低温胁迫对菜豆种子吸胀期间生理特性和发芽能力的影响

为探讨菜豆种子在低温胁迫下吸胀期间的生理及发芽能力。以12个菜豆品种的种子为试验材料,设置常温对照(CK)和4℃低温(LT),测定低温胁迫对菜豆种子吸胀期间的生理特性和发芽能力的影响。结果表明:与常温对照相比,低温处理的12种菜豆的发芽率均有所降低,根系活力在不同的品种中表现不同,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性大部分降低,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性降低,过氧化物酶(POD)活性在4个品种中显著升高;丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性蛋白含量在不同的品种变化不同,但两者之间呈正相关关系;电解质渗漏率在4个品种中增高。不同菜豆品种的种子对吸涨冷害的响应模式存在很多大的差异,解析高抗型和敏感型菜豆种子响应吸胀冷害的生理生化变化,可为进一步筛选抗吸胀冷害的菜豆品种提供理论基础。     

棉花渗透调节与蒸腾速率的日变化关系

大田正常供水条件下，随１ｄ内光照和温度增加，棉花叶水势及渗透势下降，最低水势为－１１．４巴，渗透势为－１４．２巴，其膨压值为２．８巴，表现出渗透调节作用。气孔导度在中午一段时间最高，而蒸腾速率最高点在１２∶００时，之后下降，表明水分胁迫下产生渗透调节作用，使叶片保水力增加，蒸腾减弱。Ｋ＋和可溶性糖变化，以渗透势下降最低时积累最多，是棉花干旱时主要的渗透调节物质。     

水杨酸对渗透胁迫下玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

分别采用不同浓度的甘露醇和水杨酸处理玉米种子。结果表明:水杨酸处理对玉米种子的发芽率以及苗高、根长、根数、苗鲜重、根鲜重及根冠比都得到提高,说明水杨酸对玉米种子发芽和幼苗生长的有促进作用,可以在一定程度上解除渗透胁迫。     

渗调处理对茎瘤芥老化种子萌发和酶活性的影响

以茎瘤芥老化种子为实验材料,选用聚乙二醇6000、硝酸钾、氯化钠、聚乙烯醇及水杨酸5种渗调剂和蒸馏水(ck)进行处理种子,研究各种渗调剂的处理效果.结果表明,5种渗调剂处理种子后,种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、淀粉酶活性和过氧化物酶活性均比蒸馏水处理效果好.其中,聚乙二醇6000处理效果最好,且与其余4种渗调剂及蒸馏水的处理效果均有极显著差异(p＜0.01).     

不同处理对黄瓜种子萌发的影响

研究不同酸碱性溶液浸泡、不同光照变化、不同低温冷冻、不同温度水浴和不同时间超声波处理对‘伯乐一号’黄瓜种子萌发的影响。采用双层滤纸培养法对处理后的种子进行培养,观察记录种子的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数,并对数据进行统计分析。实验显示,pH 9碱性溶液浸泡、持续黑暗处理、 48 h冷冻处理、30℃水浴处理和20 min超声波处理均可以提高‘伯乐一号’黄瓜种子发芽率;其中以48 h冷冻处理的‘伯乐一号’黄瓜种子发芽率最高,达到89.33%。总结出‘伯乐一号’黄瓜种子萌发的最适处理方法,对生产实践中有效促进其种子萌发及人工栽培具有重要的指导意义。     

Influence of Solar Radiation and Vapour Pressure Deficit on Transpiration Efficiency of Rainfed Sorghum

Besides assimilation, plant water relations are important aspects of physiological basis of productivity of crops in water limited environment. The relationships of photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, leaf water potential and stomatal conductance with photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) during pre-flowering (panicle initiation to ear emergence) and grain filling (from anthesis to maturity) stages of a sorghum hybrid (cv. CSH-6 ) grown under rainfed conditions were studied. Photosynthesis rate declined when PAR was above 1300 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. during both the growth stages. Higher transpiration rate during grain filling stage at higher PAR caused the transpiration efficiency to be lower than during pre-flowering stage when PAR was above 1200 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹.Leaf water potential and stomatal conductance decreased with increase in PAR. Leaf water potential was higher during pre-flowering than during grain filling stage but maximum photosynthesis rate was similar during both the growth stages. Changes in VPD did not qualitatively alter the relationships of the physiological variables with PAR.
Decreasing photosynthesis rate and LWP at high PAR suggest that photosynthesis rate was limited by low leaf water potential when PAR was optimal, and by low PAR even when leaf water potential was high in rainfed sorghum during rainy season.     

温度、培养基成分和渗透势对新疆雪莲种子萌发的影响

以新疆雪莲为研究对象,探讨了温度、培养基成分和渗透势对其种子萌发的影响,差异显著性分析结果表明:温度、培养基成分和渗透势显著影响新疆雪莲种子的萌发,其中温度对新疆雪莲种子萌发影响极显著(p<0.001),20/10℃变温条件下种子萌发率最高;渗透势和培养基成分对新疆雪莲种子萌发影响显著(p<0.05),种子萌发的最适培养基为1/2 MS0.PEG模拟水分胁迫研究表明:PEG高于-0.9 MPa时,种子不能萌发.回归分析表明:温度和渗透势与新疆雪莲种子萌发率之间显著相关.而培养基成分与其萌发率之间相关不显著.     

种子引发对干旱胁迫下高粱种子发芽及生理特性的影响

萌发期的干旱胁迫是限制高粱生产的主要障碍因子,种子引发是提高作物抗逆性的一个重要技术。为了明确不同引发处理对干旱胁迫下高粱萌发及生理特性的影响,以晋杂22和晋早5564为研究材料,分别进行聚乙二醇（PEG）、KCl、CaCl₂、水杨酸（SA）引发和未引发（NP）5个处理,研究在正常情况和干旱胁迫下种子发芽情况及生理特性变化。结果表明,干旱胁迫显著降低高粱种子发芽率,抑制胚芽和胚根伸长。干旱胁迫下PEG、KCl、CaCl₂和SA引发后,晋杂22的萌发率比NP处理分别提高了18.18%、12.72%、35.45%和31.82%,晋早5564的萌发率比NP处理分别提高了20.18%、10.76%、26.91%和30.04%。干旱胁迫下,引发处理促进了胚根和胚芽的伸长,CaCl₂和SA处理在晋杂22抗旱效果最佳,芽长分别比NP处理增加了267.07%和271.95%,根长分别比NP处理增加了231.94%和355.56%。CaCl₂处理在晋早5564效果最好,芽长和根长分别比NP处理增加了195.96%和206.60%。种子引发提高了胚芽内抗氧化酶活性,减轻了膜脂过氧化对胚芽的损伤;同时种子引发促进了糖代谢,提高了脯氨酸含量,缓解了干旱胁迫对种子萌发的抑制效应。     

The Influence of Fertilizer-based Seed Priming Treatments on Emergence and Seedling Growth of Sorghum bicolor and Pennisetum glaucum in Pot Trials under Greenhouse Conditions

The effect of priming sorghum and pearl millet seeds with fertilizers was investigated. Two experiments were conducted on M35–1 (sorghum) and ICMH 356 (pearl millet), and ICSV 745 (sorghum) and Barmer (pearl millet) seeds, respectively. Treatments included nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium-based treatments which showed that 7.5 g l⁻¹ of urea substantially enhanced the final germination percentage of seeds. The second experiment included 10 priming treatments with 7.5 g l⁻¹ urea mixed with other fertilizers. Results indicated that soaking seeds for 3 days in urea + one of several fertilizers including N, P or K-based nutrient compositions or micro elements significantly increased germination percentage and speed but did not affect seedling growth at 15 or 60 days after sowing. It is concluded that seed priming treatments with fertilizers may serve as an appropriate treatment for advancing germination of the species studied.     

The Effect of Exposure to Ascending/Descending Imbibition Temperatures in Saline Solutions on Shoot and Root Growth Allocation in Germinating Sorghum Seed

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) seeds were examined to determine the influence of exposure to ascending and descending imbibition temperature regimes on plumule and radicle axes behaviour of seed after treatment. Treatments included soaking in distilled water, 4.5 % NaCl or 4.5 % KCl for 3 days at three ascending or descending temperatures ranging from 11 to 21 °C. Root growth was enhanced by descending temperatures (21, 16 and 11 °C) over the 3‐day period, whereas ascending temperatures (11, 16 and 21 °C) increased growth differences between shoots and roots. Shoot–root growth was affected by imbibition temperature to a greater extent than germination. However, seed soaking treatments in NaCl or KCl did not improve root or shoot growth, but did improve germination rates.     

多胺对玉米种子吸胀期间耐冷性和种子发芽能力的影响

以玉米耐寒自交系黄C和低温敏感自交系Mo17为材料, 研究了亚精胺(Spd)和精胺(Spm)引发对玉米种子吸胀中的耐冷性和种子发芽能力的影响。种子经0.25 mmol L^-1的Spd和Spm引发72 h后, 在5℃下低温吸胀不同时间(12、24、36和48 h)。结果表明, Spd和Spm引发提高了胁迫期间两自交系胚内过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性, 以及可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸(Pro)含量, 降低了胚渗出液的核苷酸含量, 同时显著提高发芽率, 并显著缩短平均发芽时间。低温吸胀48 h后, 与对照相比, Spd和Spm处理分别提高两自交系种子的平均发芽率18.5%和14.0%, 分别缩短平均发芽时间1.21 d和1.14 d。黄C在种子吸胀期间的耐冷性强于Mo17。总之, Spd和Spm处理能提高玉米种子吸胀期间的耐冷性, 提高低温胁迫下种子发芽能力。     

Differential Nitrogen Uptake, Utilization and Biomass Accumulation by Some Sorghum Cultivars

Five cultivars of sorghum viz: PU-7, Sarokartuho, Bagdar, Redjanpur and Potobar 4–8 were studied for their growth, N uptake and utilization efficiency at 5 mM N in solution culture. These cultivars differed significantly in their dry matter accumulation and relative growth rate of shoot. Differences in shoot/root of the cultivars were also notable. Markedly different mean N intake rate among the sorghum cultivars was 108 μmol g⁻¹ root dry wt. hr⁻¹ in Bagdar and 53 μmol g⁻¹ root dry wt. hr⁻¹ in PU-7 and Redjanpur. Both relative accumulation rate of N and efficiency of biomass accumulation per unit N absorbed also differed appreciably among the cultivars.     

Effects of Thermal and Salt Treatments during Imbibition on Germination and Seedling Growth of Sorghum at 42/19 °C

This investigation tested the influence of thermal treatment of seeds at various stages of imbibition on the germination percentage, speed and growth response of seeds and seedlings. Seeds of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L Moench) were treated in 2, 4 or 6 g NaCl l^?1 solutions and exposed for 2 h to 45 °C during the first, second or third days of imbibition. Thereafter, the seeds were dried and germinated at 42/19 °C (day/night temperature). Salt treatments did not improve the final germination percentage but increased germination speed over untreated seeds. The higher the salt concentration used, the greater the dry weights of plumules and radicles. Thermal treatment on the third day of imbibition yielded higher germination percentages than untreated seeds, while thermal treatment on the second day gave faster germination. Both the second and third day thermal treatments gave superior germination indices and higher plumule‐to‐radicle ratios. It is concluded that thermal treatment may assist in acclimating seeds to heat stress.     

水分胁迫对油松种子园自由授粉子代种子发芽能力的影响

将油松种子园自由授粉子代的34个家系的种子在不同浓度PEG溶液中进行萌发试验,结果表明,随着水分胁迫程度的加深,参试油松各家系种子的萌发均表现为发芽率,发芽势及发芽指数值的降低,平均发芽时间的延长。研究提出了种子发芽抑制相对指数概念,用以解释油松种子在水分胁迫萌发能力的强弱,具有很好的适用性。比较参试各家系种子在萌发过程中耐水分胁迫能力的强弱顺序,其中最强的家系是:7443、7400、7482、74110、74190,相对最弱的家系是74239、74186、74217、74120、74131。     

水分胁迫对陕产重楼保护酶活性和渗透调节物质的影响

为了考察水分胁迫对陕产重楼保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的影响,以基质栽培的重楼种苗作为试验材料,采用质量浓度分别为5%、10%、15%的PEG-6000溶液模拟不同程度的水分胁迫,在不同处理时间取样,测定重楼叶片中保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量。结果显示：不同浓度PEG处理重楼植株,SOD、POD活性总体呈现降低—升高—降低趋势;脯氨酸含量在胁迫2 h显著提高,15% PEG处理5天时其含量为对照组的2.61倍。可溶性糖含量在胁迫12 h增加明显,处理后期仍保持在较高水平。不同水分胁迫处理2 h,MDA迅速积累,10% PEG处理5天的含量相比对照组提高229.9%。陕产重楼具有一定的抗旱性,通过提高体内保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量,以适应轻度水分胁迫。     

Response of Wheat and Barley during Germination to Seed Osmopriming at Different Water Potential

Pre-sowing osmotic seed treatments were evaluated as a means of improving water uptake and germination performance of wheat ( Triticum durum L. cv. Hourani-27) and barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. cv. ACSAD 176) under four levels of water potential (0, –0.4, –0.8 and –1.2 MPa) created by using polyethylene glycol 8000. Seeds were osmoprimed in aerated solutions of 0.0, 0.2, 0.4 or 0.6 M KCl at 24 ± 2°C overnight and then rinsed and dried. Rate of water uptake by seeds was higher in osmoprimed than untreated seeds of both crops regardless of the water potential level. Decreasing water potential (more stress) adversely affected rate of water uptake in seeds of both crops. Seeds osmopriming increased germination percentage and decreased time to 50% germination at high water potentials (low stress), whereas the germination at low water potentials (more stress) was not affected by osmopriming treatments. The effect of osmopriming on rate of water uptake, germination percentage, and time to 50% germination was more pronounced in wheat than in barley. Reduction in the lag time of imbibition may be accounted for in part by some germination rate enhancement in the osmopriming treatments. Fresh weight and length of shoots (plumules) and roots (radicles) were enhanced in osmoprimed seeds in comparison to untreated seeds, in both crops at high water potentials (0 and – 0.4 MPa). As water potential in the medium decreased, these traits were inversely affected regardless of osmopriming treatment. Longer roots in wheat compared to barley were noted in the positive osmopriming treatments at high water potentials (0 and – 0.4). These results might indicate that wheat is more responsive than barley at relatively high water potentials to osmopriming through rapid penetrating root system.     

云南松种子发芽对温度和生长调节剂的响应

为了解温度和GA3、IBA不同水平及其组合对云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)种子发芽的影响,采用L9 (34)正交设计进行外源激素浸种后置于不同温度条件下的发芽实验.结果表明,不同处理组合种子的发芽率、发芽势、平均发芽时间和发芽指数分别为66.0％～86.0％、14.0％～29.3％、7.9～11.7 d和3.3～5.6粒/d,处理组合间此4项指标具有显著(p＜0.05)或极显著(p＜0.01)的差异.温度是影响种子发芽的主导因子,19.6℃提高种子发芽率.温度和GA3的不同水平对云南松种子发芽指标具有显著(p＜0.05)或极显著(p＜0.01)的差异影响,0.10 g/L的GA3溶液浸种促进种子发芽.GA3、IBA和温度的两两交互作用对发芽指标影响较为复杂,特定条件下对发芽指标的交互效应不同.     

Molybdenum Uptake and Nitrate Reductase Activity in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Evidence for Heterosis

The absorption of Mo by the roots and. transport to the shoot of intact seedlings of a sorghum hybrid and its parent cultivars were measured for 3 h from 10 to 100 μmol ammonium molybdate. The patterns of absorption revealed hybrid vigour and the hybrid followed the patterns of the male- parent 168. Studies on the effects of different amounts of Mo on the nitrate reductase activity also showed the occurrence of hybrid vigour in the- hybrid CSH-7.     

土壤水分胁迫下小麦叶片的渗透调节与膨压维持

两年的试验结果表明,在土壤缓慢脱水和长期水分胁迫下,四个小麦品种叶片均产生渗透调节,孕穗期和灌浆期渗透调节能力较强,渗透调节的幅度为0.40～0.64MPa,抗旱性强的品种大于抗旱性弱的品种.由于渗透调节在土壤含水量60%左右或轻度胁迫下,叶片膨压基本不变.五个生育期四个处理水平叶水势与膨压回归分析,从水势每下降一个单位,膨压降低的单位数看,昌乐5号(0.146)<山农587(0.151)<烟农15(0.162)<济南13(0.240),抗旱性强的品种由于渗透调节能力强,膨压降低的单位数小,维持膨压的程度高.     

不同温度对甜菜种子吸胀过程中线粒体CCO和MDH活性的影响

吸胀温度显著地影响甜菜种子的萌发速率。吸胀温度为３０℃和２０℃时,５０％萌发所需要的时间分别为３６ｈ和５６ｈ;在７℃中吸胀１２０ｈ,仍未见萌发。在种子吸胀过程中,粗线粒体蛋白的含量,细胞色素Ｃ氧化酶和苹果酸脱氢酶的活性增加,且它们在３０℃和２０℃中的活性较高,在７℃下较低。