Experimental Eperythrozoon ovis infection of sheep

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Eperythrozoon ovis is an epi-erythrocytic sheep parasite of uncertain classification with a world-wide distribution (Sutton, 1970 Sutton, R. H. 1970. Eperythrozoon ovis — a blood parasite of sheep. N.Z vet. J., 18: 156–164. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]), but whether eperythrozoonosis is a disease of economic importance remains unresolved. In Scotland, Foggie and Nisbet (1964 Foggie, A. and Nisbet, D. I. 1964. Studies on Eperythrozoon infection in sheep. J. comp. Path., 74: 45–61.  [Google Scholar]), found that experimentally E. ovis caused a clinical anaemia, occasionally with jaundice, but there was no significant difference in weight gain between infected and control sheep. Similar observations in naturally infected sheep were recorded in Norway by Overas (1969 Overas, I. 1969. Studies on Eperythrozoon ovis infection in sheep. Acta vet. Scand., Suppl. 28 [Google Scholar]), and in Australia by Harbutt (1969b Harbutt, R. Patricia. 1969b. The effect of Eperythrozoon ovis infection on body weight gain and haematology of lambs in Victoria. Aust. vet. J., 45: 500–504.  [Google Scholar]), Other Australian authors have found infection by this parasite; associated with outbreaks of ill-thrift in lambs (Sheriff et al., 1966 Sheriff, D., Clapp, K. H. and Reid, A. Marjorie. 1966. Eperythrozoon ovis infection in South Australia. Aust. vet. J., 42: 169–176.  [Google Scholar]) and severe anaemia with some mortality (Littlejohns, 1960 Littlejohns, I. R. 1960. Eperythrozoon ovis in sheep. Aust. vet. f., 36: 260–265.  [Google Scholar]; Maxwell, 1969 Maxwell, J. A. L. 1969. Eperythrozoon ovis infection in Western Australia. Ausf. vet. J., 45: 436–436.  [Google Scholar]; Campbell et al., 1971 Campbell, R. W., Sloan, C. A. and Harbutt, R. Patricia. 1971. Observations on mortality in lambs in Victoria associated with Eperythrozoon ovis. Aust. vet. J., 47: 538–541.  [Google Scholar]). Although the presence of strains of different pathogenicity has been suggested (Foggie and Nisbet, 1964 Foggie, A. and Nisbet, D. I. 1964. Studies on Eperythrozoon infection in sheep. J. comp. Path., 74: 45–61.  [Google Scholar], 1966 Foggie, A. and Nisbet, D. I. 1966. Eperyihrozoon ovis. Vet. Rec., 79: 297–298.  [Google Scholar]; Harbutt, 1969a Harbutt, R. Patricia. 1969a. The incidence and clinical significance of Eperythrozoon ovis infections of sheep in Victoria. Ausf vet. J., 45: 493–499.  [Google Scholar]), other factors influencing the disease should also be considered (Littlejohns, 1960 Littlejohns, I. R. 1960. Eperythrozoon ovis in sheep. Aust. vet. f., 36: 260–265.  [Google Scholar]).     

Genital infection of ram hoggets associated with a gram-negative pleomorphic organism

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An acute epididymitis affecting mainly young rams and associated with a gram-negative pleomorphic organism was first reported in New Zealand in 1955 (1) Dodd, D. C. and Hartley, W. J. 1955. A specific suppurative epididymitis of rams. N.Z. vet. J., 3: 105–110. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]. Subsequently a similar syndrome attributed to Actinobacillus seminis has been reported in Border Leicester and other rams in Australia (2) Baynes, I. D. and Simmons, G. C. 1960. Ovine epididymitis caused by Actinobacillus seminis. N.Sp. Aust. vet. J., 36: 454–459.  [Google Scholar] (3) Simmons, G. C., Baynes, I. D. and Ludford, C. G. 1966. Epidemiology of Actinobacillus seminis in a flock of Border Leicester sheep. Aust. vet. J., 42: 183–187.  [Google Scholar] (4) Baynes, I. D. and Simmons, G. C. 1968. Clinical and pathological studies of Border Leicester rams naturally infected with Actinobacillus seminis. Aust. vet. J., 44: 339–343.  [Google Scholar]. A like condition also described in Australia in a single crossbred ram was causally attributed to Histophilus ovis (5) Claxton, P. D. and Everett, R. E. 1966. Recovery of an organism resembling Histophilus ovis from a ram. Aust. vet. J., 42: 457–458.  [Google Scholar]. Actinobacillus seminis was isolated from an epididymal infection in a Rambouillet ram in America (6) Livingston, C. W. and Hardy, W. T. 1964. Isolation of Actinobacillus seminis from ovine epididymitis. Am. J. vet. Res., 25: 660–663.  [Google Scholar] and from a Dorper ram in South Africa(7) Worthingron, R. W. and Bosman, P. P. 1968. Isolation of Actinobacillus seminis in South Africa. J I. S. Aft. vet. med. Ass., 39: 81–85.  [Google Scholar].     

Diffuse mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis in a horse

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Spontaneous glomerulonephritis has been considered an uncommon and ill-defined disease in domestic animals (Jubb and Kennedy, 1970 Jubb, K. V. F. and Kennedy, P. C. 1970. Pathology of Domestic Animals, 2nd ed., Vol. 2, 296–298. New York: Academic Press.  [Google Scholar]). In a survey of 236 cases of nephritis in horses, cattle, sheep, pigs and dogs, Langham and Hallman (1941 Langham, R. F. and Hallman, E. I. 1941. The incidence of glomerulonephritis in domesticated animals. J. Am. vet. Med. Ass., 99: 471–475.  [Google Scholar]) detected primary glomerular abnormalities in only 7. However, recent studies incorporating electron microscopic, or immunofluorescence examination, or both, of renal tissue suggest that glomerulonephritis is not uncommon. During the past 5 years it has been reported in sheep (Angus et al., 1973 Angus, K. W., Gardiner, A. C., Sykes, A. R. and Davison, A. M. 1973. A rapidly progressing mesangio-capillary glomerulonephritis in Finnish Landrace lambs. Vet. Rec., 92: 337–338.  [Google Scholar]), dogs (Krohn et al., 1973 Krohn, K., Jokelainen, P. I. and Sandholm, M. 1973. Light and electron microscopic observations on glomerular changes in canine interstitial nephritis. Acta path., microbiol. scand. Section A, 81: 461–473.  [Google Scholar]) and cats (Slauson et al., 1971 Slauson, D. O., Russell, S. W. and Schechter, R. D. 1971. Naturally occurring immune-complex glomerulonephritis in the cat. J. Path., 103: 131–133.  [Google Scholar]; Farrow and Huxtable, 1971 Farrow, B. R. H. and Huxtable, C. R. R. 1971. Membranous nephropathy and the nephrotic syndrome in the cat. J. comp. Path., 81: 463–467.  [Google Scholar]), and in 6 of 45 horses examined at a commercial slaughterhouse in the U.S.A. (Banks and Henson, 1972 Banks, K. L. and Henson, J. B. 1972. Immunologically mediated glomerulonephritis of horses. II. Antiglomerular basement membrane antibody and other mechanisms in spontaneous disease. Lab. Invest., 26: 708–715.  [Google Scholar]).     

Cutaneous antigen-antibody reactions in the sheep

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It is clear that the early permeability response in the sheep that follows chemical and thermal injury, is mediated by histamine (Lancaster and Vegad, 1967 Lancaster, M. C. and Vegad, J. L. 1967. Suppression of the early inflammatory response in the sheep by strophanthin G. Nature, Lond., 213: 840–841.  [Google Scholar]; Vegad, 1971a Vegad, J. L. 1971a. Effect of thermal injury on vascular permeability in the sheep. Indian J. exp. Biol., 9: 111–112.  [Google Scholar], b Vegad, J. L. 1971b. Leucocyte emigration following intradermal injection of histamine, 5-hydroxytrypta-mine and bradykinin in the sheep. Indian J. exp Biol., 9: 113–114.  [Google Scholar]). This is similar to the situation in the rat and the guinea-pig (Spector and Willoughby, 1965 Spector, W. G. and Willoughby, D. A. 1965. The Inflammatory Process, Edited by: Zwiefach, B. W., Grant, L. and Mc-Cluskey, R. T. 427–427. New York: Academic Press. In [Google Scholar]). In contrast to the situation in the rat and the guinea-pig, various nucleosides (Vegad, 1970c Vegad, J. L. 1970c. Effect of hyaluronidase and nucleosides on vascular permeability in sheep and its suppression by mepyramine maleate. Indian J. exp. Biol., 8: 141–142.  [Google Scholar]), hyaluronidase (Vegad, 1970c Vegad, J. L. 1970c. Effect of hyaluronidase and nucleosides on vascular permeability in sheep and its suppression by mepyramine maleate. Indian J. exp. Biol., 8: 141–142.  [Google Scholar]), 5-hydroxytryptamine, turpentine-induced pleural exudates and the lymph node cell extracts also release histamine in the sheep skin (Vegad, 1967 Fischel, E. E. and Kabat, E. A. 1947. Quantitative study of Arthus phenomenon induced passively in rabbit. J. Immun., 55: 337–343.  [Google Scholar]). From these results it was thought possible that cutaneous antigen-antibody reactions might also release histamine in the sheep, and this possibility has been investigated in the present experiments.     

Vesico-ureteral reflux in the dog

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Recent interest in the subject of vesicoureteral reflux (regurgitation of the vesical contents into the ureters) in man has lead to many experimental investigations of this phenomenon in dogs (Ross and Thompson, 1963 Ross, G. and Thompson, I. M. 1963. The relationship of non-obstructive reflux and chronic pyelonephritis: An experimental study. J. Urol., 90: 391–394.  [Google Scholar]; Schoenberg et al, 1963 Schoenberg, H. W., Beisswanger, P., Howard, W., Walter, C. F. and Murphy, J. J. 1963. Effect of lower urinary tract infection upon ureteral function. Amer. Coll. Surgeons Surgical Forum, 14: 483–484.  [Google Scholar]; Levers and Metcalfe, 1964 Levers, P. E. and Metcalfe, J. O. 1964. Urethral resistance measurement: Vesicoureteral reflux and age. J. Urol., 91: 368–375.  [Google Scholar]; Schoenberg et al, 1964 Schoenberg, H. W., Beisswanger, P., Howard, W., Walter, C. F. and Murphy, J. J. 1964. Effect of lower urinary tract infection on ureteral function. J. Urol., 92: 107–108.  [Google Scholar]; Scott, 1964(a) Scott, J. E. S. 1964a. An experimental investigation into the effects of prolonged vesico-ureteric reflux. Brit. J. Urol., 36: 391–398.  [Google Scholar]; Scott, 1964(b) Scott, J. E. S. 1964b. An experimental study of urinary infection and vesico-ureteric reflux. Brit. J. Urol., 36: 501–509.  [Google Scholar]; Cass and Lenaghan, 1965 Cass, A. S. and Lenaghan, D. 1965. The influence of posture on the occurrence of vesico-ureteral reflux. Invest. Urol., 2: 523–529.  [Google Scholar]; Mori and Hara, 1965 Mori, Y. and Hara, T. 1965. Vesicoureteral reflux. Part I. Experimental observation on the mechanism of the prevention of vesicoureteral reflux. Mio. Med. Med. J., 14: 245–249.  [Google Scholar]; Sommer and Roberts, 1966 Sommer, J. L. and Roberts, J. A. 1966. Ureteral reflux resulting from chronic urinary infection in dogs: Long term studies. J. Urol., 95: 502–510.  [Google Scholar]; King and Idriss, 1967 King, L. R. and Idriss, F. S. 1967. The effect of vesicoureteral reflux on renal function in dogs. Invest. Urol., 4: 419–427.  [Google Scholar]). Little, however, has been written on the naturally-occurring condition seen in canine clinical practice. In fact, apart from isolated reports from experimental workers (Barksdale and Baker, 1930 Barksdale, E. S. and Baker, W. W. 1930. The effect of denervation of the lower ureter upon the incidence of ureteral reflux in the dog. J. Urol., 24: 263–268.  [Google Scholar]; Scott and de Luca, 1960 Scott, J. E. S. and de Luca, F. G. 1960. Further studies on the uretero-vesical junction of the dog. Brit. J. Urol., 32: 320–323.  [Google Scholar]) it has rarely been seriously considered as a complication of urinary disorders by practising veterinarians.     

Recent insecticides: Their efficacy as plunge dips against the biting louse,Damalinia ovis,and the ked,Melophagus ovinus,on sheep

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At the Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Thomas (1958 Thomas, P. L. 1958. The control of lice (Damalinia ovis) and keds (Melophagus ovinus) — a comparison of the efficiency of common insecticides. N.Z. Jl agric. Res., 1: 217–223. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]) and Greenwood (1964 Greenwood, E. S. 1964. Louse control in sheep — a comparison of seven dipping preparations. N.Z. Jl agric. Res., 7: 382–385. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]) have tested a number of insecticides against biting lice and keds on sheep. The present paper reports hitherto unpublished work by Millar (nee Greenwood) up to 1966 and more recent work carried out since her departure.     

The prevalence of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and Mycoplasma arginini in the respiratory tract of sheep

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In an initial study of mycoplasmas of the respiratory tract of New Zealand sheep a number of strains of mycoplasma were recovered and identified as either M. ovipneumoniae or M. arginini (Clarke et al., 1974 Clarke, J. K., Brown, V. G. and Alley, M. R. 1974. Isolation and identification of mycoplasmas from the respiratory tract of sheep in New Zealand. N.Z. vet. J., 22: 117–121. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]). Investigations in Australia have produced evidence that M. ovipneumoniae is associated with a proliferative interstitial pneumonia in Queensland sheep (Sullivan et al., 1973 Sullivan, N. D., St. George, T. D. and Horsfall, N. 1973. A proliferative interstitial pneumonia of sheep associated with mycoplasma infection. I. Natural history of the disease in a flock. Aust. vet. J., 49: 57–62.  [Google Scholar]) and for this reason the present survey was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of mycoplasmas in the respiratory tract of sheepin New Zealand.     

Potentiated trimethoprim for the therapy of calf scours

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Trimethoprim became generally available 3 years ago, following its original discovery as a unique antibacterial agent for combating diseases of both man and animals (Hitchings and Bushby, 1961 Hitchings, G. H. and Bushby, S. R. M. 5-Benzyl-2, 4-diaminopyrimidines a new class of systemic anti-bacterial agents. 5th Int. Congr. Biochem. Moscow. pp.165–165.  [Google Scholar]; Pugsley et al., 1969 Pugsley, D. G., Mwanje, L., Pearson, C and Blowers, R. 1969. Use of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole in tropical Africa: Typhoid fever; Salmonella typhi carriage and Staphylococcus aureus sepsis. Postgrad, med. J., 45: 95–99. Nov. 1969, Suppl. [Google Scholar]; McGuinness, 1969 McGuinness, B. W. 1969. A combination of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole in upper respiratory infection. Postgrad, med. J., 45: 99–101. Nov. 1969, Suppl. [Google Scholar]; McCaig, 1970 McCaig, J. 1970. A clinical trial using trimethoprim-sulphadiazine in dogs and cats. Vet. Rec., 87: 265–265.  [Google Scholar]; Barnett and Bushby, 1970 Barnett, Margaret and Bushby, S. R. M. 1970. Trimethoprim and the sulphonamides. Vet. Rec., 87: 43–51.  [Google Scholar]; Rehm and White, 1970 Rehm, W. F. and White, G. 1970. A field trial with trimethoprim and sulphadoxine in bacterial diseases of cattle and pigs. Vet. Rec., 87: 39–42.  [Google Scholar]; Craig 1972 Craig, G. R. 1972. The place of potentiated trimethoprim in the therapy of diseases of the skin in dogs and cats. J. small Anim. Pract., 13: 65–70.  [Google Scholar]).     

Rhinitis and sinusitis involving Aspergillus fumigatus in a dog

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Fungi of the genus Aspergillus are ubiquitous, but their involvement in clinical disease in man and other mammals is relatively uncommon. When involved in a disease process they are generally considered to be a secondary complicating factor to other underlying local or systemic conditions (Zimmerman, 1955 Zimmerman, L. E. 1955. Fatal fungus infections complicating other diseases. Am. J. clin. Path., 25: 46–65.  [Google Scholar]; Smith, 1962 Smith, D. T. 1962. Symposium Summation. Lab. Invest., 11: 1239–1241.  [Google Scholar]; Cordes and Shortridge, 1968 Cook, W. R., Campbell, R. S. F. and Dawson, C. 1968. The pathology and aetiology of guttural pouch mycosis in the horse. Vet. Rec., 83: 422–438.  [Google Scholar]; Kilman et al, 1969 Kilman, T. W., Ahn, C., Andrews, M. C. and Klassen, K. 1969. Surgery for pulmonary aspergillosis. J., thorac. cardiovasc. Surg., 57: 642–647.  [Google Scholar]; McCausland, 1972 McCausland, I. P. 1972. Systemic mycoses in two cats. N.Z. vet. J., 20: 10–12. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]).     

Importance of the ewe as a source of trichostrongyle infection for lambs: Control of the spring-rise phenomenon by a single postlambing anthelmintic treatment

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There are two principal sources of initial infection for the young lamb, the ewe grazing with it and the residual pasture infection resulting from any previous grazing. Several workers (Hawkins et al., 1944 Hawkins, P. A., Cole, C. L., Kline, E. E. and Drudge, J. H. 1944. Studies of sheep parasites. I. The course of untreated nematode infections. Vet. Med., 39: 154–161.  [Google Scholar]; Leiper, 1951 Leiper, J. W. G. 1951. Anew approach to phenothiazine therapy in sheep. Vet. Rec., 63: 885–889.  [Google Scholar]; Spedding and Brown, 1956 Spedding, C. R. W. and Brown, T. H. 1956. The “spring rise” in the nematode egg-count of sheep. J. Helminth., 29: 171–178. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]; Spedding, 1962 Spedding, C. R. W. 1962. Modern trends in animal health and husbandry. The agricultural ecology of sheep grazing. Brit. vet. J., 118: 461–481.  [Google Scholar]; Crofton, 1958 Crofton, H. D. 1958. Nematode parasite populations in sheep on lowland farms. V. Further observations on the post-parturient rise and a discussion of its significance. Parasitology, 48: 243–250.  [Google Scholar]; Soulsby, 1962 Soulsby, E. J. L. 1962. “Immunity to helminths and its effect on helminth infections”. In Animal Health and Production, 165–183. London: Butterworths.  [Google Scholar]) believe that the former is generally the more important.     

The occurrence of antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea,infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and parainfluenza 3 viruses in sera from New Zealand cattle

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Despite many viruses having been isolated from bovine respiratory and intestinal tracts, only those of bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD), bovine parainfluenza 3 (PI 3) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis-infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR) have so far been associated with specific clinical complexes. Serological surveys have demonstrated the wide geographical distribution of all three viruses (Huck, 1962 Hack, R. A. 1962. Some recently isolated viruses from cattle. Vet. Bull., 32: 493–504.  [Google Scholar]; Paterson, 1962 Paterson, A. B. 1962. Virus diseases in calves. Vet. Rec., 74: 1384–1389.  [Google Scholar]; French and Snowdon, 1964 French, E. L. and Snowdon, W. A. 1964. Mucosal disease in Australian cattle. Aust. vet. J., 40: 99–105.  [Google Scholar]; Dawson and Darbyshire, 1964 Dawson, P. S. and Darbyshire, J. H. 1964. The occurrence and distribution in the United Kingdom of antibodies to parainfluenza 3 and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis viruses in bovine sera. Vet. Rec., 76: 111–115.  [Google Scholar]), although so far only IBR has been confirmed as being present in New Zealand (Webster and Manktelow, 1959 Webster, R. G. and Manktelow, B. W. 1959. Some observations on bovine rhinotracheitis in New Zealand. N.Z. vet. J., 7: 143–148. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]). However, in view of a previous outbreak of a mucosal-like disease (Salisbury etal., 1961 Salisbury, R. M., Hartley, W. J., Mcintosh, I. G., Hansen, N. F., Te Punga, W. A. and Jamieson, S. 1961. A mucosal disease-like syndrome of cattle in New Zealand. Bull. Off. int. Epiz., 56: 62–79.  [Google Scholar]) together with the frequent occurrence of upper respiratory tract symptoms, it seemed most unlikely that other members of this virus trio would be absent from cattle in this country.     

Prevalence of antibodies to infectious laryngotracheitis virus in poultry in New Zealand

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Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an acute respiratory disease of fowls which was first reported from the U.S.A. by May and Tittsler (1925) Adlakha, S. C. 1966. A serological investigation to determine respiratory infections of poultry in India. Avian Dis., 10: 401–404.  [Google Scholar]. Both severe acute forms with high mortality and chronic enzootic forms with low mortality have been described, and the earlier literature was reviewed by Jordan (1966) Chang, P. W., Yates, V. J., Dardiri, A. H. and Fry, D. E. 1960. Some observations of the propagation of infectious laryngotracheitis virus in tissue culture. Avian Dis., 4: 384–390.  [Google Scholar]. In New Zealand ILT virus was first isolated in 1957 (Webster, 1959 Hitcher, S. B., Shea, C. A. and White, P. G. 1958. Studies on a serum neutralization test for the diagnosis of laryngotracheitis in chickens. Avian Dis., 2: 258–269.  [Google Scholar]).     

Experimental Ostertagia infection of sheep: Pathology following a single high dose of larvae

Abstract

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Poisoning of cattle and sheep with superphosphate where the fertilizer was stored within reach of the animals has been reported by Romanenko (1954 Romanenko, K. L. 1954. Poisoning of farm animals with superphosphate. Veterinariya, 31(8): 52–52.  [Google Scholar]). In New Zealand losses of pregnant and lactating ewes grazing pastures topdressed with phosphatic fertilizers have been recognixed for several years, and records kept since 1965 show that 39 outbreaks have been reported to Ruakura Animal Health Laboratory (P. J. O'Hara, pers. comm.). Swan and McIntosh (1952 Swan, J. B. and Mcintosh, I. G. 1952. The toxicity of North African phosphate and superphosphate to milking cows. Proc. N.Z. Soc. Anim. Prod., 12: 83–88.  [Google Scholar]) have described the toxicity to dairy cows of grazing pasture topdressed with North African phosphate and superphosphate. The toxic factor was later identified as fluorine (Animal Research Division of the New Zealand Department of Agriculture Reports 1952–3, p. 28; 1953–4, p. 34; 1954–5, p. 35). Phosphatic fertilizers are known to contain 1 to 4% fluorine (Caro, 1964 Caro, J. H. 1964. Superphosphate. Its History, Chemistry and Manufacture, Washington, D.C.: USDA arid TVA. In [Google Scholar]), and the danger of poisoning stock with fluorine in untreated phosphates used as feed supplements has been described by many authors (Emmerling, 1902 Emmerling, A. 1902. Warning against the use of toxiccalcium phosphate in feed. Milchzeitung, 31: 728–728.  [Google Scholar]; Dammann and Manegold, 1904 Dammann, C. and Manegold, O. 1904. Poisonings by fluorine-containing calcium phosphate used as a feed supplement. Dt tierarztl. Wscht., 12: 129–131.  [Google Scholar]; Gardiner, 1930 Gardner, U. R. 1930. Agricultural Experiment Station Report, 201–201. Michigan State College. June 30 [Google Scholar]; Phillips et al., 1934 Phillips, P. H., Hart, E. B. and Bohstedt, G. 1934. Chronic toxicosis in dairy cows due to the ingestion of fluorine. Wisconsin Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull., 123: 1–3.  [Google Scholar]; Hatfield et al., 1942 Hatfield, J. D., Shrewsbury, C. L. and Doyle, L. P. 1942. The value of rock phosphate as a supplement for sheep. J. Anim. Sci., 1: 59–59.  [Google Scholar]; Udall, 1947 Udall, D. H. 1947. The Practice of Veterinary Medicine, 5th ed., 724–725. Ithaca, New York: Udall.  [Google Scholar]; Fincher, 1952 Fincher, M. G. 1952. Fluorine Poisoning in Cattle. Report of the New York State Veterinary College of Cornell University 1950–51, : 34–34.  [Google Scholar]; Harris et al., 1952 Harris, L. E., Baird, G. T., Bateman, G. Q., Binns, W., Draper, C. I., Greenwood, D. A., Henderson, G. R., Jenkins, W. R., Rich, L. H., Thorne, D. W. and Wann, F. B. 1952. Recommended practices to reduce fluorosis in livestock and poultry. Utah State Agric. Coll. Agric. Exp. Sta. Circ., : 130–130.  [Google Scholar]; Crampton, 1954 Crampton, E. W. 1954. Fluorosis in dairy cows traced to rations. Can. Milling and Feed, 35(12): 24–26.  [Google Scholar]; Dale and Crampton, 1955 Dale, G. D. and Crampton, E. W. 1955. Observations on chronic fluorosis in dairy cattle. Can. J. comp. Med., 19: 6–16.  [Google Scholar]; Snook, 1962 Snook, L. C. 1962. Rock phosphate in stock feeds. The fluorine hazard. Aust. vet. J., 38: 42–47.  [Google Scholar]; Rek, 1967 Rek, L. 1967. Tolerance to dietary fluorine by farm animals. Agrochemia, 7: 334–336.  [Google Scholar]; Agarwala et al, 1971 Agarwala, O. N., Nath, K. and Mahadevan, V. 1971. Use of superphosphate as a phosphorus supplement for lambs — effect on calcination or supplementation with oral cobalt or parenteral vitamin B₁₂. J. agric. Sci., Camb., 77: 467–471.  [Google Scholar]).     

A limited serological survey of North Island cattle for antibody to a number of endemic viruses

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Little published data is available on the distribution and prevalence of viral diseases in the New Zealand cattle population. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus(4) Abinanti, F. R., Hoelein, A. B., Watson, R.L and Heuber, R. J. 1961. Serological studies of myxovirus para-influenza 3 in cattle and the prevalence of antibodies in bovines. J. Immunol., 86: 505–511.  [Google Scholar] (5) Bakos, K and Dinier, Z. 1960. Identification of a bovine mucosal disease virus isolated in Sweden as myxovirus parainfluenza 3. Nature, 185: 549–550.  [Google Scholar] (7) Dawson, P. S. 1963. The nature of substances present in normal bovine sera inhibiting the activity of parainfluenza 3 virus. J. Comp. Path., 73: 428–436.  [Google Scholar] and bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) virus (5) Bakos, K and Dinier, Z. 1960. Identification of a bovine mucosal disease virus isolated in Sweden as myxovirus parainfluenza 3. Nature, 185: 549–550.  [Google Scholar] (7) Dawson, P. S. 1963. The nature of substances present in normal bovine sera inhibiting the activity of parainfluenza 3 virus. J. Comp. Path., 73: 428–436.  [Google Scholar] (l0) Dean, R. A. and Burgess, G. W. 1976. A survey of New Zealand cattle sera for antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. N.Z. vet. J., 24: 198–200. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar] appear on serological grounds to be widespread. A serological survey by Fastier and Hansen (7) Dawson, P. S. 1963. The nature of substances present in normal bovine sera inhibiting the activity of parainfluenza 3 virus. J. Comp. Path., 73: 428–436.  [Google Scholar] also suggests that parainfluenza type 3 (PI₃) virus is common in the North Island.     

A survey of new zealand cattle sera for antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus

Abstract

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Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus has been associated with respiratory infection (Webster and Manktelow, 1959 Webster, R. C. and Manktelow, B. W. 1959. Some; observations on bovine rhinotracheitis in New Zealand. N.Z. vet. J., 7: 143–148. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]) and genital infections (Manktelow and Hansen, 1961 Manketlow, B. W. and Hansen, N. F. 1961. The isolation of a cytopathic agent resembling the virus of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis from an outbreak of pustular vulvovaginitis in cattle. N.Z. vet. J., 9: 136–140.  [Google Scholar]) in New Zealand. The possible role of IBR virus in abortion has been reviewed by Durham (1974 Durham, P. J. K. 1974. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virusand its role in bovine abortion. N.Z. vet. J., 22: 175–179. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]).     

Gastroenteritis and inanition diarrhoea of sheep transported by ship

Abstract

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“Gastroenteritis” of sheep being transported in bulk livestock ships has been reported ⁽¹⁾ Richards, RB, Norris, RT, Dunlop, RH and McQuade, NC. 1989. Causes of death in sheep exported live by sea. Australian Veterinary Journal, 37: 33–38.  [Google Scholar] ⁽²⁾ Black, H. 1989. Live sheep shipments. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 37: 175–175. [Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] ⁽³⁾ Davis, GB. 1989. The live sheep trade. Surveillance, 16(4): 24–26.  [Google Scholar], but still remains a poorly defined disease syndrome.     

A sheep mortality survey in Hawke's bay

Abstract

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Disease surveillance systems can take many forms, depending upon what is desired of them. Surveys of mortality can be useful as an integral part of any surveillance system, both as a record of the losses and as an indication as to which conditions may be responsible for lowering the thrift of the population. Both these sources of loss are important in reducing the monetary return from a stock population as a whole. Surveys of mortality can indicate the importance of low incidence diseases and can be used to identify conditions previously unknown in the area. Totally new diseases can also be detected in this manner. Many individual disease conditions as well as surveys of groups of diseases (Hartley and Kater, 1962 Hartley, W. J. and Kater, J. C. 1962. Observations on diseases of the central nervous system of sheep in New Zealand. N.Z. vet. J., 10: 128–142. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]; O'Hara and Shortridge, 1966 O'Hara, P. J. and Shortridge, E. H. 1966. Some diseases of the porcine central nervous system in New Zealand. N.Z. vet. J., 14: 1–12. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]; Shortridge and Cordes, 1971 Shortridge, E. H. and Cordes, D. O. 1971. Neoplasms in cattle: A survey of 372 neoplasms examined at the Ruakura Veterinary Diagnostic Station. N.Z. vet. J., 19: 5–11. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]) have been reported from material submitted to New Zealand laboratories and mortality studies on groups of animals have been undertaken elsewhere (Everitt and Evans, 1970 Everitt, G. C. and Evans, S. T. 1970. Beef production from a dairy herd: an analysis of mortalities. N.Z. vet. J., 18: 132–139. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]; Jackson et al., 1972 Jackson, C. A. W., Kingston, D. J. and Hemsley, L. A. 1972. A total mortality survey of nine batches of broiler chickens. Aust. vet. J., 48: 481–487.  [Google Scholar]).     

Treatment of Taenia hydatigena infections in dogs with-bunamidine hydroxynaphthoate incorporated in food

Abstract

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Theoretically, the life-cycle of the sheep metacestodes with their strobilate phase in dogs permits combinations of at least three methods of control. These are the prevention of dogs gaining access to larval cestodes, the chemical elimination of the strobilate and or the larval stage in the appropiate hosts, and the immunization of either the definitive or intermediate hosts or both. The first approach using arecoline hydrobromide primarilv as a diagnostic agent has reduced the prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus (Gemmell, 1968 Gemmell, M. A. 1968. The Styx field-trial. A study on the application of control measures against hydatid disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus. Bull. Wld Hlth Org., 39: 73–100.  [Google Scholar]). However, it did not markedly reduce the prevalence rate of Taenia hydatigena and may have been indirectly associated with an increase in that of Taenia ovis.     

Diarrhoeal diseases of the calf: Observations on treatment and prevention

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During the past two decades intestinal absorptive and secretory functions and the intestinal flora have been significantly clarified. Important concepts of intestinal dysfunction have emerged which have proved of immense clinical value(32) Moon, H. W. 1974. Pathogenesis of Enteric Diseases Caused by Escherichia coli. Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med, 18: 179–211. [PubMed] , [Google Scholar] (39) Phillips, S. F. 1972. Diarrhoea: A Current View of the Pathophysiology. Gastroenterology, 63: 495–518.  [Google Scholar] (46) Smith, H. W. 1965. Observations on the Flora of the Alimentary Tract of Animals and Factors Affecting its Composition. J. Pathol, 89: 95–122.  [Google Scholar] (47) Smith, H. W. 1971. The Bacteriology of the Alimentary Tract of Domestic Animals Suffering from E. coli Infection. Ann. N. Y. Acad Set, 176: 110–125.  [Google Scholar] (51) Soergel, K. H. 1973. New Concepts of Intestinal Function. Hepatogaslroenterol, 20: 351–358.  [Google Scholar]. Despite this, the medical and economic consequences of diarrhoea continue to beset the cattle industry(1) Barnum, D. A., Glantz, P. J. and Moon, H. W. 1967. Colibacillosis. CI_RV_eterinary Monograph Series/Two, : 5–44.  [Google Scholar] (18) Hubbert, W. T. 1974. Factors Affecting Survival of the Bovine Fetus and Neonate. Theriogenology, 1: 15–34.  [Google Scholar] (30) Marsh, H. 1968. Prenatal and Postnatal Mortality in Cattle. National Academy of Science. Pub. No. 1685,, : 1–6.  [Google Scholar] (56) Vollmar, R. E. 1974. Diarrhoea Control in a Dairy Operation. Mod Vet. Pract., 55: 509–512.  [Google Scholar] (57) White, R. G. Scours-The Calf Killer. Presented at the California Livestock Symposium. An. Nut. Health, pp.14–18.  [Google Scholar]. Diarrhoeal disease of the calf occurs at a time of complex developmental, environmental and functional change. The surface defences and enzyme systems of the neonatal gut are maturing in a protective film of maternal antibody, while undergoing increasing stimulation from environmental microbial challenge. The precarious nature of this defence system is not surprising. It is contingent upon a balance of such changing conditions as maternal antibody quantity, quality and delivery(5) Bush, L. J., Aguilera, M. A., Adams, G. D. and Jones, E. W. 1971. Absorption of Colostral Immunoglobulins by Newborn Dairy Calves. J. Dairy Sci., 54: 1547–1549.  [Google Scholar], environmental microbial challenge(46) Smith, H. W. 1965. Observations on the Flora of the Alimentary Tract of Animals and Factors Affecting its Composition. J. Pathol, 89: 95–122.  [Google Scholar] (47) Smith, H. W. 1971. The Bacteriology of the Alimentary Tract of Domestic Animals Suffering from E. coli Infection. Ann. N. Y. Acad Set, 176: 110–125.  [Google Scholar] and neonatal immunological and intestinal epithelial maturation(7) Corley, L. D., Staley, T. E., Bush, L. J. and Jones, E. W. 1977. Influence of Colostrum on Transepithelial Movement of E. coli 055. J. Dairy Sci., in press [Google Scholar] (52) Staley, T. E., Corley, L. D., Bush, L. J. and Jones, E. W. 1972. The Ultra-structure of Neonatal Calf Intestine and Absorption of Heterologous Proteins. A rial. Rec, 172: 559–579. [Crossref], [PubMed] , [Google Scholar]. While both infectious and non-infectious etiologic factors are involved(1) Barnum, D. A., Glantz, P. J. and Moon, H. W. 1967. Colibacillosis. CI_RV_eterinary Monograph Series/Two, : 5–44.  [Google Scholar] the former (Escherichia coli, Saltiionsllci and Shigella spp., and reo and corona viruses) is the more significant. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), a major contributor to neonatal diarrhoeal disease, will be discussed primarily. Four syndromes, septicaemia, enteric-toxaemia, local invasive and enterotoxic have been described(32) Moon, H. W. 1974. Pathogenesis of Enteric Diseases Caused by Escherichia coli. Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med, 18: 179–211. [PubMed] , [Google Scholar] and ad verseoutcomes may result from endotoxic shock and/or hypovolemic shock, from systemic infection and from malnutrition. The clinician is thus faced with the selection of a multi-faceted approach to the problem. Avenues of attack, in addition to prophylactic husbandry, include: passive and active immunization, reduction of challenge, specific antimicrobial therapy, and resolution of fluid and electrolyte loss and shock. This presentation includes a resumé of the calf scour syndrome, together with observations concerning treatment and control. These observations include active and passive immunization, antimicrobial therapy, and modification of intestinal fluid loss.     

Parainfluenza type 3 virus in cattle with upper respiratory disease

Abstract

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Parainfluenza type 3(Pl₃) virus has been associated with upper respiratory disease of cattle in many countries (Hoerlein et al., 1959 Bögel, K. 1961. Virologische Undersuchungsbefunde bei Kalbern mit respiratoris-chem Syndrom unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Parainfluenza 3 Myxovirus. Mh. Tierheilk, 13: 129–129. 162. [Cited by Jolly, R. D., (1967), N.Z. vet. J., 15: 43–4.] [Google Scholar]; Bögel, 1961 Campbell, R. S. F. 1972. “Virus diseases of cattle. Virology and Virus Disease”. In Proc. No. 16 of Course for Veterinarians, 132–132. University of Sydney.  [Google Scholar]; Reisinger, 1962 Carter, Margery E. and Hunter, R. 1970. Isolation of parainfluenza type 3 virus from sheep in New Zealand. N.Z. vet. J., 18: 226–227. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]; Jolly and Ditchfield, 1965 Curtis, R. A. and Sutton, R. H. 1972. Chronic granular rhinitis (nasal catarrh) of cattle. N.Z. vet. J., 20: 125–125. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]). However, PI₃ virus has not been isolated from cattle with respiratory disease in New Zealand although a serological study found that 89.3% of cows had significant levels of antibody against PI₃ virus (Pastier and Hansen, 1966). In most cases infections are subclinical, and there is little evidence to suggest that PI₃ virus is an important cause of disease in New Zealand cattle (Jolly, 1967 Fastier, L. B. and Hansen, N. F. 1966. The occurrence of antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and parainfluenza 3 viruses in sera from New Zealand cattle. N.Z. vet J., 14: 27–32. [Taylor &; Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]). This communication records an outbreak of upper respiratory disease in cattle from which PI₃ virus was isolated.