Methods for the introduction of bacteria into soil: A review

Summary Literature on the use of microbial inoculants to increase crop yields, to control soil-borne plant diseases, or to degrade pollutants has been reviewed. Established inoculant technology based on Rhizobium/peat inoculants has been summarized. Special emphasis has been placed on the use of carrier materials for the delivery of microbial inoculants. Some new developments, e.g., the use of synthetic carriers, have been highlighted. The fact that not only inoculant survival in carrier materials should be studied, but also the ecological consequences of the introduction of bacteria, has been stressed.     

微生物菌剂对菠菜生长特性及土壤微生物多样性的影响

通过化肥减量20%和40%并配施微生物菌剂试验,研究菌剂对菠菜营养生长的影响,并通过提取土壤微生物总DNA,进行16S rDNA的PCR-DGGE研究微生物多样性。结果表明:在菠菜生长后期,配施菌剂处理的叶绿素含量(SPAD值)和叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm)较高,其中,T5(化肥减量40%+菌剂减量40%)处理SPAD为52.856,T3(化肥减量20%+菌剂减量40%)处理Fv/Fm为0.797,而在生长前期则表现为T1(全量化肥)处理较高;菠菜可食部分硝酸盐含量以对照(CK,不施肥)处理最高,为1 009.21 mg.kg-1,添加微生物菌剂处理(T2~T5)都明显少于CK和T1处理;对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收利用率以T2(化肥减量20%+全量菌剂)处理最好;菠菜产量化肥减量处理(T2~T5)较T1处理均增产,T4(化肥减量40%+全量菌剂)处理的增产量最大,平均产量达到277.73 g.盆-1,增加170%;常规化肥(T1)处理的土壤微生物丰富度指数最低,香农-威尔指数(Shannon-Wierner index)为0.398,较CK 0.498有所下降,而施用微生物菌剂的各处理(T2~T5)为0.547~0.983,土壤微生物多样性指数明显提高。微生物菌剂对菠菜起到显著促生作用,以T4处理最好,对提高菠菜土壤微生物多样性方面以T3处理最好。     

秸秆腐熟剂对土壤微生物及养分的影响

为了解本研究室于常温下筛选研制的秸秆腐熟剂在土壤中的施用效果,通过盆钵模拟培养试验,设置腐熟剂的不同施用方式（单独施用腐熟剂、配施葡萄糖、配施尿素、配施尿素与葡萄糖）,研究小麦秸秆还田施用秸秆腐熟剂后土壤微生物群落特征及养分含量变化,为该秸秆腐熟剂的产品化及合理施用提供理论依据。结果表明,秸秆腐熟剂以不同施用方式进入土壤后,土壤的微生物群落组成与活性相应发生显著变化,AWCD、Shannon多样性指数（H）、物种丰富度（S）均增大,早期土壤中细菌和真菌数量增加,腐熟剂与尿素的配合施用使土壤的基础呼吸和微生物代谢熵显著下降（P〈0.05）;腐熟剂施用加快了小麦秸秆的腐解速度,腐熟剂施用90d后,土壤中全磷、速效磷及速效钾的含量均有不同程度的增加,腐熟剂与尿素的配合施用增幅显著（P〈0.05）。在秸秆还田时,施用腐熟剂有助于土壤微生物群落活性与多样性的提高,同时也有利于改善土壤养分状况,腐熟剂与尿素配合施用的效果最佳。     

蚯蚓粪肥在农业生产中的应用效果及研究进展

蚯蚓粪肥是将经蚯蚓消化有机废物产生的排泄物进行堆肥而制成的有机肥料，故含有丰富的营养物质和有益微生物。近年来，作物生产的应用效果表明，蚯蚓粪肥能改善土壤结构和微生物种群，促进作物生长、提高作物产量和农产品品质，还能增强植物抵抗病虫害能力，降低土壤中有毒重金属对植物危害。本文对蚯蚓粪肥的作用及相关研究进展进行综述，得出了蚯蚓粪肥制备简单、原料来源广，施入土壤后改善土壤生态环境，能促进作物种子萌发、提高作物产量和改善农产品品质，抑制多种病虫害发生的效果的结论。蚯蚓粪肥可直接用作作物栽培的基质，也可与其他物料（如化肥、生物炭、蛭石等）联合应用；与其它物料联合使用可产生叠加效应。因此，蚯蚓粪肥在作物生产上有着良好的应用前景。     

Nitrogen‐enriched compost application combined with plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) improves seed quality and nutrient use efficiency of sunflower

Ecological benefits associated with plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) inoculants offer a promising integrated nutrient management option to counteract plant nitrogen (N) deficiency. We performed field experiments to evaluate the effect of integrated N fertilizer regime involving chemical N fertilizer (CNF) and N‐enriched compost (NEC), either alone or combined with selected PGPR (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) on sunflower seed quality, N use efficiency (NUE) and soil fertility during 2014–2015. We found that integrated N biofertilizer application resulted in significantly higher seed oil concentration, fatty acid composition, and harvest index in both cropping years. Greater effects on N yield efficiency (NYE), N use efficiency (NUE), N physiological efficiency (NPE), and photosynthetic N use efficiency (PNUE) were recorded in nitrogen‐enriched compost+PGPR inoculant (NECPI) treatment followed by chemical N fertilizer+PGPR inoculant (CNFPI) treatment. Statistically significant differences were observed in linoleic and linolenic acid, NYE, and NUE for treatment × year interaction, thus, suggesting that the integrated N biofertilizer approach facilitates the efficient N use by sunflower for improving yield and seed quality. Moreover, we also found considerable enhancement of soil N fertility after two consecutive cropping years of sunflower. The enhancement of seed quality, N use efficiencies, and soil N fertility through integrated N biofertilizer application emphasizes the importance of balanced crop N nutrition, ensuring sufficient N supply to sunflower with adequate N balance in soil for the next crop. Overall, combination of PGPR with NEC amendment may optimize N uptake efficiency and reduce N fertilizer losses, which is necessarily required for the sustainable sunflower production.     

Rhizosphere microbiomes can regulate plant drought tolerance

Beneficial root-associated rhizospheric microbes play a key role in maintaining host plant growth and can potentially allow drought-resilient crop production. The complex interaction of root-associated microbes mainly depends on soil type, plant genotype, and soil moisture. However, drought is the most devastating environmental stress that strongly reduces soil biota and can restrict plant growth and yield. In this review, we discussed our mechanistic understanding of drought and microbial response traits. Additionally, we highlighted the role of beneficial microbes and plant-derived metabolites in alleviating drought stress and improving crop growth. We proposed that future research might focus on evaluating the dynamics of root-beneficial microbes under field drought conditions. The integrative use of ecology, microbial, and molecular approaches may serve as a promising strategy to produce more drought-resilient and sustainable crops.     

稻田病虫害生态防控模式及其在西南地区的应用

近年来,由于受气候、种植制度、栽培方式、生态环境和品种多样化等因素的综合影响,水稻病虫害危害程度加重,防控压力增大;同时,由于当前我国农村劳动力的匮乏以及文化水平的限制,病虫害防治过分依赖化学药剂,造成环境污染,威胁食品安全。基于此,通过对传统优秀农业植保技术的挖掘、提高以及现代科学技术的发展、应用,一些以农业、物理和生物防治为关键技术的生态综合防控模式正被广泛应用并进行示范推广,逐渐显现出病虫害防治和减少农药施用的优势。本文总结并梳理了当前西南稻作区主要的稻田病虫害生态防控模式及其应用成效,结果发现:杂糯间作的品种多样性防控模式可有效控制稻瘟病,但增加了劳动量;稻鸭共作的生物多样性防控模式可有效控制纹枯病、稻飞虱、叶蝉、福寿螺和杂草,但对技术水平和市场条件要求较高。此外,对昆虫性信息素、生物农药、植物性驱虫剂和天敌保护利用技术等生物防控技术的优缺点进行了总结和分析。     

Relative effects of biological amendments and crop rotations on soil microbial communities and soilborne diseases of potato

Various biological amendments, including commercial biocontrol agents, microbial inoculants, mycorrhizae, and an aerobic compost tea (ACT), were evaluated, alone and in conjunction with different crop rotations, for their efficacy in introducing beneficial microorganisms, affecting soil microbial community characteristics (SMCC), and reducing soilborne diseases of potato in greenhouse and field trials in Maine. Most amendments successfully delivered microorganisms into the soil, altering microbial populations and activity in accordance with the particular organisms added, and significantly altering SMCC (as determined by FAME analysis) to various degrees from 2 to 24 weeks. Amendment effects were greatest early on (2 weeks after amendment), but effects associated with crop treatment became more dominant at subsequent assessments (10 and 24 weeks after amendment). In field trials, effects on microbial characteristics, soilborne diseases and tuber yield were variable, with some microbial inoculants and a biostimulant producing no significant effects, whereas arbuscular mycorrhizae, reduced stem canker and black scurf by 17–28%. When used in three different 2 yr crop rotations (barley/ryegrass, barley/clover, and potato, all followed by potato), biological amendments reduced soilborne disease and improved yield in some rotations, but not others. Soil-applied ACT and the combination of ACT with a mixture of beneficial microorganisms (Mix) reduced stem canker, black scurf, and common scab on tubers by 18–33% and increased yield 20–23% in the barley/ryegrass rotation, but not in the other rotations. Mix also reduced disease (20–32%) in the barley/clover rotation only. None of the amendments significantly reduced disease in continuous potato plots. Both crop rotation and amendment treatments significantly affected SMCC, but rotation effects were more dominant. These results indicate that certain rotations were better able to support the added beneficial organisms from amendments and enable more effective biological control, and also that favorable crop rotations may be more effective than amendments in manipulating or altering SMCC. Establishment and persistence of amendment effects may depend on many factors, but an effective and supportive crop rotation is apparently important.     

土壤学不应忽视对作物土传病原微生物的研究

随着集约化种植程度的提高,管理不善、单一作物连续种植、秸秆还田等因素导致的土传病害日益严重,使作物高产对农药的依赖程度不断提高,对我国农业可持续发展、环境和农产品安全构成了很大的威胁。但是,我国当前土壤学几乎忽视了这一土壤学范畴的研究领域。土传植物病原微生物功能明确,是研究土壤微生物区系和生物多样性与功能、土壤微生物与植物生长、土传病原微生物与拮抗微生物等关系的理想研究对象。土壤学在揭示土传病原微生物的生长规律、控制土传病原微生物数量、发挥拮抗微生物的作用、防治作物土传病害等方面具有独特的优势。深入认识土传病原微生物适宜生长的土壤环境是防控作物土传病原微生物生长,实现农药使用量零增长的基础。解决当前严重的作物土传病害不仅是土壤学的责任和义务,而且可以极大地推动土壤学的发展。     

Enhanced Growth and nodule occupancy of red kidney bean and soybean inoculated with soil aggregate-based inoculant

Volcanic ash soil, which is widely distributed in Japan, contains a large amount of well-structured soil aggregates. By using these aggregates as carrier materials, we prepared (brady)rhizobial inoculants for red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and soybean (Glycine max). Autoclaved soil aggregates were inoculated with Rhizobium tropici CIATS99R or Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110R, incubated for 15 or 21 d at 30°C, slowly air-dried at 20°C to prepare the aggregate-based inoculants, and stored at various temperatures. The populations of CIATS99R and USDA110R in the aggregate-based inoculants were maintained during several months of storage at 20°C. When the aggregate-based inoculants were mixed with soil, CIATS99R and USDA110R cells showed a remarkably improved survival in soils compared with those mixed with soil without carrier material. The effect of the aggregate-based inoculants on the growth of red kidney bean and soybean was examined in pot experiments. By placing a small amount of the inoculant just beneath the seeds at the time of sowing, plant growth was significantly enhanced compared with the use of traditional peat-based inoculant. In addition, nodule formation on the upper part of soybean roots and nodule occupancy by the inoculated strain were remarkably enhanced by the aggregate-based inoculant. It is suggested that soil aggregates might be suitable carrier materials for preparing cheap and effective (brady)rhizobial inoculants.     

Managing soil fertility in organic farming systems

Abstract. Complex relationships exist between different components of the organic farm and the quantity and quality of the end products depend on the functioning of the whole system. As such, it is very difficult to isolate soil fertility from production and environmental aspects of the system. Crop rotation is the central tool that integrates the maintenance and development of soil fertility with different aspects of crop and livestock production in organic systems. Nutrient supply to crops depends on the use of legumes to add nitrogen to the system and limited inputs of supplementary nutrients, added in acceptable forms. Manures and crop residues are carefully managed to recycle nutrients around the farm. Management of soil organic matter, primarily through the use of short-term leys, helps ensure good soil structure and biological activity, important for nutrient supply, health and productivity of both crops and livestock. Carefully planned diverse rotations help reduce the incidence of pests and diseases and allow for cultural methods of weed control. As a result of the complex interactions between different system components, fertility management in organic farming relies on a long-term integrated approach rather than the more short-term very targeted solutions common in conventional agriculture.     

A multi-site field evaluation of granular inoculants for legume nodulation

The most common method of inoculating legume crops in Australia is the application of peat slurry inoculant to seed. The recent introduction of granular (solid) formulations of inoculants into the Australian market has provided the potential to apply rhizobia with greater ease, but their efficacy has not been independently evaluated. Here, we compare the efficacy of a range of experimental and commercially-available granular inoculants on chickpea, faba bean, lentil, lupin and pea crops in comparison with un-inoculated treatments, and with conventional seed-applied peat slurry inoculants. Thirty-seven field experiments were established in Victoria, South Australia and southern New South Wales over five years. Peat slurry inoculants provided effective nodulation of all legumes. Granular inoculants varied markedly in their ability to improve grain legume nodulation. The size of response depended inversely on background nodulation from soil rhizobial populations. At sites with median background nodulation, peat granules and attapulgite clay granules placed with seed resulted in nodulation similar to peat-slurry-based inoculation, but treatments with bentonite clay granules did not increase nodule numbers much above those in un-inoculated treatments. The generally lower numbers of rhizobia g⁻¹ in the bentonite granules, translated to lower rhizobia application rate to the soil. However, differences in number of rhizobia g⁻¹ granule did not fully explain the nodulation differences between granules. Granule moisture content and granule particle size differed markedly between granule types but their influence on nodulation was not tested. Grain yields did not differ between attapulgite granules placed with seed, peat granules and peat slurry inoculants (all well-nodulated treatments), but were lower with bentonite granule inoculants. Yield differences within sites were related to nodulation and the differences between treatments attenuated as background nodulation increased. Overall, these studies demonstrate that certain granule types have the potential to be used in Australia with grain legumes, particularly in circumstances when seed-applied inoculants are problematic, such as where seed fungicides or insecticides need to be applied. However, granular inoculant formulations differ substantially in their potential to produce nodules on a range of grain legumes.     

覆盖作物的效益及其合理选择的研究进展

覆盖作物的种植是一种可实现农业可持续发展的保护性耕作措施，对维护农业生产的可持续性具有积极意义。目前，对覆盖作物的研究主要侧重于覆盖作物对土壤和后茬作物的影响评价，包括对土壤有机碳、氮的固存，对杂草和病虫害的抑制、对土壤理化性质的改良和对土壤微生物活性的影响等方面。然而，覆盖作物的效益因覆盖作物类型、地理位置和覆盖时间不同而存在差异。另外，覆盖作物的选择、设置方法、终止方法、经济效益等充满了不确定性，这限制了其在农田中的大面积推广。该研究基于当前国内外的研究进展简要介绍了覆盖作物的种植管理现状，总结了覆盖作物提供的多种生态系统服务功能，讨论了限制覆盖作物在农作物种植系统中广泛应用的关键因素，提出了覆盖作物合理选择的建议。同时，基于覆盖作物在农学、生态环境上的经济和生态效益，对覆盖作物的贡献以及面临的瓶颈进行了思考。发现良种培育、覆盖作物-土壤微生物-土壤养分-作物之间的协同机制仍是今后需要突破的重点课题，以期为覆盖作物的合理选择及大面积推广提供依据。     

微生物菌剂对张北冷凉坝上地区马铃薯产量、品质及活化土壤磷钾的效果

采用田间小区试验,以溶磷解钾微生物菌剂(功能菌为巨大芽孢杆菌和胶质芽孢杆菌)和"冀张薯12""紫色马铃薯""大西洋"3个品种马铃薯为研究对象,探讨了在张北冷凉坝上地区施用微生物菌剂对不同品种马铃薯产量、品质、土壤速效磷钾以及土壤磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明:施用微生物菌剂可以显著增加3个品种马铃薯的产量(P0.05),其中"冀张薯12"产量增幅最大为24.54%,其他2个品种产量平均增幅仅为6.96%;可以改善马铃薯的品质,尤其是紫色马铃薯,其Vc、可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量均显著提高,增幅分别为320.21%,29.40%,7.12%(P0.05)。此外,菌剂施用调控着整个生育期土壤速效磷钾的含量和相关土壤酶活性,种植"大西洋"和"冀张薯12"的土壤施用菌剂后速效磷钾含量高于对照且在中后期达到显著水平,同时提高了土壤酸性和碱性磷酸酶的活性,平均增幅为37.52%和32.30%。总之,溶磷解钾微生物菌剂适用于冷凉张北坝上地区马铃薯种植,且对"冀张薯12"的促生效果最为明显。     

Experimental study of sequences of ectomycorrhizal fungi on birch (Betula SP.) seedling root systems

Birch seedlings on which mycorrhizas of different fungi (primary inoculants) were established in aseptic conditions were transplanted into pots of brown earth supplemented with inocula of other mycorrhizal fungi (secondary inoculants) in a glasshouse study. Leccinum scabrum and Amanita muscaria did not persist as primary inoculants after transplanting seedlings to soil, and did not colonize as secondary inoculants, irrespective of the presence of other mycorrhizal fungi. Lactarius pubescens persisted poorly as a primary inoculant after transplanting and did not colonize seedlings as a secondary inoculant in soil; however, Lactarius-type mycorrhizas sometimes developed from naturally occurring inoculum in soil, especially after seedlings had been subjected to dormancy. Hebeloma sacchariolens and Thelephora terrestris persisted and spread as primary inoculants after transplanting and also colonized seedlings as secondary inoculants. These fungi apparently competed with one another, H. sacchariolens being dominant in a brown earth; but H. sacchariolens was ineffective as either primary or secondary inoculant in sphagnum peat, whereas T. terrestris formed abundant mycorrhizas in peat. Two isolates of Paxillus involutus behaved differently from one another: one isolate did not persist as a primary inoculant and did not colonize as a secondary inoculant whereas the other isolate did not persist as a primary inoculant but colonized seedlings extensively as a secondary inoculant in soil.The results demonstrate important and predictable behavioural differences between mycorrhizal fungi that have been termed “early-stage” and “late-stage” in mycorrhizal sequences on birch. Only early-stage mycorrhizal types were suitable for artificial inoculation of seedlings; they influenced subsequent colonization by some other mycorrhizal fungi but did not facilitate colonization by late-stage types typical of mature tree stands.     

Microbial community structure and abundance in the rhizosphere and bulk soil of a tomato cropping system that includes cover crops

Understanding microbial responses to crop rotation and legacy of cropping history can assist in determining how land use management impacts microbially mediated soil processes. In the literature, one finds mixed results when attempting to determine the major environmental and biological controls on soil microbial structure and functionality. The objectives of this research were to: (1) Qualitatively and quantitatively measure seasonal and antecedent soil management effects on the soil microbial community structure in the rhizosphere of a subsequent tomato crop (Solanum lycopersicum) and (2) Determine phylum scale differences between the rhizosphere and bulk soil microbial community as influenced by the antecedent hairy vetch (Vicia villosa), cereal rye (Secale cereale), or black plastic mulch treatments. In this report, we use terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the 16s rDNA gene to characterize changes in microbial community structure in soil samples from a field replicated tomato production system experiment at USDA-ARS Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA. We found season of the year had the strongest influence on the soil microbial community structure of some of the major microbial phyla. Although we monitored just a few of the major microbial phyla (four Eubacteria and Archaea), we found that the effects of the tomato plant on the structural composition of these phyla in the rhizosphere differed dependent on the antecedent cover crop. Increased understanding of how agricultural factors influence the soil microbial community structure under field conditions is critical information for farmers and land managers to make decisions when targeting soil ecosystem services that are microbially driven.     

精细农业中农情信息采集技术的研究进展

由于现代信息技术在农业中的应用，精细农业在世界范围内引起了广泛关注。快速有效地采集和描述影响作物生长环境的空间变量信息，是开展精细农业实践的重要基础。围绕土壤环境、作物产量分布、病虫草害及作物长势等信息采集技术的研究情况进行了阐述，指出了现有采集技术存在的优缺点，并在此基础上指出提高设备的采集精度和速度，开发研制产量监测系统、土壤环境信息快速测量仪以及多功能采集设备是近阶段的主要研究方向。     

作物土传病害防控的健康微生物群落构建原理与实践

植物-土壤反馈效应及农田生产特点决定了农田土壤生产力的不可持续性,因而必须采用适当的措施方可保持地力常新。施用化肥解决了农田土壤的养分贫化问题,极大地提高了作物产量,但激发了土传病原生物的活性,作物土传病频发成为制约集约化农业可持续发展的瓶颈问题。现有的研究成果表明,地上生物多样性与土壤微生物多样性紧密联系,植物提供的有机物质是连接二者的物质基础。单一作物种植的集约化农业提供给土壤微生物可利用的有机物质来源单一,导致土壤微生物多样性下降,削弱对土传病原生物致病性的抑制作用。本文提出,在作物生长过程中添加土壤有益微生物偏好利用的有机物质,激活土壤有益微生物,可能是维持集约化农业土壤生物健康,抑制作物土传病的有效途径。为此,有必要开展各种土壤微生物偏好利用的有机物质以及作物生长过程中如何施用有机物质的方法。     

Legume seed inoculation technology—a review

Inoculation of legume seed is an efficient and convenient way of introducing effective rhizobia to soil and subsequently the rhizosphere of legumes. However, its full potential is yet to be realised. Following widespread crop failures, the manufacture of high quality inoculants revolutionised legume technology in Australia in the 1960s. Many improvements to inoculants and the advent of an inoculant control service ensured that quality was optimised and maintained. Minimum standards for the number of rhizobia per seed were set after consideration of several factors including seed size and loss of viability during inoculation. Despite manufacturers' recommendations for storage and application of inoculants, there is a distinct lack of control over the inoculation process; hence the full potential of high quality products may not always be achieved. The efficacy of inoculation varies depending on several factors, all of which affect the number of viable rhizobia available for infection of legume roots. Increased numbers of viable rhizobia per seed by application of inoculant above the commercially recommended rate, results in a continued linear increase in nodulation and yield. Several studies have reported yield increases of up to 25%. However, applying higher quantities of inoculant is uneconomical and technically difficult. Alternatively, higher numbers of viable rhizobia per seed may be achieved by improving survival during seed inoculation. Despite recognition of the factors affecting survival of rhizobia on seed and a substantial demand for commercially pre-inoculated legume seed, poor survival is still a major concern. Desiccation, temperature and seed coat toxicity all influence survival of rhizobia on seed. Their adverse effects may be ameliorated by selecting tolerant rhizobial strains and legume seed cultivars with low toxicity or artificially, by the use of additives in the seed coating. The accumulation of the desiccant protectant trehalose in strains of rhizobia, may result in better survival under desiccation stress. Similarly, the accumulation of exopolysaccharide (EPS) may act as a barrier reducing excessive water loss. Polymeric adhesives such as gum arabic, methyl cellulose and polyvinyl pyrollidone (PVP) have improved survival. However, studies of additives used in inoculation have been ad hoc and little of their mode of action is understood. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the protection of rhizobia from adverse conditions will assist in defining the optimum conditions for seed inoculation and storage to ensure a higher quality product for farmers at the time of sowing.     

田间条件下不同促腐菌对水稻秸秆腐解及胞外酶活性的影响

  【目的】  田间环境的复杂性影响促腐菌种的实际促腐效果。研究3个经鉴定的促腐菌种在田间条件下提高秸秆腐解相关酶活性的效果，并比较其和商品菌剂的效果，为秸秆促腐菌剂研发及秸秆高效还田提供科学依据。  【方法】  田间试验采用秸秆包网袋填埋法，在江西省上高县双季稻种植区晚稻季节进行，设置水稻秸秆接种假单胞菌、芽孢杆菌、青霉、商品菌剂以及不施菌剂 (对照) 5个处理，分别于秸秆包填埋于土壤后第7、14、28、56、84天取秸秆样品，测定秸秆剩余量、养分含量及胞外酶活性，并计算秸秆腐解率。  【结果】  1) 不论是否添加促腐菌剂，秸秆的腐解均呈现出先快后慢的趋势。添加假单胞菌处理秸秆腐解率以及C、N、P释放率在0～84天始终显著高于对照，最终分别提高5.6%、9.09%、11.66%和7.87%；添加青霉处理秸秆腐解率 (第14天除外) 和氮释放率在0～84天也显著高于对照，最终分别提高5.2%和7.46%；添加商品菌剂处理秸秆腐解率仅在第14天显著高于对照；而添加芽孢杆菌处理秸秆腐解率始终与对照无显著差异。2) 腐解时间是影响胞外酶活性的最重要因素，添加菌剂也能不同程度地提高秸秆腐解胞外酶活性。胞外酶中，乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性是影响秸秆腐解和养分释放的重要变量，其次是β-纤维二糖苷酶和磷酸酶。添加假单胞菌处理乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶 (第14天除外) 以及磷酸酶的酶活性在0～84天内显著高于对照，添加青霉、芽孢杆菌以及商品菌剂处理相关胞外酶活性表现并不稳定，添加青霉处理乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性仅在0～14天显著高于对照。3) 添加菌剂处理水稻产量较对照提高1.87%～9.92%，施假单胞菌处理增产最为显著。  【结论】  胞外酶中乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性与秸秆腐解和养分释放关系最为密切。青霉仅在秸秆腐解的前14天显著提高乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶活性，芽孢杆菌剂对胞外酶活性的提升效果不稳定，因此，其在田间条件下促进秸秆腐解、养分释放的效果也不稳定，最终没有增产效果。假单胞菌剂可在0～84天腐解周期内显著提高乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶 (第14天除外) 活性，因而在田间条件下，假单胞菌剂可以有效促进秸秆腐解和养分释放，提高晚稻产量。