水杨酸和草酸诱导柱花草对炭疽病的抗性

试验了水杨酸和草酸诱导柱花草抗炭疽病的效应,结果显示0.01～1 mmol/L的水杨酸和5～40 mmol/L的草酸均提高了抗病性,而对抗病品种和感病品种的诱抗效果差异不大.水杨酸0.01 mmol/L诱抗效果最好,对中抗和高感品种的防效分别达到了52.41%和61.82%, 草酸5 mmol/L诱抗效果最好,对中抗和高感品种的防效分别为59.92%和53.93%.0.01 mmol/L水杨酸和5 mmol/L草酸处理植株的过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶的活性在接种72 h后降低,对总几丁质酶活性影响不大,但在接种后24 h内切几丁质酶活性提高,而外切几丁质酶活性降低.水杨酸处理的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶在接种后48 h高于对照,而草酸处理的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性低于对照.因此,认为水杨酸和草酸可能抑制CAT活性,有利于H2O2的积累,提高PPO活性,有利于醌类的积累,以提高抗病性.     

柱花草接种炭疽菌后防御酶活性反应的品种间差异

以4个抗病性不同的柱花草品种为材料,研究了接种胶胞炭疽菌后过氧化物酶(POD)、草酸氧化酶(OXO)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、抗坏血酸氧化酶(AAO)、几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性的变化。高抗品种Tarido、中抗品种CIAT184和TPRC90087在接种后能较快和较大幅度诱导POD活性,在48 h分别为对照的2.69,1.48和2.27倍。而高感品种Graham需较长时间才诱导POD活性,且诱导幅度较低,在48 h与对照相比没有增加。高抗品种Tar-ido接种炭疽菌后PPO活性持续升高,96 h达到最大值时,处理是对照的2.22倍,中抗品种和高感品种Graham的PPO活性在接种后与对照间差异不大。Tarido的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶在接种后诱导幅度和持续时间均大于CIAT184和TPRC90087,最大增幅依次为对照的1.72,1.46和1.45倍。而高感品种Graham的酶活性无变化。4个品种的总几丁质酶、AAO和OXO活性在接种后与对照相差不大。结果表明,柱花草接种后POD、PPO和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性被诱导的时间及程度可能与品种的抗病性大小有关。     

水杨酸甲酯对东北玉簪单宁含量和 抗虫相关酶活性的影响

开展水杨酸甲酯(methyl salicylate,MeSA)诱导植物抗性研究,可为东北玉簪(Hosta ensata)的绿色防控提供新的思路。本研究通过喷施不同浓度MeSA,研究其对东北玉簪单宁含量及抗虫相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,0.01、0.1、1.0、1.5mmol·L~(-1) MeSA处理对东北玉簪叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和单宁含量有显著影响(P0.05),2.0mmol·L~(-1) MeSA对PPO、POD、SOD、CAT活性及单宁含量作用显著。PAL、PPO、POD、SOD、CAT活性以及单宁含量当各自相对应的MeSA浓度为1.5、1.0、1.0、1.0、1.5、2.0mmol·L~(-1)时,分别在第5、3、3、3、5、5天达到最大值,分别是对照的1.89、2.04、1.59、1.77、1.90、2.47倍,与对照相比差异显著(P0.05)。上述结果表明,喷施水杨酸甲酯对东北玉簪抵御害虫危害和适应逆境具有促进作用,但是这种促进作用存在浓度依赖性和时间持久性。     

过量锰处理对苗期柱花草生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以2份柱花草基因型(TF210和TF226)为材料,分析过量锰处理对苗期柱花草生长、叶绿素浓度(SPAD)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响,探究柱花草中潜在的耐锰机制。结果表明,过量锰(400μmol·L-1)处理显著抑制了柱花草基因型TF210地上部和根系的生长、降低了其叶片SPAD和Fv/Fm值,但对TF226生长影响不明显,说明TF226为耐锰基因型,而TF210为锰敏感基因型。虽然过量锰处理增加了两个柱花草基因型组织锰含量,但TF226地上部和根部的锰含量显著低于TF210,暗示在过量锰处理下,TF226积累了较少的组织锰含量。过量锰处理显著增加了两个基因型叶片SOD活性,但仅增加了TF226叶片POD和CAT活性,并且在过量锰处理下,TF226叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性值均高于TF210。以上结果说明维持根系生长、降低组织锰含量和提高抗氧化酶活性是苗期柱花草TF226耐锰的生理机制。研究结果为探索柱花草耐锰机理及耐锰柱花草品种改良提供了理论依据及种质材料。     

外源茉莉酸甲酯诱导草地早熟禾对白粉病抗性的研究

以草地早熟禾品种午夜的幼苗为试验材料,设置7个茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)浓度(0、0.05、0.10、0.50、1.0、1.5、2.0 mmol/L)处理草地早熟禾,在接种白粉菌后,调查植株发病情况并测定相关生理指标,以探究外源MeJA诱导草地早熟禾抗白粉病的作用浓度及生理机制。结果表明:与未施用MeJA的处理相比较,不同浓度的MeJA处理均可提高草地早熟禾的抗病性,当MeJA浓度为1.5 mmol/L时,植株的病情指数最低,防治效果最好;同时降低了草地早熟禾叶片的相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧阴离子自由基的产生速率和过氧化氢(H_2O_2)的积累,增强了植物体内组织含水量、脯氨酸含量、叶绿素含量和可溶性糖的含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸氨解酶(PAL)的酶活性。     

果实生长期用MeJA处理对‘红贵妃’芒果货架品质的影响

我国芒果产区因缺乏采后处理条件，致使芒果在货架期品质劣变严重。本文研究了在果实生长期喷施茉莉酸甲酯（MeJA）对‘红贵妃’芒果采后品质的影响。结果表明：与对照相比，5 mg/L的MeJA处理显著降低了芒果货架期的病情指数和发病率、延缓了果皮转黄、提高了果肉的TSS和Vc含量、降低了TA含量，使芒果在货架期保持较好的外观和营养品质。同时，MeJA处理抑制了采后炭疽病的发生，在货架前期降低了CAT和POD活性，提高了总酚、总黄酮、H2O2含量，在货架后期提高了CAT和POD活性，降低了H2O2含量。本研究表明，生长期MeJA处理使芒果保持较好货架期品质与其增强果实在货架期的抗病性有关。     

外源诱导物对百里香植株再生过程中脂氧合酶活性的影响

以1/2 MS为基本培养基,分别用不同浓度梯度的蔗糖、NO3-/NH4+、丙氨酸、谷氨酸和丙酮酸处理百里香（Thymus vulgaris)再生植株30 d后,测定其对脂氧合酶(LOX)活性的影响。另外,培养百里香20、30和 40 d 后分别用茉莉酸甲酯、水杨酸和壳聚糖等外源因子对百里香进行处理,在不同的处理时间下测定LOX活性,探讨外源因素对增殖百里香中LOX活性的影响。结果表明,碳氮源调控30 d百里香,蔗糖浓度为4%、NO3-/NH4+比例为2∶1时最高;前体调控添加0.6 mmol·L-1苯丙氨酸和0.4 mmol·L-1谷氨酸诱导LOX活性达到最大值,丙酮酸对LOX酶活几乎无影响;20 d百里香经1.0 mmol·L-1 MeJA喷施诱导48 h后LOX活性为对照的655.4％,经150 mg·L-1 SA诱导12 h后LOX活性为对照的503.8％,经200 mg·L-1壳聚糖诱导24 h后LOX的活性为对照的429.1％。30 d百里香经0.5 mmol·L-1 MeJA诱导48 h后LOX的活性为对照的688.1％,经150 mg·L-1 SA诱导12 h后LOX的活性为对照的383.8％,经200 mg·L-1壳聚糖诱导24 h后LOX的活性为对照的360.8％。40 d百里香在外源处理因素作用下对LOX活性作用不明显。可见,在不同时期用不同处理因素对百里香再生植株进行处理能显著调节LOX的活性。     

锶对苜蓿生长和抗氧化酶系统的影响

在1/2浓度Hoagland营养液中添加终浓度至0、1mmol/L、5mmol/L、10mmol/L、20mmol/L和40mmol/L的SrCl_2处理2叶1心期苜蓿,待其生长至3叶1心期分析6个处理对苜蓿生长、抗氧化酶(POD、SOD和CAT)活性和同工酶谱的影响。结果表明:SrCl_2处理在低浓度对苜蓿生长有一定促进作用,浓度超过5mmol/L后,苜蓿生长受到抑制。当SrCl_2处理浓度在0~40mmol/L范围内,苜蓿POD、SOD和CAT活性表现为先升高后降低,其中POD和CAT在10mmol/L、SOD在20mmol/L浓度时活性最高。SOD/POD、SOD/CAT和SOD/(POD+CAT)比值先降低后升高,10mmol/L SrCl_2处理比值最小,说明POD和CAT活性在锶胁迫时降低更快,限制了锶胁迫的缓解。锶处理导致POD同工酶谱带减少,20mmol/L SrCl_2可诱导产生2条新的SOD谱带,同时导致SOD-3不表达,10mmol/L SrCl_2诱导1条新的CAT谱带;但随浓度增加,新产生的酶不表达,没有相应谱带。     

草酸诱导紫花苜蓿对霜霉病的抗性

为确定外源草酸(OA)对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)抗霜霉病(Peronospora aestivalis)的诱导作用,本研究采用喷雾法将10、20、30、40 mmol·L-1的草酸喷洒在十叶期紫花苜蓿幼苗上,喷雾后7 d测定苜蓿霜霉病苗期病情指数,并分别于喷雾后1、3、5、7和9 d测定叶片过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性。结果表明,喷雾10~40 mmol·L-1草酸溶液均可降低苜蓿霜霉病的病情指数,且随着草酸浓度升高,病情指数由31.1%下降到19.6%,下降了11.5百分点,相对诱导抗病效果呈上升趋势,最高诱抗效果达到50.8%,苜蓿叶片中POD、PAL和SOD的活性增强。     

过量锰处理对苗期柱花草生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以2份柱花草基因型(TF210和TF226)为材料,分析过量锰处理对苗期柱花草生长、叶绿素浓度(SPAD)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响,探究柱花草中潜在的耐锰机制。结果表明,过量锰(400 μmol·L^-1)处理显著抑制了柱花草基因型TF210地上部和根系的生长、降低了其叶片SPAD和F_v/F_m值,但对TF226生长影响不明显,说明TF226为耐锰基因型,而TF210为锰敏感基因型。虽然过量锰处理增加了两个柱花草基因型组织锰含量,但TF226地上部和根部的锰含量显著低于TF210,暗示在过量锰处理下,TF226积累了较少的组织锰含量。过量锰处理显著增加了两个基因型叶片SOD活性,但仅增加了TF226叶片POD和CAT活性,并且在过量锰处理下,TF226叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性值均高于TF210。以上结果说明维持根系生长、降低组织锰含量和提高抗氧化酶活性是苗期柱花草TF226耐锰的生理机制。研究结果为探索柱花草耐锰机理及耐锰柱花草品种改良提供了理论依据及种质材料。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.