GnRH免疫对公、母猪生产的影响

综述了GnRH免疫对猪生产的影响及其作用机理，以及影响GnRH免疫的因素，对进一步研究GnRH免疫具有重要参考价值。     

GnRH二聚体和GnRH并列二聚体合成肽疫苗对大鼠的免疫去势效果

为了比较GnRH二聚体和GnRH并列二聚体单次和两次免疫对雄性大鼠的免疫去势效果。将上述两种GnRH疫苗,分组免疫SD大鼠,免疫后每两周检测大鼠血清中的GnRH抗体滴度和血清睾酮水平、睾丸重量和组织结构变化。结果显示,两次免疫试验组的抗体滴度显著高于单次免疫试验组的抗体滴度(P<0.05);GnRH二聚体抗原免疫效果优于GnRH并列二聚体抗原的免疫效果,且差异极显著(P<0.01)。免疫组大鼠血清睾酮水平及睾丸重量均极显著低于空白对照组(P<0.01)。免疫去势效果显著的大鼠只数统计显示,GnRH二聚体(5/6)和GnRH并列二聚体(4/6)两次免疫均多于单次免疫(4/6和3/6)。同时,组织学观察结果可见,免疫组大鼠睾丸组织结构萎缩,曲精小管管径变窄,内部精母细胞脱落,精子变少或者没有。表明GnRH二聚体疫苗与GnRH并列二聚体疫苗均能达到去势效果,前者优于后者,两次免疫优于一次免疫。     

GnRH免疫对肉牛去势效果及生产性能的影响

本文综述了GnRH免疫的作用机理及其在肉牛免疫去势和生产性能影响方面的研究进展，并展望了该项技术在国内肉牛畜牧业发展方面的应用前景。     

GnRH主动免疫对动物生殖的研究进展

GnRH主动免疫是近年来新兴起的一项生育调控技术,且得到了很大的发展。本文全面综述了GnRH的结构与生殖功能,GnRH免疫动物的机理、对动物生殖系统的影响、在动物生殖上的应用以及前景,为进一步研究GnRH主动免疫提供科学的理论依据。     

GnRH免疫公猪的研究进展

本文主要综述了促性腺激素释放激素(gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone,GnRH)免疫公猪的原理和可行性,以及GnRH免疫对公猪生殖激素、睾丸、性欲和生产性能的影响,并指出今后研究的趋势和方向。     

GnRH—I疫苗的功能及其应用的研究进展

随着生物化学、免疫学及内分泌学的发展，出现了一个新的边缘学科——激素免疫学，并由此出现了激素免疫中和技术（Hormone immunoneutralization，HIN），即用抗体中和体内的内源性激素的生物活性。这是一种特殊的自体免疫形式，是影响内分泌调节系统的一种极为灵敏和高度特异性的方法。由此，GnRH—I疫苗开始正式提出，其作用原理是：GnRH—I疫苗主动免疫动物后，机体产生大量的抗GnRH—I的特异性抗体，     

GnRH并列体二聚体主动免疫对公兔性腺的影响

用GnRH并列体二聚体主动免疫公兔，观察了免疫对公兔性腺及体重的影响。结果表明，免疫不影响公兔体重的工，而使公兔睾丸重量降低，就纵长缩短，表明性腺有萎缩的趋势。     

重组CRM197-4GnRH去势疫苗抗原分子的原核表达及免疫效果评价

通过大肠杆菌表达系统对CRM₁₉₇-4GnRH重组去势疫苗抗原进行表达,采用不同种类佐剂制备疫苗,研究其对大鼠的免疫去势作用,为获得1种免疫效果好、有效期长、生产成本低的促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)免疫去势基因工程疫苗提供借鉴。采用白喉毒素无毒突变体(CRM₁₉₇)与4拷贝GnRH串联,将CRM₁₉₇-4GnRH基因与表达载体连接,并通过优化试验确定大肠杆菌的最优表达条件,用SDS-PAGE和Western blot鉴定目标蛋白的表达情况。将融合蛋白与不同佐剂乳化,制备成9种测试疫苗后分别免疫大鼠,测定血清中GnRH抗体滴度和睾酮浓度。结果显示,重组大肠杆菌的最优表达条件为诱导时间表达5 h,培养基为LB液体培养基,IPTG诱导浓度为0.5 mmol/L;通过SDS-PAGE和Western blot试验,表明目标融合蛋白已成功表达;动物试验结果表明,重组疫苗水包油包水佐剂组、重组疫苗油包水佐剂组、GnRH+Th抗原(辅助型T细胞抗原)表位(G1抗原)油包水佐剂组测试疫苗免疫大鼠较其他组GnRH抗体滴度显著升高、睾酮浓...     

在液体代乳日粮和干日粮中添加左旋精氨酸可提高21日龄断乳后头3周的仔猪生产性能

本研究的目的是评价GnRH（促性腺激素释放激素）疫苗——Improvac（TM）（Pfizer）抑制公猪攻击行为和性行为的效果。136头猪分为3组：完整公猪组（64头，即非去势非免疫组），抗GnRH免疫去势组（48头）和手术去势组（24头）。     

GnRH类似物疫苗免疫去势效果的影响因素

利用GnRH类似物疫苗主动免疫动物机体可达到与手术去势类似的效果,同时避免了手术去势对动物机体产生的影响。抗原、佐剂、免疫次数、免疫剂量以及免疫时间都会对其免疫效果产生影响。采用GnRH类似物疫苗免疫动物通常需要有力的佐剂以及多次加强免疫来克服个体反应的差异性。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.