用锥形量热仪测试思茅松阻燃胶合板的阻燃性能

为了研究出一种阻燃性能良好的阻燃胶合板,以无机阻燃剂、聚磷酸铵阻燃剂、有机高温阻燃剂和钼酸铵阻燃剂4种阻燃剂处理思茅松单板制备胶合板,采用锥形量热仪对胶合板阻燃性进行测试和评价。研究结果表明,4种阻燃剂处理的胶合板热释放速率峰较素板显著降低。阻燃剂首先可以延缓木材炭化,表现为第一个热释放速率峰出现的时间较素板均有延长,其中以无机阻燃剂处理的胶合板阻燃效果最好。阻燃剂处理的胶合板热释放速率曲线较平坦,成碳速率较素板高,燃烧耗氧量和龟裂程度较素板低。     

用CONE法研究木材阻燃剂FRW的阻燃性能

利用锥形量热仪 (CONE)系统地测定了新型木材阻燃剂FRW的阻燃性能 ,讨论了FRW对阻燃木材在燃烧时的热释放、质量变化及耐点燃性的影响 ,并与Dricon阻燃剂进行了对比。结果表明 ,在 5 0kW·m2 的热辐射功率下 ,FRW阻燃处理木材的热释放速率 (RHR)和总热释放量 (THR)随FRW载药率的升高而降低 ,至载药率达到 10 %左右时 ,RHR及THR降低为未处理木材的 5 0 %左右 ,并且降低的趋势明显变缓 ;FRW与Dri con阻燃木材的有效燃烧热 (EHC)曲线基本重合 ,说明二者的阻燃机理类似 ;FRW阻燃木材的质量损失速率(MLR)曲线与RHR曲线相似 ,失重和热释放主要发生在有焰燃烧阶段 ;FRW阻燃处理能显著提高木材燃烧时的成炭率 ,但对木材的点燃时间影响不大 ;FRW与Dricon的阻燃效力相当 ,属高效木材阻燃剂。     

木材阻燃剂FRW与聚磷酸铵复配的阻燃协同效应研究

为开发阻燃效率高、成本低的阻燃剂,将木材阻燃剂FRW与水溶性聚磷酸铵(APP)复配,进行樟子松木材处理和处理试样的热重分析,及热释放速率、总热释放量、有效燃烧热、质量损失和烟气浓度检测。结果表明,与FRW和APP单独处理试样相比,FRW和APP之间具有阻燃协同效应,复配制剂处理试样的成炭率提高,阻燃性能明显提高。     

改性13X分子筛在聚磷酸铵阻燃碎料板中的协同作用与烟气转化行为

采用改性13X分子筛(MS)与聚磷酸铵(APP)复合对木材进行阻燃与抑烟处理,通过锥形量热仪、热重-红外联用(TG-FT-IR)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等测试手段,从阻燃性能、热降解行为和烟气组分等方面分析了该分子筛在木材燃烧过程中的协同阻燃、成炭作用和烟气转化行为的影响。结果表明,APP与MS质量比为7∶3时表现出最佳的协同效应,不仅可提高炭层的热稳定性,表现出优异的阻燃与抑烟特性,其热释放速率(HRR)显示降低,总热释放量(THR)下降了31.1%,总烟量(TSP)下降了75.9%;而且对阻燃过程中释放的烟气具有转化作用,其CO平均产量(m-COY)下降了69.6%,具有明显的减毒作用。     

古建木构件用阻燃底涂树脂的研发

提高木结构古建筑自身的防火能力,对古建文物的传承具有重要意义。以云杉和辐射松木材为研究对象,探讨阻燃底涂树脂对木材引燃时间、燃烧放热的影响和作用机制。结果表明,阻燃树脂对延长引燃时间效果明显,最长可达9 min;木材燃烧初期的快速热释放得到有效抑制,热释放速率峰值显著降低,从而大大降低了对流传热引发火蔓延的风险。     

金属改性13x分子筛在木材阻燃中的抑烟减毒作用

抑烟、减毒是减少火灾中人员伤亡的重要途径。采用锥形量热法、热分析法和扫描电镜研究了铁和铜改性13x分子筛和聚磷酸铵复合阻燃木材的燃烧、烟气释放和成炭特性。结果表明:铁、铜改性分子筛与聚磷酸铵复合处理木材的总热释放量(THR)与空白样相比分别降低了36.8%、39.8%,总烟释放量(TSP)降低了69.3%、72.8%,CO平均产率(YCO)降低了40.2%、44.5%,均具有优异的阻燃、抑烟和减毒效果;热分析和电镜实验表明,APP的催化脱水作用有利于炭层形成,铁、铜改性分子筛与聚磷酸铵的协同作用使炭层结构紧密。APP对木材具有高效阻燃作用,但产生大量有毒气体,铁、铜改性分子筛与聚磷酸铵复合阻燃剂在高效阻燃的同时具有少烟低毒的特性。     

氧浓度对阻燃木材发烟性能的影响

采用可控气氛锥形量热仪,在辐射功率为50 kW·m-2,氧浓度为15%～21%的条件下,对磷酸二氢铵(MAP)阻燃紫椴木材及其素材的燃烧发烟性能进行对比研究.通过对烟释放速率(RSR)、总烟释放量(TSR)、比消光面积(SEA)以及一氧化碳(CO)生成速率(PCO)和CO产率(YCO)等相关动态烟参数的综合分析,总结不同氧浓度下,MAP阻燃紫椴木材及其素材燃烧时的浓烟和有毒气体CO的释放规律.结果表明:对于所有试样,有焰燃烧阶段的浓烟释放(RSR、TSR和SEA)要远大于红热燃烧阶段.当氧浓度在16%左右时,MAP阻燃木材和素材的烟释放(RSR、TSR和SEA)相当.在相同的氧浓度下,当氧浓度在16%以上时,MAP阻燃木材燃烧过程中的浓烟释放(RSR、TSR和SEA)小于素材;而当氧浓度在16%以下时,MAP阻燃木材燃烧过程中的浓烟释放(RSR、TSR和SEA)反而高于素材.在试验氧浓度范围内,MAP阻燃木材的CO释放(PCO和YCO)要高于素材.随着氧浓度的增加,MAP阻燃木材燃烧过程中的烟释放(RSR、TSR和SEA)和CO释放(PCO和YCO)均降低;素材燃烧过程中的烟释放(RSR、TSR和SEA)和CO生成速率(PCO)均增加,但CO产率(YCO)降低,前者主要是由于素材燃烧过快而使体系缺氧造成的,而后者主要是由于在单位木材质量损失下热解产物更充分燃烧.总之,随着空气中氧浓度的降低,MAP阻燃木材燃烧时的烟(包括CO)释放均呈增加趋势.     

用CONE法研究木材阻燃剂FRW的阻燃机理

采用锥形量热仪(CONE)法对复合木材阻燃剂FRW处理紫椴木材(FZ)、FRW的组分磷酸脒基脲(GUP)处理紫椴木材(GZ)、硼酸处理紫椴木材(BZ)和未处理的紫椴木材(UZ)的燃烧性进行了系统的测定，通过对上述试样在燃烧时的热释放、质量变化、烟气产生以及尾气成分等实验数据的综合对比分析，讨论了阻燃剂的作用机理。结果表明：1)FRW阻燃剂显著降低了木材的热释放速率(RHR)、总热释放量(1FHR)、有效燃烧热(EHC)、质量损失速率(MLR)、烟比率(SR)、比消光面积(SEA)、CO2的浓度及产率(Yco2)；2)GUP与硼酸之间存在显著的阻燃协同效应；3)FRW阻燃木材的MLR曲线与RHR曲线相似，失重和热释放主要发生在有焰燃烧阶段；4)FRW阻燃处理能显著提高木材燃烧时的成炭率，说明催化成炭是FRW阻燃机理的主要方面。     

阻燃无胶高密度蔗渣碎料板的研究

不施加任何胶黏剂,通过添加阻燃剂聚磷酸铵(APP)制造阻燃无胶高密度蔗渣碎料板。探讨APP含量对板材物理力学性能的影响,并利用热重分析和锥形量热分析对阻燃板材进行燃烧性能的表征。结果表明:APP的加入使板材强度有所下降,但板材强度仍能满足室内结构用板的标准要求;APP有效地抑制了蔗渣的受热分解,促进成炭;APP有效抑制了阻燃板燃烧时的热释放和烟释放。     

膨胀型水性改性氨基树脂木材阻燃涂料的阻燃和抑烟性能

以聚乙酸乙烯酯树脂(PVAc)与脲醛树脂(UF)共混物为成膜物质,磷酸脒基脲(GUP)-聚磷酸铵(APP)-季戊四醇(PER)-三聚氰胺(MEL)为膨胀阻燃体系,制得膨胀型水性氨基树脂阻燃涂料(C).利用锥型量热仪(CONE)分别对市售阻燃涂料(A)、自制阻燃涂料成膜树脂(B)、自制膨胀型阻燃涂料(C)涂敷的胶合板以及胶合板素板(S-JHB)进行系统测试和对比分析.结果表明:阻燃涂料C大幅度降低了胶合板的热释放速率(HRR)和总热释放量(THR),提高了残余物质量分数(Mass),显著延长了点燃时间(TTI),降低了CO释放速率(PCO)、烟释放速率(SPR)和总烟释放量(TSP),具有十分优秀的阻燃性能和抑烟性能并且明显优于商品涂料A.热重分析(TGA)结果显示:阻燃涂料C中成膜物质的热解过程由于膨胀阻燃体系的加入而变得缓慢,并且成炭效果显著.     

两种形态棉秆与回收塑料制备复合板材的工艺

采用两种形态的棉秆与两种塑料复合,制备棉秆/塑料复合板材,分析棉秆形态、塑料种类及工艺因子对复合板材性能的影响。结果表明:刨花态棉秆复合板材的性能优于搓丝态棉秆,热压温度、聚丙烯比例和板材密度对复合板材的性能有显著影响。优化条件下制成的棉秆搓丝/聚丙烯复合板材性能,超过室外结构用刨花板性能指标要求。     

Economic returns from enhancing loblolly pine establishment on two upland sites: Effects of seedling grade,fertilization, hexazinone,and intensive soil cultivation

On two well drained Coastal Plain sites, early (4-year) and mid-rotation (12-year) performance of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was examined in relation to mechanical site preparation, herbaceous weed control, and fertilization with diammonium phosphate (DAP). In addition, seedling grade as determined by groundline diameter (GLD) was a fourth factor evaluated. Of the four factors examined, seedling grade was the only factor to consistently improve fourth-year survival. In Alabama, seedlings with a 2.5 mm GLD averaged 62% survival while 5.1 mm seedlings averaged 83% survival. In Virginia, 1.3 mm seedlings had 73% survival and 5.1 mm seedlings had 79% survival. Calculated volume gains from increasing seedling grade suggest that a 1 mm increase in GLD could amount to an additional 7 to 12 m³/ha at age 12. Seedling size and mechanical site preparation were partly exchangeable in influencing survival and growth. Use of hexazinone on late planted seedlings increased mortality at both sites. Applications of hexazinone increased volume/ha when combined with DAP fertilization. Fertilization with DAP increased 12-year volume/ha only when weeds were controlled with hexazinone or disking.Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 9-933657.     

ＦＲ—１、ＦＲ—２及ＰＦ树脂对木材阻燃、防腐、尺寸稳定等效果的研究

功能性改良药剂ＦＲ－１、ＦＲ－２及ＰＦ树脂处理马尾松、毛白杨后对木材阻燃、防腐、尺寸稳定及ＭＯＥ／ＭＯＲ的研究结果表明，ＦＲ－１处理的马尾松吸药量为３４．５kg/m^3时，氧指数可达６１％。ＦＲ－１处理的马尾松、毛白杨达到阻燃标准时，其用药理根据板材的厚度进行了初步确定，剂量范围为３０－９０kg/m^3。ＦＲ－１及ＦＲ－２在达到阻燃用药量的同时，处理后的马尾松、毛白杨耐腐试验的重量损失率小于或按拉１０％。ＦＲ－１处理的马尾松、毛白杨、吸药量分别为７５．６及９３．５kg/m^3时，吸水至饱和时，木材抗湿胀率（antiswelling ef-ficacy,ASE)分别为３０％、４６％；ＰＦ树脂处理的马尾松、毛白杨 、吸药量分别为７９．０％、６３．８kg/m^3时，ＡＳＥ分别为４６．２％、４１．４％。各处理对抗弯弹性模具（ＭＯＥ）影响为，ＦＲ－１处理的马尾松，ＭＯＥ差异不明显，ＦＲ－１处理的毛白杨，ＭＯＥ增加幅度为６．１％，ＰＦ树脂处理的马尾松，毛白杨、ＭＯＥ增加幅度分别为１０．６％及１７．９％。ＦＲ－１处理的马尾松、毛白杨对抗弯强度（ＭＯＲ）影响不明显。     

SBB防护剂处理木材湿胀性、力学性能及阻燃性能等效果的研究

木材保护药剂SBB处理马尾松材后对木材湿胀性、力学性能及阻燃性能影响的研究结果表明:处理材的气干湿胀率与未处理材相比有所增大,(NH4)2HPO4与SBB质量配比对试材湿胀率的影响不明显。质量比为1∶3的(NH4)2HPO4与SBB的混合液以10%浓度处理的试材的体积湿胀率为最小,且该混合液处理的试材阻燃性能最佳。随着药剂处理浓度的增大,处理材顺纹抗压强度增大较明显,处理材静曲强度和抗弯弹性模量略有降低。     

利用改性胶粘剂制备玉米秸秆皮层刨花板的工艺研究

在分析比较了玉米秸秆皮、穰化学成分的基础上,采用正交试验方法,分析热压时间、热压温度、成板密度和施胶量几个因素对刨花板物理力学性能指标的影响。结果表明,玉米秸秆皮层刨花板优化制备工艺为：热压温度150℃,热压时间5min,成板密度0．70g／cm3,施胶量12％。     

Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of steam-pretreated lespedeza stalks for the production of ethanol

1 Introduction Ethanol is now recognized as a potential alternative to petroleum-derived vehicle fuels, and offers environ- mental advantages. The combustion of biofuels does not result in a net contribution of CO2 to the atmos- phere, so they do not contribute to the greenhouse ef- fect. Lignocellulosic material is the most abundant renewable resource available for the production of fuel ethanol. The cellulose and hemicellulose fractions of lignocellulosic material can be hydrolyzed to sugar…     

Distribution of solanesol in Nicotiana tabacum

Solanesol is an important secondary metabolite in Nicotiana tabacum. Distribution of solanesol in Nicotiana tabacum was investigated by High Performance Liquid Chromatography （HPLC） method. The quantitative distribution of solanesol in various organs and tissues of N. tabacum showed that solanesol content, obviously different in all organs, was 6.8, 18.3, 27.5, 45.8, and 68.0 times higher in leaves than that in the stalks, flowers, seeds, fruits and roots, respectively. The contents of solanesol in various parts of leaf, stalk and flower were determined. The content of solanesol in top leaf, middle leaf and bottom leaf gradually decreased （6.124, 5.813 and 5.687 mg.g^-1, respectively） and the content of solanesol in various leaf-parts （leaf apex, leaf middle and leaf base） also gradually decreased. The content of solanesol in top stalk was 1.19 times and 1.92 times higher than that in the middle stalk and the bottom stalk, respectively. The content of solanesol in various tissues of stalk （epidermis, cortex and stele） dramatically decreased. The sepal contained higher concentration of solanesol （1.192 mg·g^-1） compared to any other parts in flower. The study will provide the base data for the regulation and control of solanesol, moreover, it will provide the scientific evidences for the rational development and utilization of N. tabacum resources.     

Industrial utilization of tobacco stalks II: preparation and characterization of tobacco pulp by steam explosion pulping

Our previous paper showed tobacco stalks to posses the characteristics of a raw material for pulp and paper application. It contains the major biomass constituents and cell components common to wood species. In this study, preparation and characterization of tobacco stalk pulp by steam explosion (SE) pulping at two chemical pretreatments were attempted. Chemical pretreatment prior to SE pulping improved the brightness, yield, and strength properties of the resulting tobacco SE pulps in the order: 6% Na₂SO₃ + 1% NaOH > 6% Na₂SO₃ > control (untreated). The 6% Na₂SO₃ + 1% NaOH-impregnated tobacco stalks produced SE pulps of good fiber length distribution and considerable properties that compare well with pulps from other raw materials obtained from previous studies, and the nonimpregnated ones showed strength properties superior to those of their poplar counterpart. Prior to bleaching, pretreating the tobacco stalk SE pulps with two stages, 2% NaOH at 90°C, improved the initial pulp brightness by about 5 points. Two-stage 6% H₂O₂ bleaching gave a comparable effect with hypochlorite bleaching for both tobacco and poplar, giving a 29–34 brightness point increase for tobacco SE pulp and 61 for the poplar samples. The differences in the bleaching responses for untreated tobacco and poplar SE pulps were attributed to the differences in their lignin structure, as shown in the total yield of their respective nitrobenzene oxidation products and FT-IR spectra. Tobacco SE pulps contain more of the guaiacyl-type lignin and poplar the syringyl-type lignin.This paper was presented in part during the 1998 CORESTA (Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco) Congress, Brighton, UK, October 1998     

化学处理法对竹材阻燃、抗菌和防腐的影响(英文)

研究了6种用于印度勒竹防护的制剂,主要用于阻燃、防火防腐、抗真菌和白蚁的腐蚀。考察了阻燃剂和新型环保防腐剂ZiBOC用于印度勒竹防护的协同作用。将裂开的竹片用质量分数为15%的6种防护组分处理,即按照印度标准方法测试火焰穿透性、可燃性和燃烧率。6种15%质量分数的组分分别为:1.硫酸铵+磷酸铵+ZiBOC;2.硫酸铵+ZiBOC;3.磷酸铵+ZiBOC;4.磷酸镁+焦硫酸镁+ZiBOC;5.磷酸镁+ZiBOC;6.焦磷酸镁+ZiBOC。结果表明,达到防护目的的不同化学组分的防护剂用量应为9～11.5kg/m3。用白腐菌的腐烂实验表明,配方为2、3、5和6的防护剂表现出较好的防腐作用(防护率达到95%,p0.05),而用褐腐菌其防护率约为43%～67%。采用经2～6配方处理过的样品均能抗第一、二期的白腐腐蚀,而第二期的白蚁对配方4处理过的样品有轻微的腐蚀作用。少数几种配方对材料的耐火性有提高。     

落叶松木材的FRW阻燃处理技术

研究采用真空加压法、以新型木材阻燃剂ＦＲＷ对难以浸注处理的落叶松木材进行阻燃处理。结果表明，在压力为１．４ＭＰａ、加压时间为１８０ｍｉｎ、前后真空度均为０．０９８ＭＰａ、前真空时间为３０ｍｉｎ及后真空时间为１５ｍｉｎ的工艺条件下，能初步实现落叶松木材的有效处理。