Treatment and prevention of feline struvite urolithiasis

A diet providing less than 20 mg of magnesium per 100 kcal that maintains urine pH near 6.0 3 to 5 hours after eating, or a diet providing this amount fo magnesium (see Table 2) with 1 gm of ammonium chloride or 1.5 gm of dl-methionine added daily, should be fed for 1 to 3 months to dissolve struvite uroliths (see Fig. 1). The low-magnesium diet should be fed indefinitely to prevent recurrence, because struvite urolithiasis and all of its effects (hematuria, pollakiuria, and/or complete to partial obstruction to urinary excretion) recurs repeatedly in cats that have previously experienced the condition if they are returned to regular cat food. In contrast, if a diet low in magnesium is fed, recurrence is uncommon. For cats that have never been affected, feeding a low-magnesium ration is unnecessary. For all cats, the following measures are recommended: encourage exercise, allow frequent urination, prevent obesity, decrease confinement, keep the litter box clean, and always have palatable water readily available.     

Urinary acidification in the prevention and treatment of feline struvite urolithiasis

Two groups of 12 cats were fed ad libitum an experimental dry expanded ration high in magnesium (0.37%, dry matter basis) and similar to most commercial dry cat foods in all other nutrients. The diet of one of the groups contained 1.5% ammonium chloride, which was added to the diet before processing. Urethral obstruction developed twice in 7 of the 12 cats fed the ration without ammonium chloride. Of the 5 remaining cats in that group, 2 had calculi in the urinary bladder and urethra at necropsy. In contrast, only 2 of the 12 cats fed the ration containing ammonium chloride had urethral blockage once; neither cat had another blockage. Both cats had been catheterized twice as paired controls before urethral obstruction. One of these 2 cats died from a urinary tract infection apparently introduced through the indwelling catheter, and at necropsy there were 2 small calculi in the urethra. At the end of the study, only 1 other cat fed the ammonium chloride diet had a calculus in the urinary bladder at necropsy; this cat had not had a urethral obstruction throughout the study. After each cat had 2 urethral blockages, its diet was changed. Four cats were fed the ration containing ammonium chloride and 3, a dry, commercial ration. Of the 4 cats fed the diet containing ammonium chloride, none developed another urethral obstruction within 6 months, and at necropsy, no calculi were in the urinary bladder or urethra. Two of the 3 cats fed the commercial ration experienced urethral blockage within 3 months. These 2 cats were then fed the diet containing ammonium chloride.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Etiopathogenesis of canine struvite urolithiasis

Urine must be oversaturated with magnesium ammonium phosphate for struvite uroliths to form. Oversaturation of urine with magnesium ammonium phosphate may be associated with several factors, including urinary tract infections with urease-producing microbes, alkaline urine, diet, and genetic predisposition. Of the urease-producing microbes, staphylococci are most struvitogenic in dogs. The precise mechanisms resulting in formation of sterile struvite uroliths in dogs have not been determined.     

犬尿石症的治疗及预防研究进展

犬尿结石是临床上经常遇到的一种严重的泌尿系统疾病,根据其分布位置分为肾结石、输尿管结石、膀胱结石、尿道结石,其临床病理因结石的大小、形状以及个体和品种差异而有所不同。诸多学者对该病进行了多方位的研究,保守疗法、手术取石及微创技术用于临床,效果确实。现就该病防治研究的进展报告如下,以飨读者。     

Unusual case of foreign body-induced struvite urolithiasis in a dog

A 6-year-old, castrated male dog was presented because of inappropriate urination and hematuria. Radiographs indicated a bladder stone with a sewing needle at its center. The urolith was removed and diagnosed as predominantly struvite, most likely a result of the foreign body and a urinary tract infection.     

A survey of urolithiasis in cats

The incidence of urolithiasis in cats is 0.6 per cent. A total of 41 calculi were subjected to epidemiological and analytical investigation. Calculus formation is most frequent in male castrates and occurs exclusively in the bladder and urethra. Eighty per cent of the animals under investigation were overweight and the same percentage required surgical or instrumental treatment. Thirty-seven per cent of the calculi were recurrent, but only 22 per cent were accompanied by an infection. A predisposition due to diet (dry food/tinned food) was not established. Over 75 per cent of the calculi which were analysed consisted of struvite, the formation of which is promoted by an increased pH-value, as well as by a high level of magnesium and phosphate in the urine. The crystalline structure of the calculi indicates a slow growth rate not influenced by an acute infection. The genesis of struvite urolithiasis in cats, as well as measures to prevent its recurrence, are explained.     

Study on precipitation of struvite and struvite-K crystal in goats during onset of urolithiasis

To learn more about the biomineralization process of struvite in ruminants, a seldom noticeable crystal, struvite-K, was investigated in six goats in which urolithiasis was induced by feeding a cottonseed meal and rice straw diet supplemented with MgO. The compositions of crystals and calculi were studied by chemical qualitative analysis and X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The activity product (AP) and relative supersaturation (RSS) of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) and potassium magnesium phosphate (MKP) were calculated to compare the difference of crystals formed in this process. The results showed that calculi consisted of MAP with a little MKP. Crystals in the urine consisted of MAP and MKP before stone formation, but crystals in urine after stone formation mainly consisted of MKP. The AP and RSS of MAP and MKP significantly decreased after stone formation. It was concluded that MAP and MKP may coexist in the crystals of urine before struvite calculi formation but MKP did not precipitate to struvite calculi and was separated out as crystal sedimentation of urine. The changes of crystallization of MAP and MKP contributed partially to the supersaturation status of MAP and MKP during struvite stone formation.     

Toxoplasmosis in cats: Diagnosis, treatment and prevention

The clinical and parasitologic features of toxoplasmosis, serologic diagnosis, treatment, transmission and prevention are discussed.     

排石胶囊对犬尿石症的临床治疗及预防研究

犬尿石症研究进展犬尿石症是一种常见的泌尿系统疾病,结石可沉积于泌尿系统的任何部位,其中以膀胱结石多见,临床上犬尿石症占犬下泌尿道系统疾病总数的18%(Lulich et al,2000).1980年～1993年北美兽医教学医院统计了临床病例676668个,其中3628个病例为尿石症(Osbone et al,1999).据全国小动物疾病研讨会资料报导,2005年犬、猫尿石症的临床发病率达6%,手术治疗复发率达50%左右,肾结石治愈率仅为10%左右.     

猪尿石症的诊断与治疗

随着天津及周边地区养猪业的规模化发展,一些以前不常见疾病的发病率愈来愈高,例如猪的尿石症,总是或暴发或散发地出现在猪群中。该病的发生将使养殖者遭受到一定的经济损失,甚至不得不淘汰病猪,即便如此,仍有些兽医人员和养殖业主对该病的认识不充分,下面笔者就近年来对该病的诊疗体会作一概述。猪的尿石症是指猪尿路中有机盐或无机盐类的结晶凝结物刺激尿路粘膜而引起的出血、炎症和阻塞的一种泌尿器官疾病。是在日常的饲养管理、气候或疾病等各种外界因素影响下机体内环境发生相对变化,导致正常尿液中的溶解态盐类晶体及胶体物质的相对平…