果表明,甘引1号黑麦株高、干草产量及酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量随生育期推移逐渐增加,粗蛋白含量逐渐降低,粗蛋白产量先增后减。从拔节到抽穗期,甘引1号黑麦生长速度最快,开花期和乳熟期鲜草产量无显著差异(P0.05),虽然开花期干草产量不及乳熟期,但其粗蛋白产量最高,达2.16t·hm-2。经隶属函数法分析4个刈割期综合评价值为抽穗期开花期孕穗期乳熟期,因此选择抽穗期至开花期刈割最为适宜。     

攀西地区冬闲田种植晚熟型燕麦的最佳刈割期研究

本试验以科纳燕麦为研究对象,在拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期与乳熟期刈割,测定其产草量和营养成分等指标,探讨攀西地区冬闲田种植晚熟型燕麦的最佳刈割时期。通过研究发现随着刈割时间的推移,科纳燕麦的干重呈现逐渐积累的趋势。乳熟期干草产量最高,显著高于拔节期和抽穗期(P0.05),与灌浆期差异不显著。随着刈割期的推迟粗蛋白含量逐渐下降,乳熟期和灌浆期显著低于拔节期和抽穗期(P0.05)。酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维含量随着刈割时期的推迟表现为先升后降,不同刈割期的RFV值表现为先降后升的趋势。乳熟期的酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维含量低于抽穗期、灌浆期,RFV值为108.63,高于抽穗期、灌浆期。综合产草量和营养品质得出,攀西地区种植晚熟型燕麦最佳刈割时间应为乳熟期,但考虑到届时恰逢雨季,为获得较高产量同时不影响下茬作物的生长以选择灌浆期刈割为宜。     

河套地区向日葵播前填闲种植不同饲草燕麦品种最佳刈割期的研究

为了探询河套地区向日葵播前填闲种植饲草燕麦的最佳刈割期,本试验以饲草燕麦品种青燕1号、青引2号、青海444、林纳为研究对象,分别在抽穗期、开花期、乳熟期刈割,测定株高、鲜草产量、干草产量、干鲜比、养分含量等指标,根据综合评价结果确定各品种的最佳刈割期。结果得出:通过生长期的延长,4个燕麦品种干草产量逐渐升高,粗蛋白含量逐渐降低;在开花期刈割燕麦的干草产量、品质都相对较高,干草产量在732.11~1043.63g/m~2之间,粗蛋白含量在10.71%~13.43%之间,说明开花期为最佳刈割期。     

河套地区向日葵播前填闲种植不同饲草 燕麦品种的最佳刈割期的研究

为了获得河套地区向日葵播前填闲种植饲草燕麦实现高产和优质的最佳刈割期,本试验以饲草燕麦品种青燕1号、青引2号、青海444和林纳为研究对象,分别在抽穗期、开花期、乳熟期刈割,测定株高、鲜草产量、干草产量、干鲜比和养分含量等指标,根据综合评价结果确定各品种的最佳刈割期。结果显示,通过生长期的延长,4个燕麦品种干草产量逐渐升高,粗蛋白含量逐渐降低,开花期产量、品质都相对较高,干草产量为732.11～1043.63 g/m~2,粗蛋白含量为10.71%～13.43%。     

高寒草地不同刈割期栽培燕麦草的营养价值评定

试验旨在系统评价高寒地区禾本科一年生牧草不同时期的营养价值。以高原地区常见的4种燕麦草（白燕麦、青燕麦、科纳燕麦和林纳燕麦）为研究对象，采用概略养分分析法、体外产气法并结合不同时期单位面积产量综合评定。结果表明，4种燕麦草的鲜草产量均在乳熟期达到峰值，干草产量在成熟期最盛。随着刈割时间的推移，4种燕麦草的鲜干比、粗蛋白（CP）含量和粗脂肪（EE）含量降低；而酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）和中性洗涤纤维（NDF）含量增加，能量变化不大。4种燕麦草72 h发酵液总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）浓度随刈割期的推移而下降，乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸和丁酸含量均在抽穗期最高。研究表明，燕麦草在成熟期刈割干草产量最高，在抽穗期刈割品质最好，在乳熟期刈割单位面积营养物质输出量、可消化干物质和有机物产量最高。     

甘肃中部春播燕麦不同刈割期产量和品质比较研究

本研究以8个春播燕麦品种为试验材料，比较了其2017—2018年的4个刈割时期的产量和品质差异，以筛选出甘肃中部旱区燕麦饲草高产优质的最适刈割时期。结果表明：燕麦饲草产量、可溶性碳水化合物、相对饲草价值和相对饲草品质在不同刈割时期间差异极显著(P<0.01),粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量受刈割时期间变化影响较小，品种与刈割期的互作效应对饲草产量和饲用品质的影响显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01),不同燕麦品种饲草产量随刈割时期后移逐渐增大，乳熟期刈割鲜、干草产量最高，平均为33 483.3和7 377.45 kg·hm^-2,较孕穗期、抽穗期及开花时期高15.01和20.81%,9.73%和13.82%,5.25%和8.03%,酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量较低，分别为26.05%和52.29%,相对饲用价值和相对饲草品质最大，分别为122.29和171.43。从高产优质协同平衡的角度分析，甘肃中部旱作区春播燕麦适宜在乳熟期刈割，既可保质保量，又能高效利用。     

刈割对燕麦产草量及品质影响的初步研究

以燕麦Avena sativa开花期1次刈割为对照,探讨了不同刈割次数对燕麦青草产量、干草产量和粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维含量等指标的影响。对4641、4632、巴燕3号、青永久425、青永久31早熟燕麦品种的刈割试验表明,1年内刈割2次比刈割1次其鲜草产量、干草产量以及单位面积粗蛋白产量不但没有提高,反而有显著的降低,其中巴燕3号的干草产量和粗蛋白产量下降幅度最大,分别达67.65%和57.57%;青永久425下降幅度最小,分别为23.64%和21.28%。但刈割2次的牧草品质比刈割1次的好,其茎叶比值较低,粗蛋白、粗灰分含量较高,适口性好。特别是刈割的头茬草,酸性洗涤纤维含量显著低于二茬草及对照。其中粗蛋白含量增幅最大的是4632,头茬草的含量比对照增加53.68%,增幅最小的为青永久425,比对照增加17.36%;酸性洗涤纤维含量下降最多的是巴燕3号,头茬草比对照下降11.34%。青永久31的头茬草与对照没有显著差异。     

氮肥施用量、种植密度、刈割期及其互作对蒙啤麦5号饲草产量及营养品质的影响

[目的]研究不同氮肥施用量、种植密度、刈割期及其互作对河套地区大麦饲草产量及营养品质的影响。[方法]以蒙啤麦5号为研究材料,设置不同水平的氮肥施用量[氮肥选用尿素(N:46%),纯氮施用量为82.5 kg/hm²(A1)、108.0 kg/hm²(A2)、135.0 kg/hm²(A3)]、种植密度[375万株/hm²(B1)、450万株/hm²(B2)、525万株/hm²(B3)]、刈割期[抽穗期(C1)、灌浆期(C2)及乳熟期(C3)],分析三者及其互作对蒙啤麦5号饲草产量及营养品质的影响。[结果]氮肥施用量、刈割期对蒙啤麦5号的株高、鲜草产量、干草产量、鲜干比以及粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维、钙含量均有极显著(P<0.01)影响,种植密度对蒙啤麦5号饲草产量的影响有限。氮肥施用量是影响鲜草产量以及粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维含量的主要因素,对三者的贡献率分别为57.60%、55.90%、34.34%;刈割期是影响干草产量以及酸性洗涤纤维含量的主要...     

河套地区不同刈割期对春播饲草大麦产量及品质的影响

为了进一步筛选适宜河套地区种植的优质饲草大麦品种,本研究以12PJ-051,12PJ-007,12PJ-067、12PJ-068为参试材料,以蒙啤麦3号为对照,测定各品种饲草的草产量和营养指标,确定各品种最佳的刈割时期。通过研究表明,随着时间的推移,各大麦品种饲草产量呈现先升高后降低的趋势。12PJ-067在抽穗期刈割效果最佳,鲜草产量2947.78kg/666.7㎡,干草产量显著高于其他品种各个时期(P<0.05),达到564.99kg/666.7㎡,粗蛋白含量14.0%。12PJ-007在灌浆期、乳熟期、乳熟后期,鲜、干草产量均表现最好,鲜草产量均在3000kg/666.7㎡以上,干草产量均在500kg/666.7㎡以上,粗蛋白含量均在12%以上。各品种不同刈割期粗蛋白含量在8.4%~18.5%之间,其中12PJ-007在乳熟期粗蛋白含量最高,达到18.5%,显著高于其他品种的各个时期(P<0.05)。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.