~(15)N示踪的水稻氮肥利用率细分

以粳稻武运粳23和超级杂交籼稻Y两优2号为供试品种,应用15N示踪方法研究不同时期施肥对水稻不同阶段氮肥利用率的影响,以确定不同时期施肥的最佳阶段氮肥利用率。结果表明,基肥在基肥阶段(移栽后的8 d左右)的吸收利用较低,2012年水稻基肥氮(15N)吸收量不到5 kg hm–2,2013年最大为7.5 kg hm–2,回收利用率在1.5%~11.5%之间;基肥主要是在蘖肥阶段(分蘖肥与穗肥之间)被吸收,其回收利用率在6.6%~24.9%之间,平均为15.6%;穗肥阶段(穗肥后到成熟)基本不再吸收基肥。基肥氮的总体恢复利用效率不高,在9.1%~22.8%之间,品种及氮肥运筹对基肥氮的总体恢复利用效率影响不显著。蘖肥主要在蘖肥阶段发生作用,施穗肥后水稻基本不再吸收蘖肥。蘖肥的总体恢复吸收利用率和基肥相当,在17%~34%之间,Y两优2号高于武运粳23。穗肥的回收效率最高,在54.0%~82.1%之间,武运粳23低于Y两优2号。水稻在整个生育期的总体氮肥恢复效率随氮肥用量的增加而下降,变化在32%~64%之间。水稻一生中吸收积累的氮素中,基肥的贡献占4.13%~10.59%(平均6.92%),蘖肥占3.98%~11.75%(平均7.58%),穗肥占13.32%~37.56%(平均26.02%),土壤的贡献在45.71%~70.83%(平均59.91%)之间。基蘖肥用量越大,其损失也越大,总体氮肥利用率也越低。研究结果证明,在水稻氮肥管理中必须考虑水稻各阶段对不同时期施肥的吸收利用情况,从而提高水稻氮肥利用效率,保证产量的同时减少不必要的损失。     

养分管理对直播稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响

为探明不同养分管理模式在实地农户种植条件下对直播水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响。本试验于2011年6月至2013年11月在江苏省兴化市茅山镇基本农田保护区的田间稻麦轮作条件下,分别选取茅山东村、茅山西村和冯顾村各8个农户,开展3个不同养分管理模式试验,设置了不施肥对照(CK)、农民习惯施肥(FFP)和优化施肥(OPT1和OPT2)4个处理,主要研究了水稻产量及构成因子、氮累积分配和氮肥利用率等对不同养分管理模式的响应。结果表明：(1)施肥较不施肥显著提高水稻产量,优化施肥(226 kg N hm^-2)在较习惯施肥(333 kg N hm^-2)平均减氮32.1%的基础上显著提高水稻产量5.5%,增产原因是提高了穗粒数、结实率和千粒重;OPT2较OPT1平均增产3.1%,其原因是在孕穗期增施了钾肥(18 kg hm^-2 K₂O)。(2)优化施肥水稻植株各部位氮浓度、百千克籽粒需氮量和秸秆氮累积均显著低于习惯施肥,且降低营养器官的氮素分配比例。(3)优化施肥较习惯施肥显著提高水稻氮肥利用率,其氮肥偏生产力(PFP_N)、氮肥农学效率(AE_N)、氮肥回收效率(RE_N)和氮肥生理效率(PE_N)分别平均增加55.5%、79.1%、18.7%和48.7%。(4)水稻植株氮累积与产量呈显著正相关,且优化施肥单位氮累积的增产效果高于习惯施肥。因此,基于氮肥总量控制、分期调控和增施钾肥的养分优化管理措施可在实地农户直播稻种植上协同实现水稻高产和氮肥高效。     

起身肥对水稻分蘖和氮素吸收利用的影响

以宁粳2号为材料, 通过塑盘穴播育秧,带土、带肥移栽,研究了起身肥对水稻分蘖的发生、氮素积累量、氮肥利用率和产量的影响。结果表明,移栽后17 d,基蘖肥水平相同条件下,起身肥处理 (N-100%) 群体茎蘖数比非起身肥处理 (CK) 高3´105 hm-2。有效分蘖临界叶龄期N-100%处理中,>3叶龄分蘖比率显著高于CK。与CK相比,N-100%处理多施5.55 kg N hm-2,而分蘖成穗率、有效穗数、氮素积累量、氮肥利用率和产量均显著提高。N-75%处理 (施起身肥,基蘖肥施量为常规的75%) 中,总施肥量比CK低32.4 kg N hm-2,而氮素积累量和氮肥利用率均高于CK。N-50%处理 (施起身肥,基蘖肥施量为常规的50%) 基蘖肥水平过低,影响分蘖的发生与生长,与CK相比,氮肥利用率和产量都显著降低。因此,适量的起身肥可以促进分蘖的早生快发,提高水稻的分蘖成穗率,减少基蘖氮肥的施用量,促进水稻对氮肥的吸收和利用,提高氮素积累量和氮肥利用率。     

秸秆全量还田下施用过氧化钙对南方双季稻产量和稻田温室气体排放的影响

为探明秸秆全量还田条件下施用过氧化钙（CaO₂）对南方双季水稻产量和稻田温室气体排放的影响,设置不施CaO₂（CK）和早稻旋耕前一次性施用CaO₂ 2个处理,采用静态暗箱–气相色谱法监测稻田温室气体排放,以明确秸秆全量还田下施用CaO₂对双季稻产量、稻田温室气体排放、综合温室效应（GWP）和温室气体排放强度（GHGI）的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,施用CaO₂显著增加了2018和2019年晚稻产量,增幅分别为3.44%和2.65%,但对早稻产量无显著影响。施用CaO₂显著降低了早稻季CH₄累积排放量、GWP和GHGI,降幅分别为14.73%、14.74%和15.09%,但是对N₂O累积排放量无显著影响。施用CaO₂对晚稻季CH₄和N₂O排放均无显著影响。与CK相比,施用CaO₂显著增加了2018和2019年的周年产量,增幅分别为1.93%和2.58%;但对CH₄和N₂O累积排放量、GWP及GHGI均无显著影响。因此,施用CaO₂有助于协同实现双季稻增产和稻田温室气体减排。     

Conservation Agriculture practices reduce the global warming potential of rainfed low N input semi-arid agriculture

Conservation tillage and crop rotations improve soil quality. However, the impact of these practices on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and crop yields is not well defined, particularly in dry climates. A rainfed 2-year field-experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of three long-term (17–18 years) tillage systems (Conventional Tillage (CT), Minimum Tillage (MT) and No Tillage (NT)) and two cropping systems (rotational wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) preceded by fallow, and wheat in monoculture), on nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) emissions, during two field campaigns. Soil mineral N, water-filled pore space, dissolved organic carbon (C) and grain yield were measured and yield-scaled N₂O emissions, N surplus and Global Warming Potentials (GWP) were calculated. No tillage only decreased cumulative N₂O losses (compared to MT/CT) during campaign 1 (the driest campaign with least fertilizer N input), while tillage did not affect CH₄ oxidation. The GWP demonstrated that the enhancement of C stocks under NT caused this tillage management to decrease overall CO₂ equivalent emissions. Monoculture increased N₂O fluxes during campaign 2 (normal year and conventional N input) and decreased CH₄ uptake, as opposed to rotational wheat. Conversely, wheat in monoculture tended to increase soil organic C stocks and therefore resulted in a lower GWP, but differences were not statistically significant. Grain yields were strongly influenced by climatic variability. The NT and CT treatments yielded most during the dry and the normal campaign, and the yield-scaled N₂O emissions followed the same tendency. Minimum tillage was not an adequate tillage management considering the GWP and the yield-scaled N₂O emissions (which were 39% lower in NT with respect to MT). Regarding the crop effect, wheat in rotation resulted in a 32% increase in grain yield and 31% mitigation of yield-scaled N₂O emissions. Low cumulative N₂O fluxes (<250 g N₂O-N ha⁻¹ campaign⁻¹) highlighted the relevance of soil organic C and CO₂ emissions from inputs and operations in rainfed semi-arid cropping systems. This study suggests that NT and crop rotation can be recommended as good agricultural practices in order to establish an optimal balance between GHGs fluxes, GWP, yield-scaled N₂O emissions and N surpluses.     

不同水分条件下缓/控释氮肥对水稻干物质量和氮素吸收、运转及分配的影响

为探究缓/控释肥在不同水分条件下提高氮素利用率及增产机制。本研究以杂交中稻F优498为试验材料,在180 kg hm^-2施氮量基础上,采用两因素裂区设计: 主区设控灌、干湿交替灌溉、传统灌水灌溉3种水分管理方式,副区设尿素一道清、尿素常规运筹、硫包膜缓释肥、树脂包膜控释肥4种氮肥种类,研究缓/控释肥和水分管理方式对水稻干物质量和氮素吸收、运转、分配和产量的影响及其互作效应。结果表明, 缓/控释肥和水分管理方式对水稻主要生育期干物质量和氮吸收、转运、分配及产量具显著影响及互作效应,产量构成因素与氮素在结实期转运总量及其分配呈显著正相关。干湿交替灌溉和缓/控释肥均能提高干物质量、氮素吸收及产量并表现出显著互作效应,施用缓/控释肥氮素表观利用率达42%~53%,相较于尿素一道清和传统的尿素常规运筹,氮肥偏生产力提高6%~23%,氮素农学利用率提高26%~71%,增产8%~19%。控灌条件下,缓/控释肥处理氮素有效性高,保证足穗、促进重穗;干湿交替灌溉条件下缓/控释肥处理能保持氮素的高效释放,有利于高产群体的形成,从而提高稻株氮素积累、协调氮素分配;淹水灌溉条件下,缓/控释肥处理无效分蘖减少,氮素入渗、淋溶降低,成穗率提高。综合产量与氮素吸收、运转的表现,干湿交替灌溉条件下施用缓控释肥为本试验最佳处理,能有效提高氮素利用率,促进高产形成。     

增密减氮对不同类型水稻品种颖花形成的影响

为了明确增密减氮栽培对不同类型水稻品种颖花形成（分化与退化）的影响以及颖花形成与产量的关系，在大田条件下采用裂-裂区试验设计，以籼粳杂交稻（甬优4949）、超级杂交籼稻（扬两优6号）和常规籼稻（黄华占）为供试材料，设置正常氮肥（180kg/hm²）和减氮（90kg/hm²）2个施氮水平，正常密度（30cm×15cm）和增密（20cm×15cm）2个移栽密度处理。结果表明，减氮轻微降低了3个品种的二次枝梗数、颖花分化数和颖花现存数，但差异均不显著；而增密显著降低了颖花分化数和颖花现存数。一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数和幼穗分化期干物质积累对颖花分化数贡献较大。就颖花生产效率而言，增密减氮能有效增加氮素、积温和辐射颖花生产效率，有利于单位面积总颖花数的提高。与扬两优6号和黄华占相比，甬优4949在增密减氮栽培下具有较高的幼穗分化期干物质积累量、颖花生产效率和颖花分化数，从而形成了大的库容，获得了高的产量。     

纳米膨润土包膜氮肥对晚稻产量与氮素利用率的影响

采用大田试验,研究了不同比例纳米膨润土包膜氮肥及不同施氮水平对晚稻生长、产量和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明：施用纳米膨润土包膜氮肥处理的产量、千粒重、穗粒数等均显著高于空白处理(CK),其中施用氮肥处理比CK处理的产量高出21.53%~28.01% (P＜0.05),不同施氮水平下施用纳米膨润土包膜氮肥对晚稻产量差异有影响, 10%纳米膨润土包膜氮肥在不减氮、减氮20%及减氮30%时,产量分别为7178.54、7220.28、7236.95 kg/hm2,与常规氮肥处理(7095.21 kg/hm2)相比,增加了1.17%、1.76%和1.99%,差异均不显著(P＞0.05),15%纳米膨润土包膜氮肥不减氮时产量为7270.30 kg/hm2,增加2.47% (P＞0.05),减氮20%~30%时减产0.12%~3.17% (P＞0.05);施用纳米膨润土包膜氮肥的处理,结实率均低于常规氮肥处理,差异不显著(P＞0.05);纳米膨润土包膜氮肥在减氮条件下,SPAD值无显著差异(P＞0.05)。成熟期籽粒中氮素累积量,施氮肥处理极显著高于不施肥处理,且以15%纳米膨润土包膜氮肥减氮20%时氮素积累量最高(68.92 kg N/hm2);纳米膨润土包膜氮肥的氮肥利用率(49.3%~67.1%)高于常规氮肥处理(46.5%) 2.8%~20.6%,氮肥利用率均有所增加,综合产量、结实率和氮肥利用率等考虑,10%纳米膨润土减氮20%的效果更佳。     

水氮管理模式对不同氮效率水稻氮素利用特性及产量的影响

以高产氮高效品种(德香4103)和中产氮低效品种(宜香3724)为材料,通过“淹水灌溉+氮肥优化运筹(W1N1)”、“控制性交替灌溉+氮肥优化运筹(W2N1)”、“旱种+氮肥优化运筹(W3N2)” 3种水氮管理模式处理,研究其对氮素利用及产量的影响及其生理特性,并探讨氮素利用及产量与生理响应间的关系。结果表明,氮效率品种间的差异与水氮管理模式对水稻氮素利用特征、灌溉水生产效率、生理特性及产量均存在显著影响;不同氮效率品种间在氮肥利用效率方面的差异明显高于水氮管理模式的调控效应;而水氮管理模式对灌溉水生产效率、总吸氮量、氮素干物质生产效率及稻谷生产效率的调控作用显著。W2N1相对于W1N1及W3N2水氮管理模式能促进不同氮效率水稻拔节至抽穗期、抽穗至成熟期氮素的累积,提高功能叶谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性、光合速率(P_n)及根系活力,进而提高稻谷产量及氮肥利用率,且对中产氮低效品种的调控效应显著高于对高产氮高效品种,为本试验最佳的水氮管理模式。高产氮高效品种的平均总颖花数、拔节至抽穗期稻株氮累积量、功能叶GS活性、P_n及根系活力均显著高于氮低效品种,尤其结实期高产氮高效品种更有利于维持叶片及根系的代谢同化能力,利于氮素转运、再分配到籽粒中提高稻谷生产效率及氮肥利用效率,是氮高效品种相对于氮低效品种高产、氮高效利用的重要原因。相关分析表明,水氮管理模式下不同氮效率水稻主要生育时期功能叶GS活性、P_n及根系活力与氮素利用及稻谷产量均存在显著或极显著的正相关;尤其以水稻抽穗期剑叶GS活性及根系活力与氮素利用及稻谷产量的正相关性最高。     

施氮量对不同水稻品种氮肥利用率与农艺性状的影响

为探明施氮量对不同水稻品种产量、氮肥利用率和农艺性状的影响,以适合江苏省种植的12个中粳稻（含籼/粳杂交稻）品种为材料,大田种植,设置0N（全生育期不施氮）、200N（全生育期施纯氮200kg/hm ²）和360N（全生育期施纯氮360kg/hm²）3个施氮量处理,研究各品种产量、氮肥利用率和一些农艺性状的差异。结果表明：甬优2640在3个施氮水平产量均最高,库容量大是其高产的主要原因。其他品种产量对氮肥响应的表现不一。在较低氮（0N、200N）条件下,淮稻13号和武运粳30的产量较高,宁粳1号和扬粳4038的产量较低。在高氮（360N）条件下,宁粳1号和扬粳4038产量较高。在较低施氮量条件下,产量和氮肥利用率较高的品种具有较高的干物质积累量、茎蘖成穗率、叶面积指数、粒叶比及群体生长速率,这些指标可作为筛选氮高效品种的农艺性状指标。     

Nitrogen use efficiency and residual effect of fertilizers with nitrification inhibitors

Blending fertilizers with nitrification inhibitors (NI) is a technology to reduce nitrogen (N) losses. The application of NI could increase the soil N supply capacity over time and contribute to an enhancement of N use efficiency (NUE) in some cropping systems. The objectives were to determine in a field experiment located in Central Spain (i) the effect of NI-fertilizers applied to maize (Zea mays L.) during two seasons on yield, N content and NUE compared to conventional fertilizers, (ii) the soil residual effect of NI-fertilizers in a non-fertilized sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) planted during a third season, and (iii) the possible sources of residual N via laboratory determinations. The maize was fertilized with ammonium sulfate nitrate (ASN) and DMPP (3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate) blended ASN (ENTEC^®) at two levels (130 and 170 kg N ha⁻¹). A control treatment with no added N fertilizer was included to calculate NUE. The second year, DMPP application allowed a 23% reduction of the fertilizer rate without decreasing crop yield or grain quality. In addition, the sunflower planted after the maize scavenged more N in treatments previously treated with ENTEC^® than with traditional fertilizers, increasing NUE in the cropping systems. After DMPP application, N was conserved in non-ready soil available forms during at least one year and subsequently released to meet the sunflower crop demand. The potential N mineralization obtained from aerobic incubation under controlled conditions of soil samples collected before sunflower sowing was higher for ENTEC^® than ASN or control treatments. A higher δ¹⁵N in the soil indicated larger non-exchangeable NH₄⁺ fixation in soils from the plots treated with ENTEC^® or ASN-170 than from the ASN-130 or the control. These results open the opportunity to increase NUE by designing crop rotations able to profit from the effect of NI on the soil residual N.     

模拟大气温度和CO_2浓度升高对双季稻氮素利用的影响

未来气候主要表现为大气温度和CO2浓度升高的变化趋势,升温2℃和CO2浓度达到450μL L–1(同比增加60μL L–1)情景是哥本哈根共识下的安全阈值。本研究采用自主研制的开顶式气室(open-top chamber,OTC)进行双季稻大田原位模拟试验,以早稻两优287和晚稻湘丰优9号为试验材料,设置了大田(UC)、对照(CK)、增温2℃(CT)、增CO2 60μL L–1(CC)和同时增温2℃增CO2 60μL L–1(CTC)5个处理,研究温度和CO2浓度升高对双季稻产量和氮素利用的影响。结果表明,早稻CT的籽粒产量和氮素积累量均低于CK,CC和CTC比CK提高籽粒产量19.7%和2.0%,提高氮素积累量15.7%和5.1%;晚稻CT、CC和CTC籽粒产量和氮素积累量比CK分别提高9.2%、14.4%和18.8%,及7.3%、10.2%和15%。茎叶氮素转运率和贡献率早稻CC和CTC略低于CK,晚稻CC、CTC均高于CK。氮素吸收利用率早稻以CC最高(45.7%),晚稻以CTC最高(48.5%),分别比CK提高了35.5%和33.1%。氮素农学利用率与之一致,早稻和晚稻的CC和CTC均最高(23.1 kg kg–1和26.9 kg kg–1),比CK提高了56.3%和46.2%。氮素生理利用率早稻和晚稻均以CC最高,相比CK提高了12.7%和10.5%,但差异不显著。CK与UC之间各项指标差异不大,这表明OTC覆盖对水稻生长造成的影响在可接受误差之内。综上所述,本研究认为温度升高2℃对早稻产量和氮素利用倾向于不利影响,对晚稻则相反;CO2浓度增加60μL L–1对早稻和晚稻产量和氮素利用倾向于有利影响;同时增温和增CO2对早稻表现抵消作用,对晚稻表现协同作用。     

Effect of composting on nutrient loss and nitrogen availability of cattle deep litter

Nitrogen and carbon emissions and plant nutrient leaching during storage of solid deep litter from dairy cow houses was examined in this study. Included was an assessment of the potential for reducing emission and leaching losses by compaction, mixing and by covering the deep litter. During a composting period of 132 days from October 1998 to March 1999, emissions of NH₃, N₂O and CH₄ and leaching of nutrients during composting were measured. Denitrification was estimated as N unaccounted for in N mass balance calculations. During mixing of the deep litter, N was lost and the emission and leaching losses during composting were consequently low compared with the other treatments. Covering the compost with a porous tarpaulin or compacting the compost reduced emission losses to 12–18% of total-N compared with a loss of 28% during composting of untreated deep litter. Most of the nitrogen loss was due to NH₃ volatilization; leaching accounted for about one fifth of the N losses and only a little N was lost due to denitrification. Leaching loss of potassium (K) was 8–16% of the amount present at the start of the experiment; compaction and a cover reduced the volume of liquid leaching from the heaps and K loss. Less than 0.3% of the total-N was emitted as N₂O, and CH₄ emission was between 0.01 and 0.03% of the C in the stored deep litter. The yield level of barley was poor in this study and the fertilizer effect of compost was low. The yield response of barley showed that compost had a significantly lower fertilizer efficiency than deep litter applied to the field directly after emptying the animal house.     

氮肥后移对不同氮效率水稻花后碳氮代谢的影响

以氮高效品种(德香4103)和氮低效品种(宜香3724)为材料,利用~(13)C和~(15)N双同位素示踪技术和生理生化分析方法,采用盆栽及大田试验,在施氮量180 kg hm~(–2)条件下,设置3种氮肥运筹方式,基肥∶蘖肥∶穗肥比例分别为5∶3∶2(N_1)、3∶3∶4(N_2)、3∶1∶6(N_3),以及不施氮(N_0)处理;研究其对不同氮效率水稻花后氮碳代谢的影响,并探讨氮肥后移下花后光合同化物及氮素累积、转运、分配的共性响应机制及其与产量的关系。结果表明,品种、氮肥运筹对花后氮素利用特征、光合同化物分配、生理特性及产量均存在显著影响。氮高效品种与氮肥后移量占总施氮量的40%、氮素穗肥运筹以倒四、倒二叶龄期等量追施相配套(N_2处理),能促进花后氮素累积,提高剑叶光合速率和1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶等碳氮代谢关键酶活性,促进叶片、茎鞘、根系、穗各营养器官光合同化物及氮素累积与转运,进而提高产量及氮肥利用率,为本试验氮高效品种配套的氮肥运筹优化模式。花后不同氮肥运筹下,氮高效品种光合同化物、氮素的累积与转运,分别较氮低效品种高7.78~12.75 mg ~(13)C株~(–1)、15.14~18.78mg ~(15)N株~(–1);且叶片转运量分别较氮低效品种高1.70~2.93 mg ~(13)C株~(–1)、2.21~4.55 mg ~(15)N株~(–1),茎鞘转运量分别较氮低效品种高1.70~2.93 mg ~(13)C株~(–1)、0.05~1.14 mg ~(15)N株~(–1);而穗部氮高效与氮低效品种~(13)C同化物分别增加31.04~44.68 mg ~(13)C株~(–1)(占~(13)C总量的42.04%~46.38%)、24.94~34.26 mg ~(13)C株~(–1)(占~(13)C总量的36.45%~41.36%),~(15)N则分别增加35.56~46.58 mg ~(15)N株~(–1)(占~(15)N总量的61.82%~82.93%)、27.37~31.57 mg ~(15)N株~(–1)(占~(15)N总量的58.04%~68.31%)。氮高效品种花后具有强光合碳同化、氮素的协同吸收转运特征,以及碳氮代谢能力,来满足籽粒灌浆期对光合同化物及氮素的利用,是氮高效品种相对于氮低效品种高产、氮高效利用的重要原因。此外,从花后不同器官碳氮比(C/N)变化值综合两品种高产及氮肥高效利用来看,N_2处理下,齐穗至成熟期叶片、穗部C/N提高幅度与该时期茎鞘、根系C/N降低幅度一致,据此可将C/N作为水稻高产及氮肥高效利用同步提高的评价指标,这具有重要的参考价值。     

Estimating the environmental footprint of barley with improved nitrogen uptake efficiency—a Swedish scenario study

Plant breeding is a powerful tool for improving nitrogen (N) uptake efficiency and thus reducing the environmental impact relating to crop production. This study evaluated the environmental impact of current barley production systems in two Swedish agricultural areas (South and East) compared with scenarios with improved N uptake efficiency at two levels, in which the fraction of mineral N available for daily crop uptake was increased by 50 and 100%. Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was used to quantify energy use, global warming potential (GWP) and acidification and eutrophication potentials along the production chain for spring barley with differing N uptake efficiency, but similar N application rate. The functional unit, to which all energy use and emissions were related, was 1 Mg barley grain. Energy use, GWP and acidification proved to be higher for the East production system, mainly due to lower yield, while eutrophication was higher for South. The two impacts most affected by improved N uptake efficiency were eutrophication and GWP, with GWP decreasing due to a combination of higher yield, soil carbon sequestration and lower indirect emissions of N₂O due to lower N leaching. Accounting for land savings due to increased yield, reducing the pressure to transform land elsewhere, would further lower the carbon footprint. Potential eutrophication per Mg grain was reduced by 15% in the production system with the highest N uptake efficiency in southern Sweden. Crops with improved N uptake efficiency can thus be an important complementary measure for reducing N losses to water, provided that the N application rate does not increase. However, incentives for farmers to maintain or even lower the N application rate might be required. Using simulation modelling is a promising approach for assessment of expected effects of improved crop varieties when no long-term experimental data are available. However, advanced crop models are required to better reflect the effect of plant breeding on e.g. expected yield. Future model development should involve expertise in plant breeding, plant physiology and dynamic crop and soil modelling.     

低氮密植对机插双季稻产量形成和氮肥利用率的影响

在大田试验条件下,采用裂区设计,以株两优819和中嘉早17为早稻材料,泰优390和湘晚籼13为晚稻材料,设置不施氮常密（CK0）、不施氮高密（CK1）、常氮常密（D0N0）、低氮高密（D1N1）4种氮肥密度组合,研究低氮密植对机插早、晚稻产量形成和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,与D0N0相比,D1N1更有利于构建水稻优良群体结构,提高群体分蘖数和主要生育期干物质含量,且叶面积指数、光合势和群体生长率等群体指标均具有一定的优势;同时,D1N1协调穗数与粒数的矛盾,提高群体总颖花量,维持结实率和千粒重,保持产量稳定;D1N1还可提高氮素偏生产力、氮素农学利用率和氮素吸收利用率,但对氮收获指数影响较小。低氮密植对水稻经济效益的影响因品种、稻季和地点的不同而存在差异,有一定的减收风险。综合考虑,低氮密植可兼顾水稻产量的稳定和氮肥利用率的提高,且氮肥投入的减少有利于环保。     

机插条件下低氮密植栽培对“早晚兼用”双季稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响

为了缓解长江中下游双季稻区机插双季稻生育期不配套的矛盾,2014—2015年早晚两季均以常规早稻品种中嘉早17为材料,在大田栽培条件下研究机插密度(36.4、28.6、19.0穴m–2)与施氮量(0、110~140、176~189 kg N hm–2)对机插双季稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:采用"早晚兼用"机插双季稻栽培模式有利于早、晚2季周年高产,以"高密+高氮"处理产量最高,2年分别达到16.94 t hm–2和16.99 t hm–2,但与"高密+低氮"处理的产量差异不显著;氮肥利用率随氮肥用量增加而下降,随栽插密度增加而提高,以"高密+低氮"处理最高,2年4季分别为62.77%、55.75%、65.82%、64.37%,比"高密+高氮"处理分别提高12.11%、9.01%、8.49%、2.14%;"高密+低氮"处理与"低密+高氮"处理相比,群体干物质积累量及辐射利用率均有一定的优势。由此可见,在此模式下适当增加机插密度,减少氮肥用量,既可实现高产,又能显著提高氮素利用率。采用"早晚兼用"品种搭配模式,低氮、密植栽培可作为长江中下游双季稻区机插双季稻生产的关键技术。     

氮肥用量对两种不同类型玉米杂交种物质生产及氮素利用的影响

旨在探明东北春玉米不同类型杂交种物质生产及氮素利用特征及其与产量的关系。本文以不同类型杂交种代表性品种郑单958(ZD958,Reid×唐四平头模式)和先玉335(XY335,Reid×Lancaster模式)为试验材料,2014年和2015年设置5个氮肥水平[0 kg hm–2(N0)、100 kg hm–2(N1)、200 kg hm–2(N2)、300 kg hm–2(N3)和400 kg hm–2(N4)]和2个种植密度(67 500株hm–2和90 000株hm–2)试验,比较研究了不同类型玉米杂交种干物质与氮素积累、运转及氮素利用的差异规律。结果表明,两年XY335品种的最高籽粒产量均高于ZD958,最优氮肥施用量明显降低4.8%~10.6%;相比ZD958,不施氮处理,两种种植密度下XY335品种干物质积累能力及物质运转效率都明显降低,而施氮条件下XY335品种的干物质积累量、花后干物质量及干物质运转效率均增加,同时增幅随着施氮量增加逐步提高,且在高密度条件下优势更为明显。开花期XY335叶片与茎鞘氮素含量显著高于ZD958(P0.05),而成熟期由于其较高物质的运转效率表现出明显较低的数值,籽粒氮素含量在高密度下差异较小,而低密度条件下相对ZD958显著提高(P0.05)。施氮条件下XY335品种花前、花后氮素积累量和氮素积累总量均高于ZD958,其中叶片中氮素的转运对籽粒的贡献率显著较高(P0.05)。两种种植密度处理最优施氮条件下XY335氮素利用效率和氮素吸收效率均显著高于ZD958(P0.05),而氮农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力差异不显著。可见,高密度条件下XY335类型品种表现出明显较高的物质积累能力以及花后物质运转对籽粒的贡献率,获得较高的氮素利用效率,表现出明显高氮高效的品种特征,因此生产上建议,东北春玉米区高密度种植条件下该类型品种在较高氮肥施用量时易获得高产高效。     

钵苗机插密度对不同穗型水稻品种产量、株型和抗倒伏能力的影响

选用3种穗型水稻品种,设置3种钵苗机插密度,以毯苗机插为对照(CK),系统研究钵苗机插不同密度对水稻产量及其构成、穗部性状、冠层叶系配置、茎秆物理特性和抗倒伏的影响,旨在探明水稻钵苗机插配套不同穗型品种适宜栽插规格及其增产特点;同时,阐明钵苗机插不同密度下水稻株型特征和抗倒伏特性。结果表明:(1)3种钵苗机插密度处理下,大穗型品种产量随密度降低呈先增后降的变化趋势,但均显著高于CK;中、小穗型品种产量有随着密度降低而下降的趋势。不同穗型品种穗数随着密度降低而显著减少,每穗粒数显著增加,结实率和千粒重无明显变化规律。(2)钵苗机插下不同穗型水稻品种的穗长、着粒密度、单穗重、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、一次枝梗粒数和二次枝梗粒数均随密度降低而增加,且高于CK;一、二次枝梗数比值和一、二次枝梗粒数比值随密度降低而呈下降趋势。(3)钵苗机插下不同穗型水稻品种的上三叶的叶长、叶宽、叶基角、披垂度和比叶重随着密度降低而呈增加趋势;且上三叶的叶长、叶宽和比叶重高于CK。(4)随着密度降低,不同穗型品种钵苗机插水稻基部N1、N2、N3节间长度减少,茎秆粗度、茎壁厚度和节间干重增加,穗下节间长、秆长、株高、重心高增加,而相对重心高有减小趋势。(5)不同穗型品种钵苗机插水稻基部节间N1、N2、N3抗折力和弯曲力矩随着密度降低而增加,倒伏指数呈下降趋势,且低于CK。说明水稻钵苗机插配套大穗型品种宜适当降低密度,增加每穗粒数以获高产;中穗型品种需兼顾穗数和每穗粒数,提高群体颖花量而增产;小穗型品种依靠穗数而提高产量。水稻钵苗机插降低密度能改善穗部性状和增加上三叶的叶面积,但增大了叶基角和披垂度,同时利于缩短基部节间长度,增加基部节间粗度、茎壁厚度和充实度,从而提高抗折力,降低倒伏指数。     

川东南冬水田杂交中稻进一步高产的栽培策略

以18个杂交中稻组合为材料,研究了川东南冬水田杂交中稻进一步高产的策略及其栽培技术。结果表明,根据该地区日照条件差的生态特点,采用稀植足肥促进扩“库”增“源”的高产栽培策略,即通过超稀植降低苗峰,改善群体光照条件,提高成穗率,适当降低有效穗数,大幅度提高每穗着粒数,在保持高产适宜叶面积指数条件下扩大库容量;增施氮肥补充光合源,保证在高粒叶比情况下有较好的籽粒充实度。核心技术是栽秧9.0万穴 hm^-2、施氮210 kg。2004年、2005年生产示范分别比传统高产栽培技术增产11.86%~18.31%和14.32%~17.76%,其中超高产田经四川省科技厅组织同行专家现场验收,产量高达10.81~11.05 t hm^-2,创该生态区杂交中稻高产历史纪录。