圆盘豆热处理材光稳定性的研究

采用热处理和氙灯照射对圆盘豆木材颜色的变化进行研究,以CIE(1976)L*a*b*表色系统表色,分析木材热处理前后、氙灯照射前后颜色变化。结果表明,热处理后木材颜色加深。随着氙灯照射时间延长,未处理材表面颜色逐渐加深,色差△E*逐渐增大。热处理材表面颜色变化不大,色差△E*值变化较小,这表明与未处理材相比,热处理材光稳定性能更好。     

基于两种孔径的苏式家具珍贵木材材色测定

为了探索不同测量孔径的色彩检测仪对红木类木材材色测量的差异,以4种苏式家具珍贵木材为研究对象,分别选用光源孔径8和2 mm两种规格对其进行材色L*a*b*色空间物理量的测量,其中L*为明度坐标,代表颜色的亮度大小,a*为红绿色品坐标,b*为黄蓝色品坐标,并完成对这4种红木类木材材色的多点均值色空间向孟塞尔色空间的转换,深入剖析基于两种孔径测量的4种红木木材材色变化值的趋势是否一致。结果表明:两种孔径测量苏式家具4种珍贵木材的材色值变化趋势趋于一致。4种木材材色主要处于低明度的红黄色调范围内。其中两种孔径测量降香黄檀差异不显著;而在测量3种崖豆木木材时,L*值差异显著。两种孔径测得的物理量之间的相关性存在差异性和一致性,且这种一致性远高于差异性。     

热处理对赛黑桦色空间分布与光泽度的影响

以饱和蒸汽为保护介质,分别在热处理温度为180、195、210℃,热处理时间为40、100、160 min的条件下对赛黑桦木材进行缺氧高温改性处理,探讨改性处理工艺对赛黑桦材色空间分布以及光泽度的影响。采用CR-410色差测定仪和MG-268Plus光泽度测定仪对色空间参数L*、a*、b*和光泽度参数进行评定。结果表明:热处理后,赛黑桦试件的明度值L*、红绿轴色品指数a*、黄蓝轴色品指数b*降低,色差△E*增大,经180、195、210℃热处理的赛黑桦材色上可满足制作仿红木制品;不同的热处理工艺条件下,赛黑桦表面光泽度的变化无明显规律性。     

热处理对圆盘豆地板材颜色的影响

采用过热蒸汽作为传热介质和保护气体,于160、180、200、220℃分别对圆盘豆木材进行热处理试验。结果表明,热处理后圆盘豆木材颜色发生明显变化。随着热处理温度升高,木材明度L*下降,红绿色品指数a*变化不明显,黄蓝色品指数b*下降,色差△E*增大,木材表面颜色加深,并且木材径面色差值大于弦面及横截面色差值,表面色差值大于其内部色差值。     

加速热处理技术对木材颜色变化影响的研究

分别采用氯化锌、磷酸二氢铵和磷酸为主要成分的3种药剂将木材进行浸渍处理,然后再进行热处理,研究处理温度、药剂及其浓度对木材色泽变化的影响情况。结果表明:3种药剂浸渍木材热处理方法能加速热处理木材的颜色反应,随着温度的升高和药剂浓度的增加,木材的L*、a*、b*明显下降,色饱和度差△C*明显降低,△E*色差逐渐增大;这种处理方法能缩短木材热处理的反应时间,对木材颜色特征起到了明显的催化加速反应作用。     

4种常用装饰装修木材表面特性分析

对筒状非洲楝、水曲柳、古夷苏木和杉木4种常用装饰装修木材表面特性进行测定分析,结果表明:在CIE(1976)L*a*b*色空间中,筒状非洲楝和古夷苏木明度L*平均值较低,属于深材色树种;杉木明度L*平均值为70.28,属于较高明度。从整体分布情况来看,4种常用装饰装修木材的a*和b*都分布在0以上,明度分布在40以上,色调标号都分布在YR的区间;古夷苏木和水曲柳木材表面润湿性大于筒状非洲楝和杉木。     

基于FT-IR和XPS的热处理白蜡木材色变化机理

以白蜡木(Fraxinus americana)为试材,在常压过热蒸汽条件下进行热处理,对热处理材和对照材的明度(L*)和色度(a*,b*)指标进行比较,借助傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)对试材细胞壁化学组分的主要基团和元素变化进行分析,以探索热处理对木材材色的调节机理。结果表明:随着处理温度的增加,热处理材和对照材的总体色差不断增大,色差值与木材内部C和O元素的浓度比高度相关,表明热处理材的材色能较为准确地指示木材内部化学组分的变化。热处理材的明度指标随热处理温度的升高呈阶梯式下降,明度值的变化与木材中羧基的浓度线性相关,表明半纤维素是影响热处理材明度的主要因素。热处理材的色度指标变化规律没有明度指标显著,随着处理温度的升高,a*值先增加后降低,试材的b*值随着处理温度的升高总体上呈下降趋势。热处理使木素中的羰基等发色基团数量发生变化,是使热处理材的色度指标发生变化的一个主要原因。     

20种红木类木材颜色和光泽度研究

为了探索红木类木材表面的视觉特性的分布特征,测量了20种红木类木材颜色L*a*b*色空间物理量、平行于木材纹理方向的光泽度(GZL)和垂直于木材纹理方向的光泽度(GZT),建立了L*a*b*三维空间坐标系,并对20种红木类木材进行聚类分析,深入剖析了20种红木类木材视觉物理量的分布特征和相关关系。结果表明,20种红木类木材的明度值普遍较低,基本属于偏暗红色和红褐色的色调范围,根据聚类分析,乌木类、条纹乌木、黑酸枝类木材归为第一大类,花梨木类、香枝木类和红酸枝类木材归为第二大类;平行于木材纹理方向的光泽度值比垂直于纹理方向的光泽度值大,红木类木材的表面光泽度比普通木材高;明度L*、色调H都与红绿色品指数a*之间呈显著的负相关,与黄蓝色品指数b*呈正相关,色饱和度C与黄蓝色品指数b*呈显著的正相关。试验结果为红木类木材制品的综合评价提供了理论基础。     

热处理及改性PU漆涂饰对龙脑香木材耐光色牢度的影响

采用热处理及改性PU漆涂饰两种方法,改善龙脑香木材的耐光色牢度,通过氙灯照射和CIE(1976)L*a*b*表色系统表征颜色的方法,分析其改善效果。结果表明,200和220℃的热处理可以显著提高龙脑香木材的耐光色牢度;热处理龙脑香木材涂刷改性PU漆后,在照射100h的条件下,与涂饰普通PU漆的木材相比,色差显著降低,改性效果显著。     

速生杨木染色-材色变化规律研究初探

本研究采用适宜木材染色的大红GR和嫩黄G酸性染料,对人工速生树种-杨木的漂白单板和未漂白单板进行染色.测定染色单板染色前后的颜色,计算染色前后的色差,并分析杨木单板染色后材色变化规律.试验结果表明,不同染料染色单板的变色度Eab与材色指数呈现不同的关系:红色染料a值增加和L值降低对Eab影响大;黄色染料b值增加决定了Eab的变化.     

Modelling of pH effects and CIE L*a*b*colour spaces of beech wood-inhabiting fungi by NIRS

A combination of statistical techniques of analyses were used to evaluate the potential of International Commission on Illumination (CIE) lightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) colour space system and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to assess surface changes in relation with progressive decay of beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) by wood-inhabiting lignicolous fungi Inonotus hispidus, Trametes versicolor and Xylaria polymorpha. pH effects based modelling predictions of beech earlywood and latewood tissues were also included. Multivariate analysis techniques included response surface optimization, sample-specific standard error of prediction (SEP) method and projection to latent structures partial least squares (PLS) regression. Strong statistical relationships were derived for pH predictions with R² values ranged: from 0.77 to 0.84 for I. hispidus; from 0.77 to 0.84 for T. versicolor and from 0.83 to 0.91 for X. polymorpha. R² values for CIE-based L*a*b* colour space measurements ranged: from 0.43 to 0.69 (L*), 0.66 to 0.76 (a*), 0.42 to 0.53 (b*) for I. hispidus; from 0.59 to 0.69 (L*), 0.69 to 0.79 (a*), 0.64 to 0.79 (b*) for T. versicolor; and from 0.51 to 0.75 (L*), 0.89 to 0.94 (a*), 0.85 to 0.89 (b*) for X. polymorpha. Multivariate technical analysis (response surface analysis, sample-specific SEP, PLS regression) of CIE L*a*b* system and NIRS results should be able to characterize pH effects and surface changes of wood spalted by lignicolous fungi as a quick and reliable non-destructive method relevant to wood-spalting concerns and the forest products industry.     

圆盘豆热处理材颜色变化及其变化机理

试验采用过热蒸汽作为传热介质和保护气体,对圆盘豆木材进行热处理,热处理温度为160℃、180℃、200℃、220℃,热处理时间为2h、4h、6h、8h,并采用紫外光谱和气-质联用对圆盘豆木粉抽提物进行分析。结果表明,热处理后圆盘豆木材颜色发生明显变化。随着热处理温度升高,木材明度L*下降,红绿色品指数a*变化不明显,黄蓝色品指数b*下降,色差△E*增大,木材表面颜色加深,其主要原因是木素及木材抽提物发生了氧化、还原反应。     

适于木材种类识别颜色空间的研究

为了确定适合木材种类识别的颜色空间,分别在RGB、HSV、L^＊a^＊b^＊、I1I2I3和归一化T五个常用颜色空间中,获取了木材样本的颜色直方图和颜色矩特征,并进行了识别试验。结果表明,HSV是最适合木材种类识别的颜色空间。     

Change in fracturing and colouring of solid spruce and ash wood after thermal modification

Effects of different thermal treatments (maximum treatment temperatures of 200, 210 and 220°C for 2.5 hours) on solid spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) were investigated in this study. The fracture behaviour in radial/longitudinal as well as in tangential/longitudinal and the change of the wood colour (CIEL*a*b* colour space) on all principal anatomical surfaces (cross sectional, radial and tangential) were analysed. The specific fracture energy and the maximum breaking load decreased almost significantly after all thermally treated samples in comparison to the untreated (standard dried) sample. The wood colour changed also significantly, in particular the lightness decreased with increasing intensity of thermal treatment on all investigated surfaces. A comparison of the percentage loss of the different fracture and colour values has shown a strong correlation between the maximum breaking load and the lightness after several thermal treatments, in both investigated crack propagation systems, on all measured surfaces and for both analysed species.     

Physical and mechanical properties and colour changes of fast-growing Gympie messmate wood subjected to two-step steam-heat treatments

This study aimed to evaluate physical and mechanical properties and colour changes of fast-growing Gympie messmate wood subjected to two-step steam-heat treatments. To achieve this, Gympie messmate wood was thermally treated under different conditions. Combined steam (127°C and ～0,1471 MPa) and heat treatments in an oven (180–240°C for 4 hours) were performed. Physical and mechanical properties were evaluated by weight loss, equilibrium moisture content, specific gravity, volumetric and linear swelling and static bending tests, while colour changes were studied using CIEL*a*b* technique. The main findings showed that the steam pre-treatment in autoclave influenced most of the technological properties evaluated, mainly for heat treatments performed in low temperatures (180–200°C). The most significant changes after thermal treatments were observed for dimensional stability, which increased as a function of temperature of treatment. On the other hand, mechanical strength of thermally modified wood was significantly affected, while stiffness did not change. Colour modifications due to the application of two-step steam-heat treatments confirm the possibility to using these samples for aesthetic purposes.     

木材材色的定量表征

本文对木材材色的定量表征方法作了简要的评述,并就红种国产针、阔叶树材按CIE(1931)和CIE(1976)(L~*a~*b~*)做了详细的测定和分析。测定结果表明,表色参数(主波长、色纯度、亮度等)要具有可比性,所用的方法和测定条件必须相同。树种之间的色度坐标值的差异大于树种之内的差异。分析木材表面的反射率曲线,不同树种间的材色差异既反映在亮度上,也反映在色调上;但同一树种内的差异主要反映在亮度上。另外,树种之间与树种之内木材表面反射率与波长关系的曲线形状相似,趋向也一致,说明尽管材色的变异性很大,但有一定的规律性。因此采用了主成分分析法,简化表色空间,获得了综合材色参数的实验式;初步测试,实验式具有一定的可靠性与实用意义。为了能直观地表达材色,除了使用综合材色参数外,还给出了孟塞尔标号。     

Genetic variation in wood color and its correlations with tree growth and wood density of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Calycophyllum spruceanum</Emphasis> at an early age in the Peruvian Amazon

Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook. f. ex K. Shum. is an important timber-tree species in the Peruvian Amazon Basin. Markets currently prefer wood with a uniform, light yellow color, but these preferences may change in the future. As farmers and industry commonly use wood from young trees, it is important to investigate genetic and environmental variation in juvenile-wood properties to assess whether tree improvement programs could make adjustments to changing preferences. A provenance/progeny test was established to evaluate genetic variation in growth and wood properties of young trees, the strength of their genetic control as well as their interrelationships both at the genetic and the phenotypic level in different planting zones. This paper presents analyses of variation in wood color at 39 months, and their correlations with tree growth and wood basic density. CIELab means for lightness ranging from black to white (L), green to red hues (a*) and blue to yellow hues (b*) were 67.63, 5.34 and 22.12, respectively; means for chroma (C) and hue angle (h)* were 22.76 and 76.43, respectively (C and h* were estimated from a* and b*). Significant variation due to provenances and especially due to families within provenances was found in some wood color characteristics, and some color characteristics also differed significantly among planting zones. Genetic correlations indicate that, in general, selection of faster growing trees and/or trees with denser wood would have little effect on wood color and its uniformity. In general, wood color had relatively low heritability (h _i ²): among all trees, h _i ² = 0.31 for L; and variance due to families was not significant for a* and b*. Genetic control of color was highest in the planting zone where trees grew most rapidly: h _i ² = 0.48 and 0.52 for a* and b*, respectively; but variance due to families was not significant for L. Results suggest that selection based on wood color would be more effective in zones with more fertile soils and higher rainfall.      

樟子松木材的变色规律

通过对樟子松木材变色部位的化学处理及分析认为,樟子松蓝变类型属于微生物变色;室温下,自然和湿润两种状态放置的樟子松木材,随着时间的变化(以2个月为1个时间单位),L*(明度)、a*(变红度)、TW(白度)都有所下降,DE*(总色差)呈上升趋势,而b*(变黄度)分别呈现增强和减弱两种相反方向的变化趋势.     

银中杨苗木光需求的图像分析法

近年来,在一些国际农林业学术会议上出现了智能林业的概念(Hirafuji et al.,2008a;2008b),智能林业的主体是林业机器人,与人类信息的70%以上来自视觉一样,机器人的主要信息源也是     

CIEL*a*b* Measurements to Determine the Role of Felling Season,Log Storage and Kiln Drying on Coloration of Silver Birch Wood

The effects of felling season, log storage and kiln drying on stemwood discoloration of sixty mature silver birches ( Betula pendula ) were studied and provided with CIEL*a*b* colour coordinates. The colour differences were expressed as j E* including split up of j L*, j a* and j b*. The results showed that fresh wood colour depends on the felling season: light and pale colours were recorded for samples taken from autumn- and winter-felled trees, whereas the colour of fresh wood was considerably darker if the felling took place in the spring or summer. After storage, notable changes in colour were observed. After drying, all samples showed low lightness, moderate redness and relatively high yellowness under the drying conditions used in the study regardless of the felling season or duration of storage. The main colour component responsible for the discoloration was lightness, while chroma values redness and yellowness played a minor role.