北京地区主栽西瓜品种种子携带真菌检测及鉴定

用离体平皿法对北京西瓜产区主栽的11个西瓜品种进行种子带菌检测、分离纯化和形态学、ITS序列比对,确定其属或种地位。结果表明:不同品种所带真菌种类有差异,种子表面携带的优势菌群主要为曲霉属Aspergillus spp.、青霉属Penicilliumspp.、链格孢属Alternariaspp.和镰刀菌属Fusariumspp.;种子内部寄藏真菌主要为青霉属、根霉属Rhizopus spp.和曲霉属。种子外部检出的主要病原菌有镰刀菌属的F.verticillioides,F.proliferatum及茎点霉Phomasp.;种子内部检出的病原菌有F.verticillioides和F.oxysporum。不同品种间种子表面携带真菌量与种子内部携带真菌率差异显著,但种子外部带菌量和内部种仁带菌率之间无显著相关性。本研究对开展西瓜种子处理研究有借鉴意义。     

新疆食葵种子健康检测和杀菌剂消毒处理初步研究

采用PDA平板法检测了来自新疆自治区的2个品种的食葵种子带菌情况,并测定了9种不同杀菌剂对食葵种子带菌消毒处理效果和对种子发芽及苗期生长的影响。结果表明,食葵种子表面携带的优势菌群主要为镰孢霉属(Fusarium)、链格孢属(Alternaria)和青霉属(Penicillium),种子内部寄藏真菌主要有链格孢属和曲霉属(As-pergillus),其他分离频率较高的真菌还有根霉属(Rhizopus)和枝孢属(Cladosporium)等;2个食葵品种种子表面携带真菌种类有较大差异,种子内部寄藏真菌种类差异不大。杀菌剂苯醚甲环唑、咯菌腈和咪鲜胺具有良好的种子带菌消毒处理效果。     

甘草种子带菌检测及药剂消毒处理效果

采用PDA平板检测法分别对来自内蒙古、新疆、宁夏和甘肃等10个地区的甘草种子进行带菌检测。结果表明,甘草种子表面携带的优势菌群主要是曲霉属、青霉属和根霉属,其中来自于内蒙古鄂托克前旗和新疆阿勒泰甘草种子镰刀菌的分离频率达到11.1%和1.9%;种子内部寄藏真菌主要是曲霉属、青霉属、根霉属和交链孢属。来自于内蒙古鄂尔多斯杭锦旗和翁都特旗两个地区的甘草种子镰刀菌的带菌率分别达到5.6%和14.2%,其他来源的种子都未检测到镰刀菌属真菌。同时检测了来自于10个不同地区硬实种子的带菌情况,结果显示只有3个地区的硬实种子带菌,带菌率是0～2.5%。福美双、口恶霉灵、甲霜灵、苯醚甲环唑、百菌清和嘧菌酯几种药剂对甘草种子带菌消毒处理具有良好效果,种衣剂咯菌腈抑菌效果显著。     

辽宁五味子种子带菌检测及药剂消毒处理研究

采用PDA平板检测法对辽宁省6个地区的五味子种子进行带菌检测,并测定了6种杀菌剂对五味子种子的消毒效果。结果表明,五味子种子表面携带的主要真菌类群为曲霉属和青霉属,种子内部寄藏真菌主要包括曲霉属、青霉属、镰刀菌属、根霉属和链格孢属等。供试的6种杀菌剂对五味子种子均有一定的消毒效果,福美双对五味子种子消毒处理效果最显著。     

进境林木种子携带真菌的检测

以5种进境林木种子为材料进行种子带菌分析,采用保湿培养检验法和分离培养检验法分别对种子表面粘附真菌及内部寄藏真菌进行检测和鉴定.在供试的5个样品上共分离得到18属真菌,分别为链格孢属、枝孢属、镰孢属、加氏菌属、小丛壳属、毛壳菌属、拟茎点霉属、根霉属、附球菌属、节菱孢属、弯孢属、德氏霉属、拟盘多毛孢属、木霉属、散囊菌属、青霉属、毛霉属及曲霉属.种子表面附带真菌以曲霉菌和根霉菌分离频率最高;链格孢菌、镰孢菌、毛壳菌是种子寄藏真菌的优势菌群.     

红花种子带菌检测及药剂消毒处理

采用平皿法检测了红花种子的带菌情况,并研究了5种杀菌剂对红花种子的消毒效果。结果表明,红花种子携带的主要真菌类群为链格孢属(Alternaria spp.)、黄曲霉属(Aspergillus spp.)、镰孢霉属(Fusarium spp.)、黑根霉属(Rhizopus spp.)和青霉菌属(Penicillium spp.)。福美双与多菌灵混剂、噁霉灵、甲基立枯磷、种衣剂1号、种衣剂2号分别对不同批次红花种子所带真菌均具有一定的消毒效果。     

快菜种传真菌检测和优势菌群的初步鉴定

针对北京地区主要快菜品种,利用PDA培养基培养自然干种子、无菌水洗涤处理的种子和1%NaClO处理的种子,开展带菌情况检测,并通过观察显微形态对优势菌群进行了初步鉴定。结果表明,10个快菜品种干种子总体携带的主要菌群依次为链格孢属(Alternaria spp.)、青霉属(Penicillium spp.)、曲霉属(Aspergillus spp.)、镰刀属(Fusarium spp.)真菌;无菌水洗涤后的种子及悬浮液中的优势菌群依次为链格孢属、青霉属、曲霉属真菌;1%NaClO处理的快菜种子的优势菌群为链格孢属真菌。其中,链格孢菌为快菜种传主要病原真菌。     

青稞种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

为了研究青稞种子外部和内部携带真菌情况,比较不同杀菌剂对青稞种子的带菌消毒效果和对幼苗生长的影响,为青稞种子播前包衣处理和种传真菌病害防控提供依据,采用离体平皿法对云南迪庆‘云青1号’、‘云青2号’和‘短白青稞’3个主栽品种进行带菌检测,并对种子进行拌种或浸种处理测定6种杀菌剂对种子消毒效果,分析杀菌剂对种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:供试青稞种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、核腔菌(Pyrenophoraspp.)、附球菌(Epicoccumspp.)、丝核菌(Rhizoctoniaspp.)、链格孢(Alternariaspp.)和木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。青稞不同品种的种子表面及内部携带的真菌种类差异较大。致病性测定表明,镰刀菌对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响最大,后期出现幼苗坏死现象。45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP对青稞种子携带真菌均有显著抑制作用和消毒效果,50%福美双WP消毒效果最优,达100%;45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP处理对青稞种子发芽和幼苗生长均无显著影响。     

农家稻谷贮藏期真菌区系和霉变损失研究

在浙江省农村农家贮藏稻谷中,定点每月采集稻谷样品,共分离到37个属的真菌(不包括酵母菌)。其中曲霉属(Aspergillus spp.)、青霉属(Penicillium spp.)、镰孢霉属(Fu-sarium spp.)、弯孢霉属(Curvularia spp.)、链格孢霉属(Alternaria spp.)为优势菌。系统调查研究表明,我省农家贮粮早晚稻谷在真菌种类和数量上有较大差异,在不同的地区及贮藏方式中,真菌的种类基本一致,但其群体有着明显的变化规律,新收入库的稻谷以田间真菌的检出率和带菌量为高,从贮藏的第二个月开始,贮藏真菌有明显增长,并随外界条件出现变化,田间真菌则相应减少。贮藏方式和环境条件的不同,真菌的数量及霉变损失程度亦呈明显差异。     

松墨天牛病原菌及其致病性研究

对华东地区松材线虫病疫区和松墨天牛主要发生的13个地区随机抽样调查,共获松墨天牛病原真菌9属12种,病原细菌2属2种。其中,我国首次报道的松墨天牛病原菌新种类有：金龟子绿僵菌小孢变种Metarhizium anisopliae var.anisopliae、粉拟青霉Paecilomyces farinosus、尖镰孢Fusarium oxysporum、蜡蚧轮枝霉Verticillum lecanii、青霉Penicillium spp.、黄曲霉Aspergillus flavus、曲霉Aspergillus spp.、木霉Trichoderma spp.和粘质沙雷氏菌Serratia marcescens。经致病性测定表明,球孢白僵菌、金龟子绿僵菌小孢变种、粉拟青霉对松墨天牛有较强的致病力,处理后16d的致死率分别为100%、100%和70%。     

Occurrence of fungal pathogens of carrots on wooden boxes used for storage

Infested wooden boxes, previously used for carrot storage, were sampled in four commercial carrot production farms in Bradford Marsh, Ontario, and screened for fungal occurrence. At least 128 and 465 fungal isolates were recovered from these boxes in 2001 and 2002, respectively, and were classified into 10 taxonomic groups, including Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Botrytis cinerea , Fusarium spp., Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Rhizoctonia carotae , Rhizopus spp., Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Trichoderma spp. A subsample of 27 putative pathogenic isolates was further tested for the ability to cause disease on carrots and to colonize wood surfaces under growth room and cold storage conditions. Approximately 60% of the taxa growing on wood caused lesions upon contact with intact carrots in cold storage. Isolates of S. sclerotiorum , B. cinerea and R. carotae caused the most severe diseases, developed most extensively on wooden surfaces in cold storage, and represented 12% of the recovered fungi. Isolates of Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp. and Trichoderma spp. caused negligible or no disease on carrots and represented 88% of recovered fungi. Several of these fungi, however, showed potential to colonize wooden surfaces and cause disease on sliced carrots. This study suggests that pathogenic inocula occurring on used wooden boxes can initiate disease upon contact with healthy carrots and reusing infested boxes can affect carrots in storage.     

Effect of Seed Quality and Combination Fungicide-Trichoderma spp. Seed Treatments on Pre- and Postemergence Damping-Off in Cotton

ABSTRACT Good quality seeds of cotton cultivars often escaped pre-emergence damping-off incited by Pythium spp. and Rhizopus oryzae, and they were resistant to postemergence damping-off incited by Rhizoctonia solani. Poor quality seeds, however, were highly susceptible to both phases of seedling disease and required seed treatment in order to survive. Pre-emergence damping-off incited by Pythium spp. and Rhizopus oryzae could be controlled by seed treatment with biocontrol preparations of a number of Trichoderma spp., but these treatments were much less effective in controlling postemergence disease incited by Rhizoctonia solani. Postemergence seedling disease can be controlled by fungicides, but they were much less effective in controlling the pre-emergence phase of the disease. Combination seed treatments of poor quality cotton seeds with fungicides and Trichoderma spp. preparations, followed by planting in pathogen-infested soil, indicated that this technique will control both phases of seedling disease. Seed treatment with either the fungicides or the biocontrol agents alone did not achieve this goal. The optimum combination treatment for disease control was that of chloroneb plus Trichoderma spp., followed by chloroneb plus metalaxyl (Deltacoat AD) plus T. virens strain G-6.     

离体条件下水稻种衣剂对串珠镰刀菌生长及形态毒理影响

 检测了黑龙江水稻主产区4个当地主栽品种的种子内部镰刀菌寄藏情况,测定了20%克福甲和20%克多甲种衣剂对种子带菌消毒处理效果及对水稻串珠镰刀菌(Fusarium moniliforme)的抑菌作用和联合毒力,并借助扫描电镜观察了上述2种混配种衣剂对串珠镰刀菌的形态毒理影响。结果表明,种子内部镰刀菌的分离频率高达56.7%~96.0%,其中串珠镰刀菌的分离频率为32.6%~48.2%,2种种衣剂对带菌种子具有显著的消毒处理效果。20%克福甲和20%克多甲种衣剂对镰刀菌F.moniliforme的毒力指数分别为457.11和802.04,增效倍数分别为6.53和0.13。20%克多甲种衣剂(多菌灵:甲基立枯磷为5:5,W/W)对串珠镰刀菌的抑菌作用优于20%克福甲种衣剂(福美双:甲基立枯磷为8:6,W/W),增效作用低于20%克福甲种衣剂。电镜观察表明,种衣剂低浓度至高浓度处理下均可引起串珠镰刀菌菌丝不同程度的异常生长,表现为主菌丝局部膨大或形成菌丝束,菌丝顶端异常膨大、缢缩或形成穗状和花絮状分枝。     

Evaluation of aqueous Moringa seed extract as a seed treatment biofungicide for groundnuts

In a search for alternatives to currently used fungicides, the potential of aqueous Moringa seed extract (AMSE) as a seed treatment was evaluated. Seeds of groundnut, Arachis hypogea L cv Dakar, were soaked in AMSE at concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g litre(-1) for 24 h. Comparison was made with Apron Plus (metalaxyl+carboxin+furathiocarb), until recently a recommended seed-treatment chemical, and distilled water, which was the medium for extraction of Moringa seeds. The results showed that AMSE has potential for use as a biofungicide on groundnut seeds, since all the concentrations used except 1 g litre(-1) brought about significant reduction in the incidence of fungi on the seeds, such reduction increasing as the dosage of AMSE increased. There were no significant differences in control between the highest concentration of AMSE (20 g litre(-1)) and Apron Plus at the manufacturer's recommended level. Water also produced slight reductions in the incidence of fungi, although this was not significant at P = 0.05. The sensitivity to AMSE of the fungi tested varied, Mucor sp being the most sensitive and Aspergillus niger the least, with Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus flavus intermediate.     

Treatments to control Phoma and Alternaria infections of brassica seeds

The screening of chemicals using agar plate tests for activity against cultures of Phoma lingam, Alternaria brassicicola and A. brassicae is described. Most fungicides which were inhibitory to growth at 20 μg/ml or less showed eradicant activity when used as seed treatments. Selected on this basis, thiabendazole, applied as a slurry at 2–5 g a.i./kg seed, showed excellent eradicant activity against seed-borne Phoma but not Alternaria when tested under laboratory, glasshouse and field conditions. Triarimol, tridemorph and azepine-A2151, nuarimol, fenarimol and imaza-lil although effective in agar plate tests against Alternaria and Phoma were phytotoxic when applied to seeds at rates sufficient to eliminate these fungi, Iprodione and fenpropimorph inhi bited the growth of the fungi at concentrations of 0.625 to 4 μg/ml and subsequent treatment of infected seeds at 1.25–2.5 g a.i. fungicide/kg seed with these fungicides proved effective against all three pathogens. Neither chemical adversely affected germination or emergence.     

Effect of acibenzolar-S-methyl, strobilurins and other fungicide treatments on phylloplane fungi of crops

Strobilurins, broad-spectrum fungicides used to control various diseases, may also inhibit the growth of nontarget fungi in the natural environment. Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) is a plant activator; however, the effect of ASM on the growth of microflora on the leaf surface is not clear yet. ASM, strobilurins and other fungicides were sprayed on Japanese pear and cucumber plants in the field. Variations in the morphological characteristics and rDNA-ITS nucleotide sequence of isolated phylloplane fungi were evaluated. The isolation frequency of Alternaria spp., Aureobasidium spp., Cladosporium spp. and Myrothecium spp. on Japanese pear leaves treated with kresoxim-methyl and polycarbamate was lower than on nontreated pear leaves. Moreover, the frequency of Alternaria spp., Cladosporium spp., Epicoccum spp. and Fusarium spp. on leaves of two cucumber cultivars treated with azoxystrobin, triflumizole and mancozeb was lower than the frequency of fungal isolation on nontreated cucumber leaves. The effect of ASM on fungal isolation frequency was not significantly different from that on nontreated pear or cucumber leaves. The fungal genera observed and isolation frequency on the leaves treated with polycarbamate, azoxystrobin, triflumizole and mancozeb tended to be reduced compared to the no-spray treatment.     

Effect of fungicides on the complex of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium</Emphasis> species and saprophytic fungi colonizing wheat kernels

Fusarium head blight of wheat, often associated with mycotoxin contamination of food and feed is caused by various Fusarium species. The efficacy of fungicide sprays for the control of the disease and mycotoxins varies from being highly effective to even increasing mycotoxin levels. The potential role of antagonistic fungi in this variability was investigated assessing sensitivity of Fusarium species and saprophytic fungi colonizing wheat kernels to fungicides. Saprophytes were tested for their antagonistic activity to the prevalent Fusarium species Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum, and Fusarium poae. Fungal isolates from mature winter wheat kernels were Alternaria alternata, Arthrinium sp., Aspergillus niger, Epicoccum sp., Microdochium spp., Rhizopus oryzae and Trichoderma sp. In dual culture A. niger, R. oryzae and Trichoderma hamatum were more effective in reducing mycelial growth of Fusarium species than Microdochium majus; A. alternata and Epicoccum sp. were ineffective because of slow growth rates. Saprophytic fungi were sensitive to triazoles; however, prothioconazole and tebuconazole had stronger effects on mycelial growth of Fusarium species. ED₅₀ values also indicated significant differences in the sensitivity of Fusarium species to triazoles (range 0.1–1.7 mg l⁻¹). Azoxystrobin and fluoxastrobin were largely ineffective in inhibiting in vitro growth of Fusarium spp.; sensitivity of the other fungi was generally lower, except for M. majus which was highly sensitive. Due to differences in fungicide sensitivity among Fusarium spp. and ear-colonizing fungi antagonistic to Fusarium spp. fungicides are likely to modify the balance within the mycoflora of wheat ears which may also affect the mycotoxin contamination of grain.