Effects of drug residues in the faeces of cattle treated with injectable formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin on larvae of the bush fly, Musca vetustissima and the house fly, Musca domestica

Objective: To assess the toxicity of residues of ivermectin and moxidectin in cattle faeces collected at intervals after treatment.
Design: Replicated bioassays of faeces using larvae of the bush fly, Musca vetustissima and the house fly, Musca domestica .
Animals: Two groups of five Murray Grey x Aberdeen Angus steers were treated with injectable formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin respectively. A third group was used as an untreated control.
Procedure: Newly emerged fly larvae were reared in the dung of treated animals.
Results: Drug residues in faeces collected 3 to 35 days after treatment with an injectable formulation of moxidectin had no significant effect on the survival of larvae of M vetustissima . Similarly, faeces dropped up to seven days after treatment caused no significant reduction in larval survival in M domestica . In day 2 dung, residues of moxidectin delayed development of M vetustissima larvae, but had no effect on their survival. In contrast, ivermectin-treated steers, produced dung that inhibited larval development of both M vetustissima and M domestica for 7 to 14 days after treatment. Significant reductions in survival of M vetustissima larvae occurred in dung collected on days 21 and 28 after treatment, but by day 35 survival did not differ from that in control dung.
Conclusion: Excreted faecal residues of moxidectin are relatively innocuous to larvae of both M vetustissima and M domestica . Those of ivermectin inhibit survival for 7 to 14 days after treatment and are likely to have adverse effects on non-target organisms.     

协同诱杀区诱蝇球捕获柑桔大实蝇的能力与适期

5月上旬至7月上旬,通过连续观测记载橘园及周边山林悬挂的诱蝇球捕获大实蝇成虫的数量,发现协同诱杀区诱蝇球捕获大实蝇成虫始盛期为6月上旬末,高峰期为6月中旬和下旬;协同诱杀区悬挂诱蝇球的适期应为6月初。     

粉煤灰与无土基质混合对高羊茅生长的影响

采用单形格子设计将粉煤灰、草炭、木屑和稻壳4种基质按照不同比例混合,研究其对高羊茅生长的影响。结果表明,不同处理之间,除出苗密度外,株高、分蘖数、盖度、地上与地下生物量均达到了显著性差异。其中,粉煤灰、草炭、木屑、稻壳的体积比2∶6∶1∶1的T2处理和粉煤灰、草炭、木屑、稻壳的体积比2∶4∶1∶3的T9处理为高羊茅生长的最佳基质配比,T2处理的株高、盖度、地下生物量较其他处理表现最好,T9处理在分蘖数、地上生物量较其他处理表现最好。     

果蝇活动的规律及其影响因素研究

通过研究不同天气条件、不同时段果蝇的活动规律,为果蝇成虫诱杀技术的研发与应用提供理论依据。以果蝇为研究对象,设置不同处理,在现场研究果蝇在晴天、阴天、雨天及一天内不同时段的活动规律。在供试的6种成熟水果中,香蕉、蓝莓对果蝇的引诱效果显著高于其他4种水果(P＜0.01),绿如蓝牌果蝇引诱剂的引诱效果显著高于香蕉(P＜0.01)。在晴天,果蝇的活动更为频繁(P＜0.05),晴天诱捕到的雄果蝇数量明显高于阴天和雨天(P＜0.01)。诱捕到的果蝇种类主要是黑腹果蝇、斑翅果蝇、伊米果蝇、海德氏果蝇、筋果蝇等。一天内不同时间段果蝇的活动明显不同,8:00~10:00和16:00~18:00是其活动的两个高峰期。天气条件对果蝇活动有很大影响,一天内果蝇活动存在两个高峰期,分别是8:00~10:00和16:00~18:00,利用绿如蓝牌引诱剂可对果蝇成虫进行有效诱杀。     

河南省柞蚕区寄生蝇病的药物防治试验

针对河南省柞蚕寄生蝇病害日趋严重的生产实际，进行了灭蚕蝇片添食试验。结果表明：灭蚕蝇片的防治效果较好，添食时期以五龄盛食期为佳。     

一种柑橘大实蝇诱杀器的研究

2009-2016年收集柑橘大实蝇为害的落果,进行室内化蛹及成虫羽化后人工饲养,模拟柑橘果实设计不同形状、大小、颜色的球体及不同的引诱物,筛选最佳组合的诱杀球体及引诱物。在湖北省荆门市、武汉市和宜昌市等3个试验点,对所研制的柑橘大实蝇诱杀器进行了田间试验。结果表明,室内与田间结果一致,直径75mm绿色椭圆型的诱杀器诱杀效果最佳。     

Evaluating the risk of the establishment of screwworm fly in Australia

Objective To investigate probabilities of establishment of screwworm fly throughout the year, for several locations around Australias coastline.
Methods A simulation model that predicts the spread and economic impact of an established screwworm fly population was modified to include stochastic survival functions, to investigate the risks of the pest actually establishing in this country. The effects of time of year, climate, vegetation and the number of incoming flies or larvae were investigated for four locations around Australia.
Results Analysis of variance identified a dominant three-way interaction between site, time, and the number of introduced flies. These probabilities are graphed.
Discussion In southern areas, as exemplified by Fremantle, the cold winters limit survival. A high probability of establishment exists year round in tropical regions, except in areas around the Gulf of Carpentaria and in the Northern Territory where dry weather mid-year would limit survival. Despite these comparatively lower risks, there were no areas or times where reductions in quarantine efforts could be justified.     

鄂西山区柑橘大实蝇防治中的突出问题及预防对策

在柑橘大实蝇防治工作倍受重视的鄂西山区，其防治中的突出问题亦日显月彰。为引起对该类问题的广泛关注，达到解决问题的目的，在客观分析这些问题存在的原因基础之上，提出行之有效的预防措施，以推进大实蝇防治工作的完善和进步。     

Digestibility and safety of dry black soldier fly larvae meal and black soldier fly larvae oil in dogs

Two trials were conducted to assess the acceptance, safety and digestibility of diets containing various inclusion levels of partially defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) meal and BSFL oil by dogs. In trial 1, 5 extruded diets were evaluated for acceptance in adult Beagle dogs (n = 20; 10 male, 10 female) during a 48-hr period. Diets contained graded levels of BSFL meal (5.0%, 10.0%, and 20.0%), or graded levels of BSFL oil (2.5% and 5.0%), and all diets were well accepted. Thus, a digestibility trial (trial 2) was run with 56 adult dogs (16 male, 40 female) allocated into 7 dietary treatments; dogs were offered an extruded control diet containing no BSFL meal or oil, or extruded diets where BSFL meal partially replaced poultry by-product meal and corn meal at dietary levels of 5%, 10%, or 20% inclusion, or diets with BSFL oil partially replacing poultry fat at a 1:1 ratio at levels of 1%, 2.5%, or 5% inclusion. The treatment diets were fed for 28 d, during which time dogs were monitored for health (via physical examinations, clinical observations, and blood chemistry and hematology) and ingredient evaluation (via body weight, feed consumption, stool observation, and fecal nutrient apparent total tract digestibility). There were no significant differences in body weight or food consumption between treatment groups (P > 0.05) and daily observations indicated that the general health of the animals was maintained throughout the study. Stool quality was maintained at 3.2 to 3.4 (on a 5-point scale with a score of 1 being watery diarrhea and a score of 5 being hard, dry, and crumbly) per treatment group over the fecal observation period (days 22 to 27), indicating a well formed, sticky stool. All group mean hematology and blood chemistry parameters remained within normal limits for dogs. Apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, protein, fat, and calories was not affected by treatment (P > 0.05). In general, amino acid digestibility was not impacted by treatment although some minor changes were observed. Apparent total tract digestibility was high for all nutrients examined. Overall, it was concluded that BSFL meal and BSFL oil are well tolerated by dogs and their consumption results in no impact to physiology that would be concerning. Based on these data, BSFL meal and oil did not affect general health and could be included safely in dog diets.     

Effects of larval size and hydrodynamics on the growth rates of the black fly Simulium tribulatum

Black flies are ubiquitous and important members of lotic ecosystems. Size is known to affect many aspects of their life in the aquatic larval stage, including intraspecific competition for feeding sites. As filter feeders, flow affects their ability to feed and reach sufficiently fast flow. This, in turn, can lead to risky fluid‐mediated dispersal behavior in search of better conditions. It is surprising, therefore, that little information is available regarding how physiological and environmental factors combine to affect larval growth rates. The present study determines the relative growth rates of small (0.6 mm) and large (approximately 4 mm) larvae in laboratory flumes designed to produce spatially homogeneous and temporally consistent flow regimes at ecologically relevant velocities (44 and 64 cm/s). Our results indicate that size and flow both influence growth rates and that the 2 interact significantly. Young larvae exhibit faster growth rates and a greater positive response to increased flow speed. This result might help explain why smaller larvae have a greater propensity to disperse than larger larvae: the benefit of increased growth rate that they receive from relocating to faster flow might balance the risks inherent in dispersal.     

Nasal myiasis in a cat caused by larvae of the nasal bot fly, Oestrus ovis

An 8-year-old desexed male Burmese cat, which lived on a sheep-grazing property in central New South Wales, Australia, was presented following the sudden onset of dyspnoea, moist coughing and violent sneezing. The respiratory distress started several hours after the cat had made an outdoor excursion. Anterior rhinoscopy demonstrated small, white objects moving across oedematous and moderately inflamed nasal mucosa. These were retrieved via a series of vigorous nasal flushes and subsequently identified as larvae of the nasal bot fly, Oestrus ovis. The cat was treated with ivermectin followed by selamectin 7 days later. It went on to make a complete recovery over 2-3 weeks.     

柑橘大实蝇诱杀防控技术研究进展

摘 要：柑橘大实蝇是我国柑橘产区主要虫害之一,使柑橘生产损失巨大。由于其卵、幼虫、蛹具有隐蔽为害的特点,成虫期的诱杀防控成为该虫预测预报和防治的重要手段之一,应用广泛。本文从诱杀剂筛选（食物引诱剂、信息素引诱剂和杀虫剂）和诱杀方式（诱器法和点喷法）两个方面综述了国内外最新研究成果,旨在为柑橘大实蝇诱杀剂筛选、诱杀方式改进以及成虫预测预报和防治方面提供理论参考。     

塑料袋闷杀柑桔大实蝇蛆果死亡率调查

探索经济、高效、无污染的杀死柑桔大实蝇幼虫的科学方法。选择塑料袋加杀虫剂[1] [2]与不加杀虫剂闷处柑桔大实蝇蛆果的方法，得出幼虫死亡数据，并采用方差法比较分析。结果显示，塑料袋封口不加药处理和塑料袋封口加药处理，其幼虫死亡率在5天后无显著差异，且经济无污染。在隔绝空气的条件下更易杀死柑桔大实蝇幼虫。     

Efficacy of doramectin 0.5% w/v Pour-On for control of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans

In 1998, three groups of cattle at three locations in Lousiana were treated with Dectomax^® (0.5% doramectin) Pour-On and horn fly populations were monitored. Acceptable levels (less than 50 flies per side) of horn fly control were observed from 4 to 8 weeks. Differences in the length of control among the three sites were most likely affected by immigration of adult flies from untreated groups. In 1999, acceptable horn fly control was obtained for 13 weeks by the use of two treatments of doramectin Pour-On.     

蜂王浆对果蝇寿命及抗氧化酶活力的影响

用涂布了不同剂量蜂王浆(0.1、0.3、0.5 g)的培养基饲养果蝇,测定蜂王浆对果蝇寿命和两种抗氧化酶活性的影响.研究结果表明,蜂王浆能延长果蝇的平均寿命,且呈剂量效应,其中高剂量组雄、雌果蝇的平均寿命比对照组长24.7%和26.9%.研究没有发现蜂王浆对果蝇的最高寿命有明显影响.对果蝇超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力测定结果表明,蜂王浆能够提高果蝇的SOD和CAT活性,说明蜂王浆具有增强清除自由基的能力,从而具有一定的延缓衰老的功能.     

短稳杆菌对杨梅果蝇的防治效果及对果实品质的影响

果蝇是为害杨梅果实的主要害虫，目前主要依靠乙基多杀菌素防控，成本较高，急需研究替代药剂，短稳杆菌（Empedobacter brevi）是一种新型细菌杀虫剂，为了明确短稳杆菌的防控效果和对果实品质的影响，本试验在杨梅转色成熟期喷雾，设5个处理，1.00×107、1.25×107和1.67×107短稳杆菌以及30和40 mg/L乙基多杀菌素，清水喷雾做对照。结果表明，与对照相比，5个处理药后7 d的果蝇防效为91.92%-96.76%，各处理间虫果率差异不显著，用药后13 d防效在82.76%-88.27%之间，1.67×107短稳杆菌处理虫果率最低；5个处理的果实可溶性固形物含量提高5.41%-7.21%，其中1.67×107短稳杆菌处理的提高幅度最大，果实硬度显著提高33.21%-46.42%，落果率显著下降37.57%-42.86%，硬度和落果率各处理间差异不显著。综合果蝇防控效果和果实品质等因素，短稳杆菌是防治杨梅果蝇乙基多杀菌素的理想替代药剂，值得在产业上大力推广。     

饲料添加黄金虫虫粉对小鼠肠道炎症相关细胞因子表达的影响

为研究日粮中添加不同比例黄金虫虫粉对动物肠道健康及局部炎症的影响,选取昆明小鼠28只,随机分为4组,各组基础日粮分别添加0%,5%,10%,20%黄金虫虫粉,饲喂2周后,灌胃0.05 mL/g的1×10⁸CFU/mL的沙门菌菌液建立腹泻模型,荧光定量PCR检测小鼠肠道不同部位炎性因子及抗菌肽的表达量。结果显示,灌胃细菌后,饲喂不同比例黄金虫虫粉小鼠的空肠、回肠、结肠内的促炎因子TNF-α、IL-6表达量与对照组相比均明显下降,抗炎因子IL-4、IL-10和IL-13表达量明显升高,鼠源抗菌肽Ang-4、Cryptdin-1、Cryptdin-5、Lyz2、Crs1c和Reg3r表达量明显升高;这表明黄金虫虫粉作为饲料添加物,可以提高小鼠的免疫力,在沙门菌侵害肠道时,能增加肠道对病原菌的抵抗力以及提高机体抵御炎症反应的作用。     

Efficacy of macrocyclic lactones for the control of larvae of the Old World screw-worm fly (Chrysomya bezziana)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of four macrocyclic lactones for the control of larvae of the Old World Screw-worm Fly (OWS), Chrysomya bezziana, and to examine the effects of excreted residues on the dung fauna. ANIMALS: 100 heifers were divided into five groups of 20 animals. One group remained untreated, whereas the other groups were treated respectively with pour-on formulations of moxidectin, eprinomectin or doramectin, or a sustained-release bolus of ivermectin. PROCEDURES: At intervals of 1 to 15 weeks after treatment, five cattle from each group were challenged with newly-laid eggs of OWS. The efficacy of each treatment was determined 48 h later by comparing the number of myiases in the treated and untreated groups. Abundance of fly larvae in naturally-voided dung pads and the survival of a species of dung beetle, Onthophagus sagittarius, were used to assess the effects of drug residues on the dung fauna. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Moxidectin showed no activity against larvae of OWS during the first 14 days after treatment. Eprinomectin provided protection for 3 days after dosing, but failed at days 7 and 14, whereas doramectin was effective at day 7, but not at days 14 or 21. In contrast, no myiases were established on bolus-treated cattle from 14 to 102 days after treatment. Faecal residues of moxidectin had no effect on the survival of larvae of dung-feeding flies, whereas those of eprinomectin and doramectin reduced survival for 1 to 2 weeks. Dung voided by bolus-treated cattle inhibited fly breeding and had adverse effects on the development and survival of O sagittarius for up to 15 weeks after treatment.     

黑水虻幼虫替代饲料直接投喂对锦鲤生长消化、肝胰脏抗氧化酶和血清非特异性免疫指标的影响

以锦鲤为试验对象,将黑水虻幼虫活虫和黑水虻幼虫干虫分别替代饲料对锦鲤进行投喂,投喂30 d后测定血清和组织中抗氧化酶活性和非特异性免疫指标。结果表明,干虫组的特定生长率、增重率显著低于对照组和活虫组(P<0.05),而体均重与肥满度各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。血清中ALT活力活虫组显著高于干虫组(P<0.05),AKP活力对照组显著低于活虫组和干虫组(P<0.05),AST活力、ACP活力和溶菌酶活力各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。肝胰脏T-SOD活力和T-AOC对照组显著低于活虫组和干虫组(P<0.05),CAT活力和GSH-Px活力各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。前肠淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶活力各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。可见,将黑水虻作为一种环保、价格低廉的饲料投喂锦鲤,对其生长、抗氧化能力和非特异性免疫有促进作用,作为新型饲料具有可行性。