柠檬酸对早期断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

选用27头杜大长断奶仔猪随机分成A、B、C3组,分别饲喂基础日粮和添加1%与2%柠檬酸的日粮.进行饲喂效果试验.结果表明:在早期断奶仔猪日粮中添加1%～2%的柠檬酸有显著增加采食量、提高增重速度、提高饲料利用率的作用.     

各国养殖业开发的特殊饲料添加剂

各国养殖业开发的特殊饲料添加剂沈洪柠檬酸英国的研究人员，在每公斤猪饲料中，添加２０克柠檬酸，喂养１０日龄断奶的仔猪，其日增重可比不添加柠檬酸的仔猪，提高近２０％。黄霉菌素德国人在猪的体重长到３５公斤以后，向饲料中添加２０毫克黄霉菌素。其数量：仔猪每日...     

柠檬酸可加快仔猪生长

柠檬酸可加快仔猪生长据俄罗斯一家饲养场试验报道，在猪饲料中添加３％的柠檬酸，可提高断奶仔猪的采食量与日增重。在为期一个月的对比试验中，在饲料中添加柠檬酸的仔猪，平均日增重比不添加柠檬酸的仔猪高１５％，日采食量也提高１６％左右。试验人员认为，在饲料中添...     

国外开发使用的特殊饲料添加剂

不少国家在家禽家畜和鱼类养殖中 ,为了充分发挥饲料的作用 ,提高养殖效率 ,除在饲料添加常用的饲料添加剂外 ,还开发使用了种种特殊的添加剂。柠檬酸　英国的研究人员在仔猪饲料中添加2 %的柠檬酸 ,用于饲喂断奶仔猪 ,其日增重可比不加柠檬酸的仔猪提高 2 0 %左右。黄霉菌素     

国外开发使用的十种特殊饲料添加剂

柠檬酸 英国的研究人员在饲料中添加2％的柠檬酸饲喂断奶仔猪，可使其日增重比不添喂柠檬酸的仔猪提高20％左右。 黄霉菌素 德国人在猪饲料中添加一定量的黄霉素（每kg仔猪饲料加5mg，每1kg肉猪饲料加20mg），结果使饲料转化率提高了5％以上，猪的日增重提高7％～10％。 铜元素 日本人在猪饲料中除添加抗生素以外，再加入微量的铜元素，使猪食量大、活力强、增重快，饲料报酬率提高8％，发病率也大大降低。 沸石 日本人在饲料中添加5％的沸石喂肉猪，可节约1／4的饲料，使肉猪日增重提高15％左右，同时还能减少胃肠炎、支气管炎、佝偻病和仔…     

猪增重的新方法

英国专家最近发现,在每公斤猪饲料中添加30克柠檬酸,可使日增重从189克增加到216克。这种方法最适宜于5—10公斤重的断奶仔猪。据研究,添加柠檬酸可降低猪胃中 H 值,激活消化酶,增强消化吸收能力,减少消化道中细菌对营养的竞争,提高了饲料的利用效率。     

国外喂猪新八法

一、喂沸石法 国外有在猪的饲料中添加10％的沸石，猪平均增重提高16％的报道。由于沸石含有18种畜禽体内必需的矿物质和微量元素，而且还有较好的吸附特性，添在饲料里能使食物在消化道存留较长时间，故能催肥。二、喂含氧汽水法 韩国农场，用含氧汽水喂养断奶小猪，每隔5天给断奶小猪用1次，小猪日增重200～250克，这种含氧汽水就是在普通的饮水中加入一定比例的氧气，通常是1升水中注1升氧，如能在汽水中加些催肥剂之类的添加剂，效果更好。三、喂柠檬酸法 英国专家最近发现，在饲料中添加柠檬酸能使仔猪增重。他们用每公斤添加30克柠檬…     

国外开发使用的五种特殊饲料添加剂

柠檬酸英国的研究人员在饲料中添加2％的柠檬酸饲喂断奶仔猪,可使其日增重比不添喂柠檬酸的仔猪提高20％左右。黄霉菌素德国人在猪饲料中添加一定量的黄霉菌素(每 kg 仔猪饲料加5mg,每1kg 肉猪饲料加20mg),结果使饲料转化率提高了5％     

仔猪日粮添加有机酸效果好

在仔猪日粮中添加有机酸,对促进仔猪生长发育、抗应激和防治疾病是十分有效的。下面简要介绍部分有机酸在养猪生产中的作用及效果,供养猪户参考。添加柠檬酸、乳酸、甲酸钙和延胡索酸可促进仔猪生长有试验表明,在仔猪料中添加１．０％、１．５％和２．０％的柠檬酸,饲喂２５天,仔猪平均增重分别提高３．７％。６．７％和９．２％,增重速度以添加２％的效果最好。江苏畜牧研究所在仔猪饮水中添加０．８％的乳酸,使仔猪增重提高９．９％。有人在５．５～７．４千克仔猪日粮中添加１．３％的甲酸钙,饲料转化率改善３．８％,添加０．９…     

复合酶制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

为解决早期断奶仔猪普遍存在的生长缓慢和下痢问题,研究复合酶制剂对早期断奶仔猪生长性能的影响.试验分为对照组和试验组(基础日粮添加复合酶制剂),每组各选断奶后体重均等的断奶仔猪10头,饲养15天.结果表明,试验组仔猪平均增重2.85千克,与对照组相比显著提高(P＜0.05),而且试验组仔猪中腹泻率为0,对照组仔猪有1头发生腹泻.说明在饲料中添加复合酶制剂可以提高饲料消化利用率,有效促进仔猪生长速度,并能很好的预防仔猪腹泻.     

饲粮乳清粉含量对乳猪培育性能的影响

以含乳清粉5、10、15％的乳猪料以及不含乳清粉的酸化乳猪料和合资企业生产5311乳猪料饲喂1～5周龄的杜浙杂交仔猪32窝。仔猪5周龄断奶平均体重分别为8.20±0.19、7.09±0.21、7.81±0.16、7.87±0.18和7.71±0.23公斤(P<0.01);其平均日增重相应为192.0±5.0、162.2±5.3、182.8±4.4、181.0±4.9和178.7±6.3克(P<0.05);饲料/增重分别为0.19、0.30、0.20、0.26和0.26;7～35日龄仔猪成活率分别为98.6、98.3、98.6、98.3和100％;每公斤增重的乳猪料成本为0.30、0.53、0.40、0.41和0.45元。从上述指标分析,以含5％乳清粉的饲粮组较好。     

Effect of benzoic acid on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, gastrointestinal microflora and parameters of microbial metabolism in piglets

In order to investigate the effects of benzoic acid on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance and gastrointestinal microflora of piglets, we conducted a performance experiment and a separate balance study. The performance experiment involved four different dietary treatments: (1) basal diet (negative control); (2) basal diet supplemented with benzoic acid at 5 g/kg; (3) basal diet supplemented with benzoic acid at 10 g/kg; (4) basal diet supplemented with potassium diformate at 12 g/kg. Each dietary treatment was assigned to nine replicate groups, each consisting of two piglets. Live weight, daily weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were monitored as performance parameters over a 35-day period. Supplementation of the diet with benzoic acid resulted in a dose-dependent increase in feed intake and body weight gain and an improved feed conversion ratio. Piglets fed the diet supplemented with benzoic acid at 10 g/kg outperformed the control piglets in mean feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio by 9%, 15% and 6% respectively. Growth performance of the piglets fed the diet with benzoic acid at 10 g/kg was similar to that of piglets fed the diet supplemented with potassium diformate. In the balance experiment three groups of six piglets each were fed either a control diet or diets supplemented with benzoic acid at 5 or 10 g/kg respectively. Benzoic acid did not significantly affect nutrient digestibility but increased nitrogen retention. Piglets fed the diets supplemented with benzoic acid at 5 or 10 g/kg retained 5% and 6% more nitrogen, respectively, than control piglets. Supplementation of benzoic acid did not influence the pH value or the concentration of ammonia in the gastrointestinal tract but reduced the number of bacteria in the digesta. In the stomach the number of total aerobic, total anaerobic, lactic acid forming and gram-negative bacteria was reduced; in the duodenum the presence of benzoic acid reduced the number of gram-negative bacteria and in the ileum the number of total aerobic bacteria in a dose-dependent manner. Benzoic acid also considerably reduced the concentration of acetic acid in the duodenum. In conclusion, the data of this study suggest that benzoic acid exerts strong antimicrobial effects in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets and therefore enhances growth performance and nitrogen retention.     

Response of starter pigs to supplementation of corn-soybean meal diets with organic acids

Four growth experiments were conducted to assess the effects of organic acid supplementation on performance of starter and finisher pigs. Three 4-wk starter experiments utilized 392 pigs fed simple corn-soybean meal diets. A fourth experiment employed 135 finisher pigs in a 6-wk study. Each of the starter experiments was initiated immediately after weaning; piglets were 30 +/- 3 d of age. In Exp. 1, weanling pigs fed a 19% crude protein, simple corn-soybean meal diet were compared with pigs fed similar diets supplemented with 2% propionic, fumaric, or citric acid. Addition of each acid improved (P less than .07) efficiency of gain, while propionate depressed (P less than .05) feed intake. Additions of 1, 2, 3 or 4% fumarate were made in Exp. 2, resulting in linear daily gain and feed efficiency improvements (P less than .05). In Exp. 3, a possible protein-sparing effect of fumaric acid was investigated. Increasing protein levels from 16 to 20% improved daily gain (P less than .01) and feed efficiency (P less than .0001); fumarate supplementation (2%) increased (P less than .01) gain:feed. However, there was no protein X fumaric acid interaction. In Exp. 4, no treatment effects were noted with performance of finisher pigs fed a 14% crude protein, corn-soybean meal diet was compared with that of pigs fed similar diets supplemented with 1.5 or 3% fumaric acid.     

The effects of citric acid on phytate-phosphorus utilization in young chicks and pigs

Several bioassays were conducted with young chicks and pigs fed phosphorus (P)-deficient corn-soybean meal diets. With diets for chicks containing .62% Ca and .42% P (.10% available P), graded doses of a citric acid + sodium citrate (1:1, wt:wt) mixture (0, 1, 2, 4, or 6% of diet) resulted in linear (P < .01) increases in both weight gain and tibia ash. Relative to chicks fed no citric acid, tibia ash (%) and weight gain (g/d) were increased by 43 and 22%, respectively, in chicks fed 6% citric acid. Additional chick trials showed that 6% citric acid alone or sodium citrate alone was as efficacious as the citric acid + sodium citrate mixture and that 1,450 U/kg of phytase produced a positive response in bone ash and weight gain in chicks fed a diet containing 6% citrate. Varying the Ca:available P ratio with and without citrate supplementation indicated that citric acid primarily affected phytate-P utilization, not Ca, in chicks. Moreover, chicks did not respond to citrate supplementation when fed a P-deficient (.13% available P), phytate-free casein-dextrose diet. Young pigs averaging 10 to 11 kg also were used to evaluate citric acid efficacy in two experiments. A P-deficient corn-soybean meal basal diet was used to construct five treatment diets that contained 1) no additive, 2) 3% citric acid, 3) 6% citric acid, 4) 1,450 U/kg phytase, and 5) 6% citric acid + 1,450 U/kg phytase. Phytase supplementation increased (P < .01) weight gain, gain:feed, and metatarsal ash, whereas citric acid addition increased only gain:feed (P < .05) and metatarsal ash (P < .08). A subsequent 22-d pig experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of lower levels of citric acid (0, 1, 2, or 3%) or 1,450 U/kg phytase addition to a P-deficient corn-soybean meal diet. Phytase supplementation improved (P < .01) all criteria measured. Weight gain and gain:feed data suggested a response to citric acid addition, but this was not supported by fibula ash results (P > .10). The positive responses to phytase were much greater than those to citric acid in both pig experiments. Thus, dietary citric acid effectively improved phytate P utilization in chicks but had a much smaller effect in pigs.     

Effects of dried whey and copper sulfate on the growth responses to organic acid in diets for weanling pigs

Five 21-d to 28-d experiments involving 484 pigs weaned at 28 +/- 2 d of age were conducted to evaluate the effects of addition of organic acid to a fortified, corn-soybean meal diet (CS) or to a similar diet containing 15% dried whey (CSW) on performance of pigs. The effects of an antibiotic-sulfonamide combination (110 mg chlortetracycline, 110 mg sulfamethazine, 55 mg penicillin/kg) and the interactive effects of Cu sulfate (250 ppm Cu) and acid also were evaluated. The acid was a commercial product consisting of 96% organic acid (citric acid and Na citrate, 2:1). Treatments in Exp. 1 and 2 were factorial arrangements of the CS or CSW basal diets supplemented with 0 or 1% (Exp. 1) and 0, .5 or 1% (Exp. 2) of the acid product. Pigs fed diets containing whey consumed more feed (P less than .01) and gained weight faster (P less than .05), but they had feed/gain responses similar to those of pigs fed the CS diet. Addition of 1% acid improved (P less than .01) growth rate of pigs fed the CS diet but did not improve (P greater than .25) growth rate of pigs fed the CSW diet. Feed/gain was improved (P less than .01) by acid addition to both the CS and the CSW diets. Improvements in gain and feed/gain were similar for the two levels of acid. In Exp. 3 and 4, factorial combinations of 0 and 1% acid and 0 and 250 ppm Cu were evaluated in diets containing an antibiotic-sulfonamide combination. In addition, a negative control diet (no antibiotics, acid or Cu) was included. Pigs fed diets containing antibiotics gained faster and more efficiently (P less than .01) than those fed the control diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

日粮中添加不同剂量有机酸型酸化剂替代抗生素对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

旨在研究不同剂量有机酸型酸化剂替代抗生素对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响。试验选择健康、日龄相近、初始体重为（8.70±0.20）kg的杜×长×大杂交断奶仔猪144头,随机分为4组（分别为对照组,处理1、2、3组）,每组4个重复,每个重复9头仔猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理1组在基础日粮上添加25 mg/kg金霉素和50 mg/kg喹烯酮,处理2组和处理3组在基础日粮上分别添加0.4%和0.7%有机酸型酸化剂（甲酸、乳酸、柠檬酸和富马酸）,试验共进行14 d。试验结果表明,处理1、2、3组相比于对照组断奶仔猪的日增重显著提高（P<0.05）,分别提高20.60%、7.90%和15.30%;与对照组相比,处理1、2和3组料重比显著降低（P<0.05）,分别降低13.20%、7.60%和13.35%;与对照组相比,处理1、2和3组腹泻率显著降低（P<0.05）,分别降低16.11、11.11和15.91个百分点;与对照组相比,处理1、2和3组日均采食量没有显著差异（P>0.05）;处理1组和处理3组对断奶仔猪日增重和料重比的改善程度接近。结果表明,通过添加有机酸型酸化剂能改善断奶仔猪的生长性能,添加高剂量的有机酸型酸化剂能达到金霉素和喹烯酮组合使用的效果。     

Effects of essential oils from fennel (Foeniculi aetheroleum) and caraway (Carvi aetheroleum) in pigs

The ban of antibiotics as a feed additive requires alternatives to stabilize the health and performance particularly of the young animals. Essential oils obtained from fennel seed (Foeniculi aetheroleum) and caraway seed (Carvi aetheroleum) were tested in diets for weaned piglets in comparison with either a diet without feed additive or with a combination of formic acid and copper (positive control). Four groups of sixteen piglets (live weight 7 kg, age 26 days) received diets without (1) or with supplements of 7.5 g formic acid + 160 mg Cu/kg (2), 100 mg fennel oil/kg (3) or 100 mg caraway oil/kg (4) during 3 weeks after weaning. In the subsequent 4 weeks, all piglets were fed a diet without these additions. Fennel oil contained almost 2/3 anethol, approximately 1/5 fenchon and the remaining part consisting of alpha + beta-pinen, limonen (p-mentha-1,8-dien) and estragol. In the caraway oil, half of the contents was represented by limonen and the other half by carvon. There were no piglet losses and only few cases of diarrhoea. The combination of formic acid and copper increased feed consumption by 27% and daily weight gain by 25%. There were no differences in the performance between the group fed fennel oil and the control without additives. Piglets fed caraway oil tended to consume less feed and to gain approximately 10% less. In feed choice experiments, pigs consumed the same two diets from two troughs with 50% of total feed amount, as expected. The diets containing fennel or caraway oils were consumed at less than 50%. If the diet contained 100 mg fennel oil/kg, the decrease of percentual feed intake was significant. The results of the feeding experiment and of the feed choice experiment question the classification of fennel and caraway oils as flavour additives or as 'appetite promoters' in diets for weaned piglets.     

饲料中不同水平的玉米柠檬酸渣对育肥猪增重效果的影响

为研究饲料中添加不同比例的玉米柠檬酸渣对育肥猪增重效果的影响,试验选取40头60 kg左右的育肥猪,采用单因素完全随机分为5个处理组,每个处理组8头猪。对照组饲喂“玉米+豆粕”型基础日粮,4个试验组分别饲喂含有3%、6%、9%和12%的玉米柠檬酸渣饲粮。结果表明：⑴4个试验组与对照组平均日采食量差异不显著（P>0.05）;⑵A组、B组平均日增重、料肉比与对照组差异不显著（P>0.05）,A组、B组平均日增重分别比对照组高0.77%、1.24%（P>0.05）,料肉比较对照组分别低1.63%、2.29%（P>0.05）;⑶C组、D组平均日增重、料肉比与对照组差异显著（P<0.05）,C组、D组平均日增重分别比对照组低2.73%、4.39%,料肉比较对照组分别高3.59%、4.9%（P<0.05）;⑷A组、B组育肥猪每增重1 kg所需的饲料成本分别降低2.52%、4.4%。说明在日粮中添加一定量的玉米柠檬酸渣,对育肥猪生长性能有一定的促进作用,养殖经济效益显著,其中以6%的添加量较为适宜。     

小肽营养素对断奶仔猪生产性能及小肠发育的影响

50头 2 1日龄断奶的胜利白猪随机分为 5组 ,Ⅰ组 (对照组 )为基础日粮组 ;Ⅱ ,Ⅲ ,Ⅳ组分别为基础日粮 +1 % ,2 % ,3 %小肽营养素 ;Ⅴ组为基础日粮 +2 %SDPP。试验期 2 8d。结果表明 ,添加 3 %小肽营养素后 ,仔猪平均日增重比对照组提高 33 67% (P <0 0 5) ,料重比下降8 4% (P <0 0 5)与添加 2 %SDPP的效果类似。添加小肽营养素后 ,仔猪十二指肠、空肠、回肠的绒毛长度增加、隐窝深度减小 ,这种趋势随着小肽营养素添加量的增加而提高。小肽营养素能刺激仔猪断奶后十二指肠食糜乳糖酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶的活性 ,以添加 3 %小肽营养素和 2 %SDPP效果较好。小肽营养素可促进断奶仔猪免疫系统发育 ,增加血液中IgG浓度 (P <0 0 5)。     

Fumaric and citric acids as feed additives in starter pig diets: effect on performance and nutrient balance

The effect of dietary citric acid (CA) and fumaric acid (FA) on pig weight gain (ADG) and gain/feed (G/F) was studied in two trials using 192 crossbred, 4-wk-old weaning pigs. Three dietary levels (0, 1.5 or 3.0%) of either FA (Trial 1) or CA (Trial 2) with or without an antibiotic supplement (110 mg chlortetracycline, 110 mg sulfamethazine and 55 mg penicillin/kg diet) formed six treatment combinations in each trial. These six diets were fed to two replicate pens of eight pigs each for a 4-wk period. In Trial 1, ADG was improved (P less than .01) during wk 1, and G/F was improved during wk 1 (P less than .01) as well as during wk 1 to 2 (P less than .05) for pigs consuming FA-supplemented diets. In Trial 2, CA had no beneficial influence on ADG during the 4-wk trial. However, feed intake during wk 1 was depressed (P less than .05) by adding CA, as was G/F during wk 1 to 2 (P less than .05). Based on these results, FA was selected to be used in a nutrient balance study. Twelve 4-wk-old weanling pigs were fed one of three diets: control (C), C + 1.5% FA, or C + antibiotic supplement (A). Diet digestible energy (DE), ME and N-corrected ME (MEN) were not different among treatments. Nitrogen balance, percentage N retained and apparent N digestibility were not affected by dietary treatment. Calcium balance and percentage of Ca retained were unaffected by diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)