Efficiency of grain production of winter wheat as affected by N fertilisation under particular consideration of single culm sink size

Grain yield and yield components of winter wheat were recorded during 2-year field trials in Southern Bavaria, Germany. The impact of single ear sink size on the efficiency of grain production was studied in plants differing in single ear weight. While total grain yield showed only slight differences between N fertiliser treatments, significant variations were detected in harvest index and N harvest index. For single culms, a decrease in ear weight was related to decreasing values of harvest index and N harvest index. This correlation could not be altered by means of N fertilisation. The most efficient grain production, i.e. high value of harvest index and N harvest index, was regularly recorded in plant stands developing large single ear weights. The study confirms that with increasing sink size, the efficiency of grain production in winter wheat is improved. A N fertilisation strategy, favouring the formation of a large sink size, is described. In this respect, lower N rates in early spring and emphasis on N fertilisation during stem elongation proved to be decisive. This strategy favoured the generative growth at the expense of vegetative growth without excessively decreasing the corresponding source size.     

Crop yield and grain quality of emmer populations grown in central Italy, as affected by nitrogen fertilization

The increasing demand for traditional and natural foods has renewed the interest in hulled wheat species. Among these, Triticum dicoccum Schübler has survived in Italy only in a few hilly and mountainous areas of central and southern Italy. As a rule, emmer is cultivated in marginal areas with organic farming procedures that use very low N inputs, since this wild species is characterised by low yield, long and weak culms that easily lodge under windy conditions. Unfortunately, there is a lack of information on crop productivity and N effect for this crop. Research was carried out to study the effect of cultivation year (2004 and 2005), plant origin (Garfagnana, Leonessa and Molise) and N dressing (N₀, N₃₀, N₆₀ and N₉₀ kg ha⁻¹) on crop yield and grain quality of emmer grown in south-central Italy. Fertilizer was split at seeding, tillering and stem elongation. Tested parameters were highly influenced either by crop origin or N application (biomass, hulled and threshed grain yield, spikes m⁻², spikelets per spike, kernel weight, plant height, lodging, kernel ash and proteins). Several parameters augmented as fertilization rate increased (hulled and unhulled grain yield, biomass accumulation, spikes m⁻², kernels m⁻², protein content); 1000-kernel weight showed an opposite trend and in some cases no differences were noticed among fertilized treatments (plant height and spikelets per spike). Molise was the most productive population, closely followed by Garfagnana. The present research rejected some common belief that emmer has to be grown without N dressing, and crop undergoes lodging in marginal mountainous areas. Besides, grain yield of N₉₀ and N₆₀ treated emmer was only 6 and 18% lower compared to the five most important durum wheat varieties cultivated in the same area, suggesting emmer as a possible alternative crop to durum wheat in marginal areas of Mediterranean-type agro-ecosystems.     

施氮水平和栽插密度对天优华占生长和产量及产量构成因子影响

摘 要：天优华占由中国水稻研究所等多家科研单位选育而成新品种,米质优良,达到国家一级标准。因而,对于天优华占最佳氮肥用量和种植密度的研究及其高产机理的探讨,可为该品种在金华地区的大面积推广提供理论支持。以晚稻天优华占为材料,研究不同氮肥用量(0、120、165、210kg/hm2)和栽插密度(22.5万/hm2和16.5万/hm2)对水稻产量的影响,探索其最佳的栽培方式。结果表明：不同栽插密度下,不同施肥水平间天优华占产量水平差异较大。两种栽培密度下,天优华占的产量都随着氮肥用量的增加而增加。相同施氮水平,以高密度处理产量较高。高密度和低密度下,均以高肥区产量水平最高,分别达到7 464.3、6 534.8 kg/hm2。通过此研究发现,天优华占最佳栽插密度为22.5万/hm2,每1 hm2施用氮肥210 kg比较适宜。     

宽幅播种对强筋小麦籽粒产量、品质和氮素吸收利用的影响

宽幅播种与适宜种植密度合理组配能够提高小麦籽粒产量和氮素利用率。然而,在协同改善产量和氮素利用率的同时,宽幅播种对籽粒品质有何影响未见报道。本研究于2018—2019和2019—2020连续2个生长季,选用藁优5766、济麦44、泰山27、洲元9369等4个强筋小麦品种,设置宽幅播种和常规条播2种播种方式,研究了宽幅播种对强筋小麦籽粒产量、品质和氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,宽幅播种条件下,主要得益于单位面积穗数的增加, 4个强筋小麦品种的单位面积粒数平均增加13.16%,籽粒产量相应提高13.39%。与此同时,宽幅播种强化了整个生育期特别是花后氮素的吸收,整个生育期小麦植株氮素积累量平均增幅为10.29%,花后氮素吸收量平均增幅为36.83%,进而提高了氮素吸收效率和氮素利用率,平均增幅分别为12.73%、13.39%。整个生育期特别是花后氮素吸收的增加,保障了籽粒氮素供应,提高了单位面积籽粒氮积累量,且其提高幅度(平均增幅为13.38%)与单位面积粒数(平均增幅为13.16%)和籽粒产量(平均增幅为13.39%)的提高幅度相近,籽粒单粒含氮量和蛋白质含量得以保持不变,籽粒蛋白质构成...     

播种量和穗肥施氮量对优质食味直播水稻产量和品质的影响

播种量是影响直播水稻产量的关键因素之一,但其对优质食味水稻产量和品质的影响研究相对较少。施用穗肥是水稻高产栽培的重要措施,但穗肥施氮量对优质食味直播水稻产量和品质的调节效应尚不清楚。本研究以3个江苏省代表性优质食味水稻苏香粳3号、南粳5055和南粳9108为材料,在行距固定为25 cm条件下,分析了60、90、120、150和180 kg hm–2等5个播种量对上述品种产量和品质的影响,并观察了适宜播种量条件下穗肥施氮量对优质食味水稻产量和品质的调节效应。主要结果表明:(1)苏香粳3号、南粳5055和南粳9108的产量均随播种量增加呈先升后降的趋势。3个品种高产最适播种量分别为130.2～136.5、118.3～119.3和90.0～96.4 kg hm–2。稻米加工品质与播种量呈不同程度负相关,而垩白粒率、垩白度、蛋白质含量、米粉消解值与播种量呈显著或极显著正相关。胶稠度、直链淀粉含量、食味值和崩解值与播种量均呈显著或极显著负相关。(2)在高产适宜播种量条件下,与常规穗肥施氮量相比,穗肥施氮量减半对南粳5055和南粳9108的产量无明显影响,但可明显改善稻米的外观品质和食味值。上述结...     

Is it possible to forecast the grain quality and yield of different varieties of winter wheat from Minolta SPAD meter measurements?

To optimize wheat segregation for the various markets, it is necessary to add to genotype segregation, a prediction before harvest of the values of yield and grain protein concentration (GPC) for the different fields of the collecting area. Different tools allowing a prediction of crop production exist. Among them, the evaluation of nitrogen concentration by a chlorophyll meter (Soil–Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) readings), classically used to adapt the nitrogen fertilizer application, has been used in few works to foresee grain yield and grain protein concentration. But the relationships between N crop status and SPAD measurements varies among varieties and this genotypic effect has rarely been incorporated in models of forecasting grain quality.

This paper compares several models to forecast yield, nitrogen uptake in grain (NUG) and grain protein concentration from trials carried out in 2001 and 2002 at the INRA experiment station of Grignon (West of Paris). Trials crossed nine varieties by four (2002) or five (2001) nitrogen rates. Input variables of those models are mainly chlorophyll meter measurements (SPAD) on the penultimate leaf at GS65 and on the flag leaf at GS71 Zadoks growth stages and ear number per square meter (NE).

A square root model of yield based on NE × SPAD gave the best fit (RMSE = 0.6 t ha⁻¹ for both stages) if considering three different groups of genotypes. Based on the same variable, NE × SPAD, a quadratic model for NUG without significant effect of genotypes gave the best fit (RMSE, between 21 and 30 kg ha⁻¹ depending of the growth stage). And, for GPC, considering the same three groups of genotypes, the slope of the linear model with the ratio of predicted grain nitrogen concentration to predicted yield, is the same at both stages and very close to the standard value used to calculate protein concentration from nitrogen concentration (5.7), but the predictive quality of the model is more than 10% higher at GS71 (R² of 0.77) than at flowering (R² of 0.64). Finally, the sensibility of the models to delay in the stage of measurement is discussed.     

基因型和环境对小麦产量、品质和氮素效率的影响

以不同基因型的小麦品种(13个强筋小麦品种和2个中筋小麦品种),不同试验地点(馆陶、宁晋、藁城)和不同施氮水平(0、180、240和300 kg hm^–2)的田间试验,综合分析基因型、环境对小麦产量、品质、氮肥利用率的影响,以期为优质强筋小麦品种选育、栽培调控及高产提质增效的协同目标提供科学依据。研究表明,不同小麦品种产量在9289～10,088 kg hm^–2之间,强筋小麦品种平均产量9548 kg hm^–2,比中筋小麦品种减产3.1%。藁城、宁晋、馆陶三地的产量分别达9932、9433和9223kghm^–2。不同小麦品种籽粒蛋白质均值14.5%,湿面筋28.5%,沉淀指数39.5mL,稳定时间15.4 min,拉伸能量87.5 cm2,最大拉伸阻力428.8 BU。藁优5218、藁优5766、冀麦738、科农2009、师栾02-1、藁优2018、冀麦867综合品质表现较好。馆陶和宁晋的小麦品质性状相对较好,藁城的品质较差。氮肥利用率随施氮量增加呈降低趋势, N180处理的氮肥农学效率、氮肥吸收利用效率、氮肥生理利用率最高,依次为4.3 kg kg^–1、26.2%、16.6 kg kg^–1。兼顾产量、品质、效率三方面,藁城适宜种植品种有冀麦738、冀麦867、师栾02-1;宁晋有师栾02-1、科农2009、冀麦738;馆陶有藁优5766、藁优2018、师栾02-1。综合考虑小麦产量、籽粒品质和氮素利用率, 180 kg hm^–2为本研究条件下的最佳施氮量。     

The effect of indirect tests for grain quality on the grain yield and industrial quality of bread wheat

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of selection using three indirect tests for grain quality on grain yield and dough, and baking properties, measured as alveograph strength, alveograph tenacity/extensibility ratio and loaf volume. The three tests were flour protein content, flour sedimentation and high molecular weight glutenin subunits. Of the indirect tests used for grain quality, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)‐sedimentation allowed the highest intensity of selection for a combined trait index of the target grain quality and grain yield characteristics. The top 48% of the material could be retained on the basis of SDS‐sedimentation, resulting in retention of atleast two‐thirds of the top 10% of genotypes for the combined trait index. Flour protein percentage, a weighted high molecular weight glutenin index and an index combining all the indirect tests—flour protein, SDS‐sedimentation and high molecular weight glutenins—gave selection intensities of 61%, 64% and 55%, respectively, for the combined trait index. If the objective of selection is dough strength alone, then a weighted index of all indirect traits (flour protein, SDS‐sedimentation and high molecular weight glutenins) provided the highest selection intensity (26%). Other selection intensities for individual target traits were 24% for the prediction of loaf volume from flour protein, 40% for the prediction of tenacity/ extensibility ratio using SDS‐sedimentation and 68% for the prediction of grain yield using SDS‐sedimentation.     

Effects on nutrients and on grain quality in spring wheat crops grown under elevated CO2 concentrations and stress conditions in the European, multiple-site experiment ‘ESPACE-wheat’

Nutrient element concentrations and grain quality were assessed in spring wheat grown under elevated CO₂ concentrations and contrasting levels of tropospheric ozone at different nitrogen supply rates at several European sites. Carbon dioxide enrichment proved to affect nutrient concentrations in a complex manner. In green leaves, all elements (with exception of phosphorus and iron) decreased. In contrast, effects on the element composition of grains were restricted to reductions in nitrogen, calcium, sulphur and iron. Ozone exposure resulted in no significant effects on nutrient element concentrations in different tissues in the overall analysis. The nitrogen demand of green tissues was reduced due to CO₂ enrichment as shown by reductions in the critical leaf nitrogen concentration and also enhanced nitrogen use efficiency. Reductions in the content of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and repression of the photorespiratory pathway and reduced nitrogen allocation to enzymes driving the photosynthetic carbon oxidation cycle were chiefly responsible for this effect. Thus, nitrogen acquisition by the crop did not match carbon acquisition under CO₂ enrichment. Since crop nitrogen uptake from the soil was already completed at anthesis, nitrogen allocated to the grain after anthesis originated from vegetative pools—causing grain nitrogen concentrations to decrease under CO₂ enrichment (on average by 15% when CO₂ concentrations increased from 360 to 680 μmol mol⁻¹). Correspondingly, grain quality was reduced by CO₂ enrichment. The Zeleny value, Hagberg value and dry/wet gluten content decreased significantly with increasing [CO₂]. Despite the beneficial impact of CO₂ enrichment on growth and yield of C₃ cereal crops, declines in flour quality due to reduced nitrogen content are likely in a future, [CO₂]-rich world.     

增密减氮对棉花干物质和氮素积累分配及产量的影响

为了探讨种植密度和施氮量对棉花干物质与氮素积累分配及产量的影响。本研究以聊棉6号为试验材料,设置5.25、6.75和8.25万株hm^-2 (D_5.25、D_6.75、D_8.25) 3个种植密度, 0、105、210、315和420 kg hm^-2 (N₀、N₁₀₅、N₂₁₀、N₃₁₅、N₄₂₀) 5个施氮量,研究增密减氮对棉花干物质积累与分配、氮素积累与分配、产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明,与D_5.25相比, D_6.75、D_8.25条件下棉花干物质积累量显著升高, 2016年提高了17.6%、28.7%, 2017年提高了12.6%、20.9%。与N₀相比,施氮肥后干物质积累量随施氮量的增加显著升高, 2016年各施氮处理分别提高了4.5%、11.1%、13.7%、16.3%, 20...     

种植密度和施肥量对油菜毯状苗生长的影响

为探讨不同密度和施肥量对油菜毯状苗形成壮苗的关键生物学指标的影响,以探索适合机械移栽的油菜毯状苗培育方法,为生产上培育高质量油菜毯状苗提供依据。本文以甘蓝型油菜品种宁杂1818为材料,设置播种密度和施肥水平二因素试验,分析其对秧苗存活率、绿叶数、干物质积累和根冠比等指标的影响。结果表明,密度增大,秧盘存苗数显著降低,叶片数、绿叶数减少,地上部干重减少,地下部干重减少的幅度更大,根冠比下降;同时,根颈和苗高变长,秧苗充实度下降。密度过小,虽然毯状苗的素质提高,但不利于秧苗成毯和移栽,移栽后的密度也不能保证。因此,综合考虑毯状苗素质、适合机械化移栽和栽后的效果等方面,在晚稻茬口需要苗龄为30～40 d左右时,播种密度在800粒盘-1的基础上喷施3 g L-1尿素溶液是培育毯状苗壮苗的合理组合。     

The effect of tillage system and residue management on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat in a cool Atlantic climate

The effects of soil tillage and straw management systems on the grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) were evaluated in a cool Atlantic climate, in central Ireland between 2009 and 2011. Two tillage systems, conventional tillage (CT) and reduced tillage (RT) each with and without incorporation of the straw of the preceding crop, were compared at five levels of fertiliser N (0, 140, 180, 220 and 260 kg N ha⁻¹).CT had a significantly higher mean grain yield over the three years but the effect of tillage varied between years. Yields did not differ in 2009 (Year 1), while CT produced significantly higher grain yields in 2010 (Year 2), while RT produced the highest yields in 2011 (Year 3). Straw incorporation had no significant effect in any year.Nitrogen application significantly increased the grain yields of all establishment treatment combinations. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) ranged from 14.6 to 62.4 kg grain (85% DM) kg N ha⁻¹ and decreased as N fertiliser rate was increased.The CT system had a significantly higher mean NUE over the three years but the effect of tillage varied with years. While there was no tillage effect in years 1 and 3, CT had a significantly higher NUE than RT in year 2. Straw management system had minimal effect on NUE in any year.The effect of tillage and N rate on soil mineral N content also varied between years. While there was no tillage effect in years 1 and 3, RT had significantly larger soil N contents than CT in the spring before N application, and post-harvest in year 2. N application rates had no effect on soil N in year 1, increased residual N content in year 2 and had an inconsistent effect in year 3. Straw management had no significant effect on soil mineral N content.These results indicate that RT establishment systems can be used to produce similar winter wheat yields to CT systems in a cool Atlantic climate, providing weather conditions at establishment are favourable. The response to nitrogen is similar with both tillage systems where the crop is successfully established. Straw management system has very little effect on crop performance or nitrogen uptake.     

氮肥与密度互作对单粒精播花生根系形态、植株性状及产量的影响

为明确花生单粒精播适宜的氮肥水平和种植密度,本研究于2018年和2019年以‘花育22’为供试花生品种,设置3个氮肥水平(0 kg hm^–2, N0; 60 kg hm^–2, N1; 120 kg hm^–2, N2), 3个种植密度(7.93万株hm^–2, D1; 15.86万株hm^–2,D2; 23.79万株hm^–2, D3),采用二因素裂区试验设计,研究氮肥、密度及其互作对单粒精播花生根系形态、植株性状及产量的影响。氮肥对花生根长、根表面积、根体积、根干重的影响不显著,而密度的影响显著。单株根长、根表面积、根体积及根系干重随密度的增加而降低, D1显著高于D2和D3, D2、D3处理间差异不显著;单位面积根长、根表面积、根体积及根系干重随密度的增加而增加, D1显著低于D2和D3, D2、D3处理间差异不显著。氮肥和密度互作对2019年收获期单位面积根长、根表面积的影响显著,与D1相比, N1处理下D3的增幅显著高于N0和N2处理。氮肥及氮肥与密度互作...     

播种方式与种植密度互作对大穗型小麦品种产量和氮素利用率的调控效应

为探明实现冬小麦进一步增产增效的调控途径,于2015—2016年和2016—2017年连续两个生长季,选用大穗型品种泰农18,设置2种播种方式(宽幅播种和常规条播)和7个种植密度(130×10~4、200×10~4、270×10~4、340×10~4、410×10~4、480×10~4和550×10~4株hm~(–2)),研究了播种方式与种植密度互作对大穗型小麦品种产量和氮素利用率的调控效应。结果表明,与常规条播相比,宽幅播种配合增密能够有效缓解单位面积穗数增加与单穗粒重降低、氮素吸收效率提高与氮素内在利用效率下降之间的矛盾,通过增加单位面积穗数和氮素吸收效率协同提高籽粒产量和氮素利用率。宽幅播种条件下获得最高产量和氮素利用率的密度为410×10~4株hm~(–2),显著高于常规条播条件下的最优密度(340×10~4株hm~(–2)),且其增产增效幅度亦显著高于常规条播。综上所述,宽幅播种配合合理密植具有进一步协同提高大穗型小麦品种产量和氮素利用率的潜力。在本试验条件下,宽幅播种(苗带宽8～10cm)与410×10~4株hm~(–2)密度相匹配是大穗型小麦品种泰农18获得更高产高效的最优组合。     

播期播量及施氮量对冬小麦生长及光谱指标的影响

为阐明播期、播量及施氮量对冬小麦生长与光谱指标的影响规律,本研究通过开展连续两年不同播期、播量及施氮量的冬小麦田间试验,系统地研究了三因素及其互作对冬小麦产量、关键生育时期叶面积指数(leafarea index,LAI)和归一化红边指数(normalized difference red edge,NDRE)的影响,并进一步分析了三因素对冬小麦冠层NDRE时序曲线的影响。另一方面建立了不同产量水平下冬小麦冠层NDRE适宜时序曲线,以便于实时监测不同产量水平下冬小麦长势动态。结果表明,冬小麦冠层NDRE与LAI随关键生育期的变化相似,且三因素对关键生育时期2个指标的影响规律基本一致。2018—2019年冬小麦产量、不同生育时期LAI和冠层NDRE均随播期推迟而下降;2019—2020年除灌浆期外,晚播冬小麦产量、LAI及冠层NDRE峰值最大。2年冬小麦不同生育时期LAI、冠层NDRE随施氮量增加而增加;而不同播量间无明显差异。三因素中播期、施氮量对冬小麦冠层NDRE时序曲线有显著影响。冬小麦冠层NDRE时序曲线随施氮量增加被纵向拉长;曲线下降部分随播期推迟向左平移,同时2018—201...     

Effect of shading and nitrogen application on yield, grain size distribution and concentrations of nitrogen and water soluble carbohydrates in malting spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Experiments to investigate the effects of periods of low radiation, combined with different rates of nitrogen fertilization, on growth, grain yield, mean grain weight, grain size distribution and concentrations of nitrogen and water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) were carried out in 1991 and 1993. The low radiation (60% of ambient radiation) was achieved by placing shading nets in fields of barley (cv. Prisma). There was an unshaded control (S1), plus three shading period treatments during the main phenological phases, with three rates of nitrogen fertilization (unfertilized control, 90 kg ha⁻¹ minus soil nitrogen and this rate plus 60 kg ha⁻¹ at the flag leaf stage). It was found that total grain yield was 5% lower after shading during tillering (S2), 35% lower after shading during stem elongation (S3) and 45% lower after shading during grain filling (S4). Treatments S2 and S3 considerably reduced the concentration of WSC in plant organs and increased the nitrogen concentration and, in general, the concentrations returned to the values of the control after the shading period. The S3 treatment markedly reduced the number of grains m⁻², mainly because there were 35% fewer grains per spike. This treatment resulted in a mean grain weight 14% above that of the control, but only in 1991. Weather was probably responsible for this disparity: in 1991, the spring was cold and wet and the summer was warm and dry, but in 1993 the spring was warm and dry and the summer was cool and wet. The S4 treatment reduced mean grain weight by 40% in 1991 and by 25% in 1993 and shifted the median of the size distribution towards smaller grains in both years. In S4, the N concentration in the grains was markedly increased, resulting in unacceptably high protein concentrations (14–21%) for malting quality. Higher rates of nitrogen fertilization increased leaf area index (LAI), total dry matter production and grain N concentration. Nitrogen had a positive effect in establishing yield potential because it increased grain number per unit area; however, it did not improve assimilate supply during grain filling, and hence grain number and mean grain weight were negatively correlated. Only in 1993 did nitrogen increase grain yield. It is concluded that shading during the growing period and high rates of nitrogen fertilization adversely affect the quality (in terms of grain size, size distribution and grain nitrogen concentration) of malting barley.     

Effect of fungicide and foliar fertilizer application to winter wheat at anthesis on flag leaf senescence, grain yield, flour bread-making quality and DON contamination

In this study, field experiments have been conducted over three growing seasons to evaluate the effect of fungicides (triazoles and strobilurins) and a foliar fertilizer application to winter wheat at anthesis on flag leaf senescence, grain yield, bread-making quality, Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination.Flag leaf greenness was significantly influenced by the fungicide application. A delay in flag leaf senescence following triazole use did not increase grain yield. No effects of fungicide application on protein concentration were recorded. The application of strobilurin to a triazole programme did not significantly delay senescence of the flag leaf or increased yield, compared to the triazole-only application, while a consistent benefit was observed for dough strength (W). The triazole application led to significantly lower FHB symptoms and DON contamination, while the triazole-strobilurin fungicides programme led to an increase in DON contents, that were often higher than the untreated controls.Grain yield and quality were improved when a foliar feed containing macro- and micro-nutrients was added to a triazole fungicide programme, with no additional risk for DON contamination. Compared to the strobilurin fungicide application, the foliar fertilizer led to a longer delay of the flag leaf senescence and higher bread-making quality.     

节水减氮对土壤硝态氮分布和冬小麦水氮利用效率的影响

针对当前关中平原冬小麦生产中氮肥投入过量、灌溉水资源不足的问题,研究节水减氮栽培模式下冬小麦籽粒产量、水氮利用及硝态氮淋失情况,能为确定冬小麦节水减肥环保增效的生产模式提供理论依据。于2017—2019年在陕西杨凌开展冬小麦节水减氮田间栽培试验,采用二因素裂区设计,施氮量为主处理,灌水量为副处理,设施氮量处理N300 (300 kg hm^–2)、N225 (225 kg hm^–2)、N150 (150 kg hm^–2)、N75 (75 kg hm^–2)、N0 (不施氮)和灌水量处理W2 (1200 m³ hm^–2)、W1 (600 m³ hm^–2)、W0 (0),分析小麦产量、水氮利用效率及土壤硝态氮淋失情况。结果表明,2017—2018年和2018—2019年小麦季灌水处理较不灌水处理分别增产14.88%～15.01%和4.11～4.16倍,但处理间差异不显著,而越冬期灌水600 m³ h...     

氮钾配施对强筋小麦济麦20产量和品质的影响

为了给强筋小麦品种济麦20优质高产配套栽培提供理论依据及技术支撑,在大田高产栽培条件下,研究了氮钾肥施用量及其配比对强筋小麦品种济麦20产量和品质的影响。结果表明,氮和钾及其互作对小麦籽粒产量及其构成因素的影响均达到显著或极显著水平,以每公顷施氮225kg、K2O150kg的处理产量最高。随着氮和钾肥的增加出粉率和容重均呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,籽粒蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量、沉降值均随施氮量增加而增加,籽粒蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量在每公顷施K2O 0-150Kg范围内随施钾量的增加而增多,到每公顷施K2O 210kg的处理反而降低,而沉降值随着钾肥的增加而降低。氮钾配比对籽粒蛋白质含量的影响未达到显著水平,但对湿面筋含量、沉降值的影响达到显著水平。氮肥能提高小麦面团的弹性,钾肥则提高了面团的延伸性,氮钾配比极显著提高了拉伸面积。     

不同施肥处理对水稻产量、食味品质及蛋白质组分的影响

对粳稻品种津原45进行5种不同类型肥料的田间试验,研究了5种不同施肥处理对水稻产量、品质、淀粉谱特性及蛋白质组分的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,采用不同施肥处理对水稻有显著的增产作用,各施肥处理分别增产20.42%-56.94%;处理Ⅱ（常规施肥）获得了最高的产量;处理Ⅳ（拟日本稻作法）增产最少;处理Ⅲ（有机肥）和处理Ⅴ（东洋生物肥）的稻米产量略低于处理Ⅱ。直链淀粉含量在各处理间差异显著,蛋白质含量无显著差异。处理Ⅳ的崩解值最高,为84.58RVU,消减值最低,仅为10.00RVU,食味值为65.5,食味最好;处理Ⅱ的崩解值最低,为67.75RVU,消减值最高为23.50 RVU,食味值为54.0,食味最差。各蛋白质组分含量与食味值的相关均未达到显著水平,醇溶蛋白含量与最高粘度和最终粘度呈显著负相关,谷蛋白含量与最高粘度呈显著负相关,其他蛋白质组分含量与淀粉谱特性中的各项指标间相关均未达到显著水平。处理Ⅲ（有机肥）和处理Ⅴ（东洋生物肥）较好地兼顾了产量和品质,是较为可行的施肥方法。