玉米膜孔灌苗期不同灌水量对水氮分布的影响

通过室外田间试验,分析了膜孔灌玉米苗期不同灌水量对土壤水氮分布的影响.灌水量越大,土壤含水率越大,分布范围越广,土壤表层硝态氮含量越小,对深层80～100 cm硝态氮含量影响越大;随灌水量的增加,硝态氮累积峰越靠下,增加了硝态氮的淋失.     

有机无机氮配施对玉米产量和硝态氮淋失的影响

为获取玉米高产和减少氮素淋失的合理有机无机配施模式,通过田间试验和脱氮-分解模型(DeNitrification-DeComposition,DNDC)模拟,研究了有机氮替代不同比例无机氮对玉米产量和硝态氮淋失的影响。玉米田间试验在内蒙古河套灌区进行,设置了6个处理,包括不施氮（CK）、单施无机氮（U1）以及用有机氮替代25%、50%、75%和100%无机氮（U3O1、U1O1、U1O3、O1）。利用2018—2020年的U1处理对模型进行了校准,用其他处理进行验证。结果表明,该模型能较好地模拟作物产量（标准均方根误差小于5%）和硝态氮淋失量（标准均方根误差小于15%）。此外,利用该模型模拟评估不同管理措施对玉米产量和硝态氮淋失量发现,在U1处理的基础上,增加无机氮施用量会导致作物产量下降,同时也会显著增加硝态氮淋失量;增加有机氮施用量、灌水量、无机氮分施次数会增加玉米产量和硝态氮淋失量。在等施氮量240kg/hm2条件下,随着有机氮施入比例增加,玉米产量呈先升后降的趋势,硝态氮淋失量呈逐渐降低的态势。综合来看,有机无机氮配施比例为3∶2时,作物产量达到最高值（12578kg/hm2）,硝态氮淋失量（15.7kg/hm2）也在可接受水平,可确定为该地区较优有机无机氮配施模式。     

干旱绿洲区硝态氮与铵态氮的分布特征及运移特点研究

以焉耆盆地开都河下游灌区为例,通过野外调查、采集水土样品,分析土壤剖面和地下水中氮素含量水平及空间分布特征。结果表明:研究区土壤氮素含量达到一级水平,属于高肥力区;浅层地下水水质在Ⅲ级以下,水质较差,均不满足生活饮用水标准要求。土壤及地下水中氮素含量空间变异属于中等变异,各采样点间氮素含量差异明显,主要受施肥时间和灌水条件影响。土壤剖面硝态氮表层积聚特征明显,存留在根系层的硝态氮含量较高,淋失不显著;铵态氮在土壤剖面主要表现为均匀分布和震荡分布,淋失量较大。该研究结果对预防地下水污染,维护农田生态系统平衡具有重要现实意义。     

基于SWAT的浑河流域上游地区硝态氮淋失量估算

以浑河流域上游地区为研究流域,应用SWAT模型估算了该流域硝态氮淋失量的空间和时间分布以及不同土地利用类型硝态氮的淋失量。利用2008—2010年实测径流资料对模型进行了校核与验证,结果表明,流域硝态氮的淋失量与施氮量在空间分布上是一致的,且与水分渗漏有较好的相关关系,降雨、施肥是影响流域硝态氮淋失的主要因素;此外,不同土地利用类型的硝态氮淋失量的差异也非常明显,耕地的硝态氮淋失量最高,林地次子,居民区、裸地等最小。     

生物质炭对稻田氮素淋失和氧化亚氮排放的影响

为降低农田面源污染和温室气体排放,通过田间试验研究了优化施氮情况下,添加不同剂量生物质炭(0、4.5、9、13.5 t/hm~2)对宁夏引黄灌区稻田土壤氮素淋失和土壤N_2O排放的影响。结果表明,添加生物质炭显著降低了100 cm土层处的硝态氮和铵态氮淋失量,降低比例分别为18.23%~26.02%和28.86%~52.05%。与C0处理相比,C1处理(4.5 t/hm~2)对土壤N_2O累计排放量影响不显著,但C2处理(9 t/hm~2)和C3处理(13.5 t/hm~2)土壤N_2O累计排放量显著降低了25.13%和28.88%。添加生物质炭可增加水稻产量和吸氮量,降低土壤硝态氮和铵态氮量以及土壤体积质量,是引起土壤氮素淋失降低和土壤N_2O排放减少的重要原因之一。综合考虑生物质炭对土壤氮素淋失和土壤N_2O排放的影响以及生产成本,宁夏引黄灌区的生物质炭推荐添加量为9 t/hm~2。     

干旱绿洲区土壤氮素累积及冬灌效应分析

以新疆焉耆盆地绿洲灌区为例,通过野外取样和室内分析,调查不同农田种植类型在0~100 cm土层氮素的分布特征及累积状况,研究冬灌条件下土壤水、盐、氮的淋失过程及对地下水污染的程度。结果表明:不同土壤剖面之间硝态氮含量与分布特征存在差异,且呈现随土层深度增加而逐渐降低的趋势,铵态氮在不同土层的分布差异不显著;生育期末土壤硝态氮主要在0~60 cm土层累积,不同农田种植类型硝态氮在该层累积量的大小关系表现为番茄小麦玉米辣椒;浅层地下水硝态氮含量较高,超标率达57.1%,严重超标率达28.6%,该区域浅层地下水已受到硝酸盐污染;冬灌具有一定的储水降盐与淋氮的效应。     

滴灌水氮耦合对水氮利用及冬小麦产量的影响

以华北地区冬小麦为试验对象,参考直径20 cm标准蒸发皿的累计水面蒸发量E,通过2 a的大田试验(2012—2013),研究了大田地表滴灌条件下水氮耦合制度对作物耗水量、作物生理指标、产量、氮残留及水氮利用效率的影响,结果表明,冬小麦生育期内的耗水量、叶面积指数及产量受灌水定额的影响更为显著(P<0.05);滴灌条件下,当施氮量在120~290 kg/hm²时,水氮耦合效应对冬小麦耗水量的影响不具有统计学意义;在滴灌灌水定额为0.80E,施氮量为140~190 kg/hm²的水氮耦合模式下,冬小麦的产量较高,土壤硝态氮的当季残留较少,且进一步显著增加灌水定额和氮肥投入量将导致产量的明显下降;综合考虑冬小麦水氮利用效率和对地下水的潜在淋失风险,华北典型区滴灌水氮耦合的优化组合范围宜为灌水定额为0.80E,施氮量为140~190 kg/hm².     

农田土壤中土壤水渗漏与硝态氮淋失的模拟研究

应用HYDRUS-1D模型对黄淮海平原的主要土壤(黄潮土和风沙土)中水分与硝态氮的垂直运移规律进行了模拟分析。对模型参数的敏感性分析表明:饱和水力传导度是最敏感的参数,饱和含水量的敏感性次之。数值模拟结果表明:该地区在传统水氮管理制度下,土壤水渗漏和硝态氮淋失非常严重;全耕作年风沙土的土壤水渗漏大于黄潮土,分别为34.3cm和22.7cm,占灌水量的42.1%和74.6%;风沙土的硝态氮淋失大于黄潮土,分别为108.0kg/hm和76.6kg/hm,占总输入氮量的25.3%、14.3%。     

生物炭配施沼液对淋溶状态下土壤养分的影响

为探讨生物炭配施沼液对土壤养分淋失的影响,通过室内土柱试验,采用三因素三水平正交试验方法,系统研究了生物炭添加量、淋溶强度、沼液施加量对土壤养分淋失及土壤养分垂直分布的影响规律。结果表明,土壤养分淋失主要集中在前8次,后期淋失量均维持在较低水平并趋于稳定。各因素对氨态氮、速效磷、速效钾淋失的影响由大到小依次为淋溶强度、生物炭添加量、沼液施加量,而对硝态氮淋失量的影响由大到小依次为生物炭添加量、沼液施加量、淋溶强度。添加生物炭能明显减少养分淋失,且添加生物炭的0～20cm深度土壤的养分明显高于未添加生物炭的20～40cm土壤,各因素对氨态氮、硝态氮、速效钾在土壤中的含量影响差异显著,而对速效磷的影响则无显著差异。     

黑土区农田尺度田间持水率的空间变异性研究

【目的】探究黑土区农田田间持水率的空间变异性机制。【方法】利用传统统计学和多重分形方法量化了田间持水率的空间变异强度,分析了造成田间持水率空间变异性的局部信息;利用联合多重分形方法确定了田间持水率与土壤基本物理特性在多尺度上的相关性。【结果】研究区域田间持水率具有多重分形特征,随土层深度增加,田间持水率的空间变异程度先降后增;田间持水率的大值数据对0~5 cm和10~15 cm土层田间持水率空间变异性的贡献较大,小值数据对5~10 cm和15~20 cm土层田间持水率空间变异性的贡献较大;单一尺度上,与田间持水率相关程度最高的土壤基本物理特性在0~5 cm土层是黏粒量和土壤体积质量,在5~10 cm和10~15 cm土层是粉粒量和黏粒量,在15~20 cm土层是土壤体积质量和粉粒量;多尺度上,与田间持水率相关程度最高的土壤基本物理特性在0~5、5~10和10~15 cm土层是黏粒量和粉粒量,在15~20 cm土层是土壤体积质量和粉粒量。【结论】黑土区农田田间持水率的空间变异程度为弱变异,田间持水率与土壤基本物理特性的相关程度在单一尺度和多尺度上有所差异。     

Water balance and nitrate leaching in an irrigated maize crop in SW Spain

During 3 consecutive years (1991–1993) a field experiment was conducted in an intensively irrigated agricultural soil in SW Spain. The main objective of this study was to determine the water flow and nitrate (N0₃) leaching, below the root zone, under an irrigated maize crop and after the growing season (bare soil and rainy period). The experiment was carried out on a furrow-irrigated maize crop at two different nitrogen (N)-fertilization rates, one the highest traditionally used by farmers in the region (about 500 kg N ha⁻¹ per year) and the other one-third of the former (170 kg N ha⁻¹ per year). The aim was to obtain data that could be used to propose modifications in N-fertilization to maintain crop yield and to prevent the degradation of the environment. The terms for water balance (crop evapotranspiration, drainage and soil water storage) and nitrate leaching were determined by intensive field monitoring of the soil water content, soil water potential and extraction of the soil solution by a combination of neutron probe, tensiometers and ceramic suction cups. Nitrogen uptake by the plant and N0₃-N produced by mineralization were also determined.The results showed that, in terms of water balance, crop evapotranspiration was similar at both N-fertilization rates used. During the irrigation period, drainage below the root zone was limited. Only in 1992 did the occurrence of rainfall during the early growing period, when the soil was wet from previous irrigation, cause considerable drainage. Nitrate leaching during the whole experimental period amounted to 150 and 43 kg ha⁻¹ in the treatments with high and low N-fertilization, respectively. This occurred mainly during the bare soil and rainy periods, except in 1992 when considerable nitrate leaching was observed during the crop season due to the high drainage. Nitrate leaching was not so high during the bare soil period as might have been expected because of the brought during the experimental period. A reduction of N-fertilization thus strongly decreased nitrate leaching without decreasing yield.     

Determination of spatial water requirements at county and regional levels using crop models and GIS: An example for the State of Parana,Brazil

Due to the competitive use of available water resources, it has become important to define appropriate strategies for planning and management of irrigated farmland. To achieve effective planning, accurate information is needed for crop water use requirements, irrigation withdrawals, runoff and nitrate leaching as a function of crop, soil type and weather conditions at a regional level. Interfacing crop models with a geographic information system (GIS) extends the capabilities of the crop models to a regional level. The objective of this study was to determine the irrigation requirements, annual runoff and annual nitrate leaching for the most important crops of the Tibagi river basin in the State of Parana, Brazil. The computer tool selected for this study was the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) version 3.5 (98.0) and its associated crop modeling and spatial application system AEGIS/WIN. It was assumed that farms within the same county use similar management practices. To achieve representative estimates of irrigation requirements, the weather data from stations located within each county or the nearest weather station were used. A weighting factor based on the proportion of soil type and crop acreage was applied to determine total annual irrigation withdrawals, annual runoff and nitrate leaching for each county in the river basin. The model predicted outputs, including yield, irrigation requirements, runoff and nitrate leached for different soil types in each county, were analyzed, using spatial analysis methods. This allowed for the display of thematic maps for irrigation requirements, annual runoff and nitrate leaching, and to relate this information with irrigation management and planning. The maximum annual irrigation withdrawal, runoff and nitrate leaching were 22,969 m³ per year, 31,152 m³ per year and 1488 t N per year in the Tibagi river basin. This study showed that crop simulation models linked to GIS can be an effective planning tool to help determine irrigation requirements for river basins and large watersheds.     

Wind effects on solid set sprinkler irrigation depth and yield of maize (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Zea mays</Emphasis>)

A field experiment was performed to study the effect of the space and time variability of water application on maize (Zea mays) yield when irrigated by a solid set sprinkler system. A solid set sprinkler irrigation layout, typical of the new irrigation developments in the Ebro basin of Spain, was considered. Analyses were performed (1) to study the variability of the water application depth in each irrigation event and in the seasonal irrigation and (2) to relate the spatial variability in crop yield to the variability of the applied irrigation and to the soil physical properties. The results of this research showed that a significant part of the variability in the Christiansen coefficient of uniformity (CU), and wind drift and evaporation losses were explained by the wind speed alone. Seasonal irrigation uniformity (CU of 88%) was higher than the average uniformity of the individual irrigation events (CU of 80%). The uniformity of soil water recharge was lower than the irrigation uniformity, and the relationship between both variables was statistically significant. Results indicated that grain yield variability was partly dictated by the water deficit resulting from the non-uniformity of water distribution during the crop season. The spatial variability of irrigation water depth when the wind speed was higher than 2 m s^–1 was correlated with the spatial variability of grain yield, indicating that a proper selection of the wind conditions is required in order to attain high yield in sprinkler-irrigated maize.     

Simulation of water dynamics and irrigation scheduling for winter wheat and maize in seasonal frost areas

Continuous cropping of winter wheat and summer maize is the main cropping pattern in North China Plain lying in a seasonal frost area. Irrigation scheduling of one crop will influence soil water regime and irrigation scheduling of the subsequent crop. Therefore, irrigation scheduling of winter wheat and maize should be studied as a whole. Considering the meteorological and crop characteristics of the area lying in a seasonal frost area, a cropping year is divided into crop growing period and frost period. Model of simultaneous moisture and heat transfer (SMHT) for the frost period and model of soil water transfer (SWT) for the crop growing period were developed, and used jointly for the simulation of soil water dynamics and irrigation scheduling for a whole cropping year. The model was calibrated and validated with field experiment of winter wheat and maize in Beijing, China. Then the model was applied to the simulation of water dynamics and irrigation scheduling with different precipitation and irrigation treatments. From the simulation results, precipitation can meet the crop water requirement of maize to a great extent, and irrigation at the seeding stage may be necessary. Precipitation and irrigation had no significant influence on evaporation and transpiration of maize. On the other hand, irrigation scheduling of winter wheat mainly depends on irrigation standard. Irrigation at the seeding stage and before soil freezing is usually necessary. For high irrigation standard, four times of irrigation are required after greening. While for medium irrigation, only once (rainy year) or twice (medium and dry years) of irrigation is required after greening. Transpiration of winter wheat is very close for high and medium irrigation, but it decreases significantly for low irrigation and will result in a reduction of crop yield. Irrigation with proper time and amount is necessary for winter wheat. Considering irrigation quota and crop transpiration comprehensively, medium irrigation is recommended for the irrigation of winter wheat in the studying area, which can reduce the irrigation quota of over 150 mm with little water stress for crop growth.     

夏玉米不同施肥水平下土壤水分动态与氮素淋溶损失研究

基于模拟降雨与自然降雨的田间试验,分析了不同施肥处理下水分渗漏与氮素淋溶过程。结果表明,夏玉米生长期间,南小区土壤剖面含水率较北小区小,且土壤水分运动主要以向下为主;北小区不同处理水分渗漏占降水量的5.4%～8.9%,而南小区则高达12%～37%。土壤硝态氮与铵态氮质量浓度随着时间的推进而降低,且铵态氮质量浓度下降速率远高于硝态氮。南小区氮素质量浓度变化较北小区快,且略小于北小区。南小区氮素淋溶量占施肥量的1%～1.8%;而北小区不足1%,且氮素流失量随着施肥量的增大而增多。     

Effect of sodium and nitrogen on yield function of irrigated maize in southern Portugal

Salinization and nitrate leaching are two of the leading threats to the environment of the European Mediterranean regions. Inefficient use of water and fertilizers has led to a nitrate increase in the aquifers and reduction in crop yields caused by salts. In this study, a triple emitter source irrigation system delivers water, salt (Na⁺), and fertilizer (N) applications to maize (Zea mays L.). The objective of the study was to evaluate the combined effect of saline water and nitrogen application on crop yields in two different textured soils of Alentejo (Portugal) and to assess if increasing salinity levels of the irrigation water can be compensated by application of nitrogen while still obtaining acceptable crop yield. Maximum yield was obtained from both soils with an application of 13 g m⁻² of nitrogen. Yield response to Na⁺ application was different in the two studied soils and depended on the total amount of Na⁺ or irrigation water applied. No significant interaction was found between nitrogen and sodium, but a positive effect on maize yield was observed in the medium textured soil for amounts of Na⁺ less than 905 g m⁻² when applied in the irrigation water.     

气候变化条件下旱作玉米用水效率与单产变化趋势分析

以渭北旱塬合阳和长武2个试验站点为研究区域,通过多年的玉米田间试验数据评估CERES-Maize模型的适用性,再利用区域气候模式Reg CM4.0输出的气象数据对2050年前玉米单产及生产水足迹进行预测。结果表明:CERES-Maize模型可以很好地模拟雨养玉米产量和物候期,多数年份二者的绝对相对误差(Absolute relative error,ARE)在10%以内,CERES-Maize模型在渭北旱塬旱作农业区有很好的适用性。应用CERES-Maize模型模拟玉米生产水足迹,较传统水足迹计算方法得到的结果更为精确可靠。在RCP2.6气候情景下,随着温度升高和生育期有效降水量的增加,玉米产量呈上升趋势;在RCP8.5气候情景下,随着温度升高和生育期有效降水的减少,玉米产量呈下降趋势。气温上升幅度过大对玉米单产有明显的负面影响,降水与玉米用水效率呈正相关。为有效应对气候变化对旱作作物产量造成的负面影响,应采取减少温室气体排放量、增强土壤蓄水保墒能力、发展集雨补灌、筛选和培育节水抗旱新品种等措施。     

Spatial variability of rainfall and yield of maize in a semiarid region

The influence of nonuniform rainfall distribution patterns on the variability of maize yield and soil water use was studied with the aid of the analyses of rainfall and evapotranspiration data of a semiarid region. The analyses enabled us to define homogeneous areas of soil water availability through the application of a geostatistic algorithm developed for the computation of semivariograms, autocorrelograms and crosscorrelation functions.Water economy and yield of nonirrigated maize grown at each homogeneous area is evaluated through the application of a modification of Hanks' yield—evapotranspiration model.To optimize rainfall use by the crop under semiarid conditions, the effect of differences in soil water availability and maize varietal responses to water stress are evaluated. Results indicate that, when these differences are considered in the selection of maize cultivars, a significant increment in total regional production can be expected.     

Monitoring water and NO3-N in irrigated maize fields in the Sorraia Watershed, Portugal

The Sorraia Watershed has a long history of continuous irrigated maize. Imprecise water and fertiliser management has contributed to increase nitrate in the groundwater. Solving this problem requires the identification of problem sources and the definition of alternate management practices. This can be performed by an interactive use of selective experimentation and modelling. This paper presents the experimentation phase, where the field experiments were conducted under the irrigation and fertilisation management commonly found in the watershed. Two different soil representatives of the watershed were selected, presenting different water and solute transport properties. One is a silty loam alluvial soil, with a shallow water table, and the other is a sandy soil with a very low water retention capacity. The various terms of the water (consumption, drainage, soil storage) and nitrogen balance (plant uptake, mineralisation and leaching) were obtained from intensive monitoring in the soil profile up to 80 cm, corresponding to the crop root zone. The results showed that in the alluvial soil, up to 70 kg N ha⁻¹ was produced by mineralisation. Current fertiliser management fail in that it does not consider the soil capability to supply mineral nitrogen from the organic nitrogen stored in the profile at planting. This leads to a considerable amount of NO₃-N stored in the soil at harvesting, which is leached during the winter rainy season. In the sandy soil, the poor irrigation management (45% losses by deep percolation), leads to NO₃-N leaching during the crop season and to inefficient nitrogen use by the crop.     

Crop rotations in Argentina: Analysis of water balance and yield using crop models

Cropping schemes have developed in east-central Argentina for rainfed soybean (Glycine max Merr.) production that invariably employ no-tillage management. Often these schemes include growing soybean in a sequence of crops including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). The full impact of various rotation schemes on soil water balance through a sequence of seasons has not been explored, although the value of these rotations has been studied experimentally. The objective of this work was to investigate through simulations, potential differences in temporal soil water status among rotations over five years. In this study, mechanistic models of soybean (Soy), maize (Maz), and wheat (Wht) were linked over a five-years period at Marcos Juárez, Argentina to simulate soil water status, crop growth, and yield of four no-till rotations (Soy/Soy, Soy/Wht, Soy/Maz, and Soy/Maz/Wht). Published data on sowing dates and initial soil water contents in the first year from a no-till rotation experiment were used as inputs to the model. After the first year, soil water status output from the model was used to initiate the next crop simulation in the sequence. The results of these simulations indicated a positive impact on soil water balance resulting from crop residue on the soil surface under no-till management. Continuous soybean and the two-year soybean/maize rotation did not efficiently use the available water from rainfall. Residue from maize was simulated to be especially effective in suppressing soil evaporation. Thus, the Soy/Maz simulation results indicated that this rotation resulted in enhanced soil water retention, increased deep water percolation, and increased soybean yields compared with continuous soybean crops. The simulated results matched well with experimental observations. The three-crop rotation of Soy/Maz/Wht did not increase simulated soybean yields, but the additional water retained as a result of decreased soil evaporation resulting from the maize residue allowed the addition of a wheat crop in this two-year rotation. Simulated soybean yields were poorly correlated with both the amount of soil water at sowing and the rainfall during the cropping period. These results highlight the importance of temporal distribution of rainfall on final yield. These models proved a valuable tool for assessing the consequences of various rotation schemes now being employed in Argentina on temporal soil water status, and ultimately crop yield.