温州水牛奶的开发与利用

温州水牛是我国著名的七大地方良种水牛之一，以其泌乳量高、乳质好而著称与世，联合国粮农组织编写的《水牛》一书中就曾对此作过专门记载。温州水牛的挤奶历史已有近百年，特别是最近20年多来，通过引进的世界著名乳用品种巴基斯坦尼里水牛来改良温州水牛，使之泌乳性能得到进一步提高，杂交后代的群均泌乳量高达2231．8kg，是中国水牛中一个不可多得的高泌乳性能基因库，具有相当高的开发利用价值。但在温州水牛奶的利用过程中还存在着不少制约因素有待解决，开发利用的主要思路值得我们作进一步的探讨和研究。     

预混料对水牛泌乳性能及乳品质的影响

为探索预混料对母水牛泌乳性能及乳品质量的影响,在南宁市、灵山县、永福县选择了3个规模牛场及29户农户进行了饲粮中添加5%泌乳水牛预混料试验。结果:每头每天可提高泌乳量0.71kg～0.95kg,增产率为9.6%～18.1%,牛乳中总固形物含量提高4.34%,乳脂肪含量提高4.57%,乳蛋白降低0.39%,乳糖提高0.44%。由此看出,在泌乳水牛饲粮中添喂5%泌乳水牛预混料可提高泌乳量、增加泌乳稳定性和提升乳品质。     

我国奶水牛业的发展前景

一是水牛资源丰富。当前，奶类的生产主要靠奶牛，特点是产量高。但是，除奶牛以外，我国南方的水牛是发展奶业的重要种质资源。全国现有水牛2228．2万头，居世界第3位。我国本地水牛属沼泽型水牛，多为役用，泌乳期7～8个月，产奶量500～700千克，通过杂交改良，可大幅度提高其泌乳量。杂交一代水牛的泌乳期280—302天，泌乳量1230～2040千克；杂交二代水牛的泌乳期310～320天，泌乳量2260～2290千克，水牛奶的开发潜力巨大。二是农业资源丰富。我国水牛主要集中在     

抗热应激添加剂对泌乳水牛泌乳性能及乳成分的影响

用有机铬、无机盐以及烟酸3类抗热应激添加剂饲喂泌乳水牛,检验其能否提高炎热夏季泌乳水牛产奶量,缓解高温高湿对泌乳水牛泌乳性能的影响.结果表明:3类添加剂都能明显提高试验期泌乳水牛的产奶量,其中有机铬组提高23.49%,无机盐组提高17.10%,烟酸组提高29.26%;同时,烟酸显著提高了水牛奶中乳脂、乳蛋白、乳糖和非乳脂固形物的含量(P＜0.05);泌乳水牛的直肠温度和呼吸频率在正常范围内,表明泌乳水牛并未表现明显的热应激反应.高温高温天气会对泌乳水牛产奶量造成负面影响,添加抗热应激添加剂能提高产奶量.     

精料不同蛋白质水平对泌乳水牛泌乳量和乳成分的影响

试验是通过对泌乳水牛提供不同蛋白质水平日粮,观察其对牛奶产量和成分的影响情况,为提高水牛奶产量,在饲养泌乳水牛生产中合理使用蛋白质饲料提供科学指导.该试验选择泌乳期相近的摩杂一代泌乳水牛16头,随机分成4组,每组4头,分别饲喂4种不同蛋白质水平的日粮,为高蛋白日粮(20％)、中蛋白日粮(18％)、低蛋白日粮(16％)、超低蛋白日粮(14％),以饲粮的四个不同蛋白质水平来作为试验因子,研究饲料中不同蛋白质水平对摩杂泌乳水牛产奶量和乳成分的影响.试验期共60 d,30 d为一期,分两期进行.试验结果表明,水牛泌乳量受饲粮蛋白质水平的影响,高和中蛋白组对低和超低蛋白组差异都显著(P＜0.05).通过综合评估,以18 d％的中蛋白质水平饲料组最好.     

奶水牛泌乳特性的研究综述

本文综述了国内外奶水牛泌乳特性的研究现状，从奶水牛的泌乳生理特性、泌乳规律及其泌乳潜力的激发等方面介绍了沼泽型水牛和河流型水牛及其杂交水牛的一些泌乳特征，并对今后水牛业的发展提出一些建议。     

中国水牛与摩拉、尼里-拉菲水牛杂交后代泌乳特性的研究

本文分析了云南省大理州家畜繁育指导站奶水牛场2000～2011年摩×本F1、摩×本F2和摩×尼×本三元杂水牛(170头)及摩拉水牛(11头)不同胎次的泌乳期和产奶量资料,比较了不同杂交组合及不同胎次泌乳高峰日和最高日产奶量,拟合了第一个泌乳期的二次方程曲线和Wood模型.结果表明,摩×本F1、摩×本F2及摩×尼×本三元杂水牛的各泌乳期总平均泌乳天数分别为378.98±11.78d、297.50 ±25.10d和267.26±18.41d;摩拉水牛第一个泌乳期内泌乳高峰出现在产后30d左右,摩×本Ft、摩×本F2及摩×尼×本三元杂水牛不同胎次的泌乳高峰分别出现在产后15～35d;摩×本F1和摩×本F2的平均日产奶量极显著低于摩拉水牛与摩×尼×本三元杂水牛(P＜0.01),摩×本F2的平均日产奶量极显著高于摩×本F1(P＜0.01),摩×尼×本三元杂水牛的平均日产奶量与摩拉水牛差异不显著(P＞0.05);Wood模型与实际泌乳曲线的拟合度较高.     

摩拉和尼里／拉菲水牛泌乳特性观察

摩拉水牛引进我区已４０年，尼里／拉菲水牛也有了２３年。这两个品种是世界著名的河流型乳用水牛品种，经过长时间的风土驯化，表现出能适应我区亚热带的气候条件，耐热性好，耐粗饲，抗病力强，有较好的繁殖性能和产乳性能。作为水牛改良的主要父本，其泌乳特性如何直接...     

乳用水牛泌乳特性和产奶性能观察

本文分析了乳用水牛在安宁河流域生态条件下表现出的泌乳特性,表明乳用水牛在此生态条件下有较好的产奶性能．平均胎产奶1781．56±570．85kg,平均泌乳天数284．59±73.05d,接近引种区水平．说明该生态条件适宜发展乳用水牛生产。     

水牛泌乳特点与挤奶技术

水牛泌乳比乳牛困难 ,经常因为操作不当或者生理原因拒绝泌乳。本文介绍水牛的泌乳生理和促进水牛泌乳的方法。1　母水牛的乳房结构特点水牛乳房一般比奶牛乳房硬实 ,乳头较长 ,水牛乳房外形多呈半球形或盘状。江河型水牛乳房周长约 1 1 0～ 1 2 7ｃｍ ,比沼泽型水牛大 ,经产母牛的乳房呈下垂状 ,沼泽型水牛的乳房周长约 30～ 45ｃｍ。乳房附着于股骨间和耻骨区 ,内有一韧带将乳房固着于腹壁上 ,同时将乳房分为前后两半 ,每半中间又被一层薄膜隔开 ,分成左右两半 ,4个乳区互不相通 ,各有泌乳乳头。乳头为圆柱形 ,河流型水牛乳头长约 6～ 8ｃ…     

我国首例本土河流型水牛——槟榔江水牛的种质特征

槟榔江水牛在云南西部槟榔江上游的腾冲县饲养已有500年以上的历史。该水牛经过长期闭锁繁育和风土驯化，已适应当地亚热带气候环境，是我国发掘的首例本土河流型水牛类群。具有典型的河流型水牛体型外貌特征，但体型相对较小。遗传学分析表明：槟榔江水牛体细胞核型染色体数多为2n=50；其群体内遗传变异水平较高，遗传多样性丰富；该水牛与河流型水牛表现出较近的遗传关系，与沼泽型水牛遗传关系较远；确认在群体遗传组成和血统来源上，该水牛由差异十分明显的河流型和沼泽型两个世系所构成，但河流型水牛世系在该水牛群体中占主体，揭示该水牛存在一定的沼泽型水牛基因渗入。生产性能测定结果显示：该水牛一个泌乳期泌乳量为（2452．2±553．8）kg，比河流型摩拉和尼里一拉菲水牛高8．4％～15．0％，比沼泽型本地乳用水牛高124．4％～140．3％；且其乳质佳，乳蛋白率和乳脂率分别为4．60％和6．82％。该水牛在2008年经国家畜禽遗传资源委员会颁布为我国遗传资源的牛种之一，发展前景看好，将有望培育成中国首个河流型乳用水牛新品种。     

Teat characteristics in relation to animal temperament during milking in buffaloes,and comparison of buffalo and cow teat morphology

This study aimed to examine the teat characteristics in relation to the animal temperament during milking in the Anatolian buffaloes using ultrasonographic, histomorphological and immunohistochemical methods. The teat canal length (TCL), teat wall thickness (TWT), teat cisternal diameter (TCD), teat diameter (TD), teat length (TL), and teat circumference (TC) values in docile (n = 5) and nervous (n = 7) buffaloes were measured at the 0th, 3rd and 6th minute of stimulation. In additional experiments, comparative histomorphology and immunohistochemical examinations of buffalo (n = 7) and cow teats (n = 8) were performed. It was determined that post-stimulation mean TCL values were significantly higher in nervous buffaloes than those of teats in docile buffaloes (p < .05). A significant positive correlation between TCD and TD, TL and TC in both docile and nervous buffaloes was noted (p < .05). Unlike nervous buffaloes where only 3/14 teat canals were open by 3rd minute of milking stimulation, almost all (9/10) teat canals were observed opened in docile buffaloes. There were fewer muscle but more collagen bundles in buffalo teats compared with cow teats. It seems that temperament of animal during milking effects the milking efficiency, and in nervous buffaloes, probably the stimulation alone may not be sufficient for opening of the teat canal and hence achieve complete milking.     

Effects of maize (Zea mays L.) silage feeding on dry matter intake and milk production of dairy buffalo and cattle in Tarai, Nepal

To identify the effects of whole crop maize silage (MS) as a substitute for rice straw (RS) on feed intake and milk production of mid-late lactating buffalo and cattle in Tarai, Nepal, eight Murrah and eight Jersey-Hariana were fed the basal diet, RS ( ad libitum ) with concentrate (0.68% of bodyweight [BW] on a dry matter [DM] basis). A 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment was conducted in each animal species with graded levels of MS substitution for RS (0%, T1; 33%, T2; 67%, T3 and 100%, T4). The MS had higher digestibility and total digestible nutrient (TDN) than RS. The DM intake per BW of the both species was highest in T3. The substitution of MS for RS increased the crude protein intake and the TDN intake in the both species. Although the buffalo showed the highest milking performance in T4, the cattle showed no significant differences in their milking performance among the treatments. The substitution of MS for RS improved the feed intake and milk production in the buffalo. On the other hand, the milk yield was not raised in the cattle, though the feed intake was increased by the substitution.     

日粮钙水平对泌乳水牛生产性能的影响

为了探讨日粮钙水平对泌乳水牛生产性能的影响,本试验选用12头胎次、泌乳时间、泌乳量相近的水牛,随机分成4组,每组3头水牛。采用4×4拉丁方试验方法,4组水牛基础日粮中钙含量分别占基础日粮干物质的0.47%、0.62%、0.78%、0.93%,其他营养成分均相同,其中磷占采食干物质比例为0.50%;共4期试验,每一试验期21 d,其中预饲期7 d,正饲期14 d。试验结果表明:1、不同钙水平日粮对泌乳水牛的产奶性能影响不显著(P>0.05),但0.78%钙水平日粮组水牛的产奶量分别比其他3组提高5.4%、5.5%、3.9%,不同钙水平对水牛奶营养成分影响不显著(P>0.05)。2、不同钙水平日粮对水牛血浆中钙含量影响差异显著(P<0.05);随着日粮钙水平的上升,水牛血液甲状旁腺素和1,25二羟基维生素D呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05)。综合各指标,日粮钙占采食干物质的比例为0.78%能进一步提高泌乳水牛产奶量。     

日粮阴阳离子水平对围产期奶水牛泌乳性能的影响

本试验研究了日粮阴阳离子(DCAD)水平对围产期的泌乳水牛采食量、尿液pH值、泌乳初期泌乳性能的影响。选择32头2胎以上、品种、上期泌乳量、健康体况相似的处于围产期的泌乳水牛,随机分成4个组,分别饲喂DCAD水平为+139.89、+54.22、-29.11和-110.21mmoL/kg的4种日粮进行试验,试验期为产前21 d开始至产后30 d。结果表明:随着日粮DCAD水平的降低,各组间试验水牛干物质采食量无显著差异,尿液pH值随之显著降低。各组产奶量无显著差异,但可提高水牛产后泌乳量2.50%～4.86%,极显著降低水牛乳体细胞数(P<0.01);乳蛋白率、乳脂率、乳糖率均有显著提高(P<0.05)。综上所述,泌乳水牛日粮适宜DCAD水平为-110.21 mmoL/kg左右。     

A review on breeding and genetic strategies in Iranian buffaloes (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bubalus bubalis</Emphasis>)

The aim of current study was to review breeding progress and update information on genetic strategies in Iranian buffaloes. Iranian buffalo is one of the vital domestic animals throughout north, north-west, south and south-west of Iran with measurable characteristics both in milk and meat production. The species plays an important role in rural economy of the country due to its unique characteristics such as resistance to diseases and parasites, having long productive lifespan and showing higher capability of consuming low-quality forage. In Iran, total production of milk and meat devoted to buffaloes are 293,000 and 24,700 tons, respectively. Selection activities and milk yield recording are carrying out by the central government through the Animal Breeding Centre of Iran. The main breeding activities of Iranian buffaloes included the estimation of genetic parameters and genetic trends for performance traits using different models and methods, estimation of economic values and selection criteria and analysis of population structure. Incorporating different aspects of dairy buffalo management together with improved housing, nutrition, breeding and milking, is known to produce significant improvements in buffalo production. Therefore, identifying genetic potential of Iranian buffaloes, selection of superior breeds, improving nutritional management and reproduction and developing the education and increasing the skills of practical breeders can be useful in order to enhance the performance and profitability of Iranian buffaloes.     

饲喂发酵啤酒糟对尼温一代奶水牛泌乳性能的影响

[目的]为了探索发酵啤酒糟对尼温一代奶水牛泌乳量及奶质量的影响。[方法]选择生产性能相近的健康尼温一代奶水牛27头,随机分为3组,每组9头,试验I组用5kg发酵啤酒糟（替代0.5kg精料）与精料搭配饲喂,试验Ⅱ组用5kg发酵啤酒糟（替代1kg精料）与精料搭配饲喂,对照组直接饲喂精料。[结果]表明,在120d的试验期内：①鲜啤酒糟经发酵酶解,菌体蛋白饲料的粗蛋白含量达9.1%,提高了32.65%,粗纤维含量达9.1%,下降7.14%,pH值从4.2降至4.02;②奶水牛的平均产奶量：试验I组比对照组、试验II组分别提高10.01%和7.50%,均差异显著（P〈0.05）,而试验II组比对照组提高2.33%,但差异不显著（P〉0.05）。③发酵啤酒糟与精料合理搭配饲喂可提高水牛奶的乳脂和乳蛋白含量,并可使水牛较快进入高产奶期,而且产奶高峰后产奶量下降比较平稳[1]。[结论]发酵啤酒糟与精料合理搭配饲喂有利于提高泌乳奶水牛的产奶量及其乳脂、乳蛋白的含量。     

沼泽型水牛微卫星DNA的遗传多样性分析

为探究中国沼泽型水牛品种或类群的遗传多样性,本研究采用了沼泽型水牛30个微卫星标记结合LabChip芯片检测法对德昌水牛、德宏水牛、温州水牛、贵州水牛、西林水牛、富钟水牛及两个引进品种摩拉水牛、尼里－拉菲水牛等40个样本进行了检测和遗传多样性分析。结果表明,在30个微卫星DNA标记上共发现332个等位基因,平均基因多样性和PIC值分别为0.7808和0.7554。聚类分析结果显示,德宏水牛和德昌水牛先聚为一类,随后与富钟水牛、贵州水牛、温州水牛、西林水牛聚为一类;摩拉水牛与尼里－拉菲水牛聚为一类。本研究证实了所选的30个沼泽型水牛微卫星DNA标记可作为有效的遗传标记用于水牛品种间的遗传多样性分析,同时也丰富了当前的水牛微卫星标记资源。     

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Microsatellite DNA Markers in Swamp Buffalo

This study was aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of swamp buffalo breeds in China.The analysis of genetic diversity was performed in 40 buffalo individuals from 8 buffalo breeds（Dechang buffalo,Dehong buffalo,Wenzhou buffalo,Guizhou buffalo,Xilin buffalo,Fuzhong buffalo,Murrah buffalo and Nili-Ravi buffalo）by 30 microsatellite loci and LabChip chip test method.The results showed that 332 alleles at 30 microsatellite loci were found in 8 buffalo breeds,the average values of gene diversity and PIC were 0.7808 and 0.7554,respectively.Cluster analysis indicated that Dechang buffalo and Dehong buffalo firstly clustered together,followed by Fuzhong buffalo,Guizhou buffalo,Wenzhou buffalo and Xilin buffalo.Moreover,Murrah buffalo and Nili-Ravi buffalo clustered together.Our findings revealed that the 30 microsatellite loci could be used as an effective genetic marker for the analysis of genetic diversity among the buffalo breeds,which enriched the current SSR marker resources in buffalo.     

Isolation of Mycobacterium spp. from milking buffaloes and cattle in Nepal

In Nepal, mycobacterial isolates obtained from the milk and feces of buffaloes and cattle that were positive for the single intradermal cervical tuberculin (SICT) tests were genetically identified. A total of 36 mycobacterial strains were isolated from 39% of the buffaloes (14 of 36) and 34% of the cattle (11 of 32). Of the 36 strains, 13 were identified as M. bovis, and these strains were isolated from 17% of the buffaloes (6 of 36) and 16% of the cattle (5 of 32). M. bovis was isolated from both the milk and feces of one buffalo and one cattle, the milk alone of three buffaloes and three cattle, and the feces alone of two buffaloes and one cattle. These results suggest that milking buffaloes and cattle infected with M. bovis exist in Nepal. The remaining 23 strains were atypical mycobacteria. A program for the elimination of bovine tuberculosis should be implemented as soon as possible, and the public health education and proper hygienic practices may be required.