玉米叶片光合作用和渗透调节对干旱胁迫的响应

以2个不同抗旱性玉米品种郑单958 (抗旱性强)和陕单902 (抗旱性弱)为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,设置3个干旱处理(轻度干旱、中度干旱、重度干旱)和正常灌水,研究了干旱胁迫对2个玉米品种气体交换、叶绿素荧光参数和渗透调节物质的影响。结果显示, 重度干旱造成2个玉米品种叶片光合机构紊乱,破坏细胞膜完整性;同时增加了渗透调节物质,这对增强叶片的保水能力,维持光合速率有重要的作用。但与陕单902相比,干旱胁迫下郑单958表现出较高的最大净光合速率(P_nmax),表观量子效率(AQY),光饱和点(LSP),最大电子传递速率(J_max),最大羧化速率(V_cmax),PSII的实际量子产量(Φ_PSII)和光化学猝灭系数(q_P);较高的脯氨酸(Pro)和可溶性糖含量(SS);较低的丙二醛含量(MDA)。这些结果表明,干旱胁迫下抗旱品种郑单958具有较强的渗透物质能力,减轻细胞膜质过氧化程度,维持较高的光合性能是其适应干旱环境的生理基础。     

干旱胁迫对玉米苗期生长和光合特性的影响

以2个不同抗旱性玉米品种郑单958 (抗旱性强)和陕单902 (抗旱性弱)为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,设置轻度干旱,中度干旱,重度干旱和正常灌水处理,研究了干旱胁迫对2个玉米品种植株生长、气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果显示,干旱胁迫抑制2个玉米品种植株生长和相对生长速率,导致整株生物量显著下降。随着干旱胁迫程度加剧,叶片最大净光合速率(P_nmax)、表观量子效率(AQY)、光饱和点(LSP)、气孔导度(G_s)、气孔限制值(L_s)、最大电子传递速率(ETR_m)、光能利用效率(α)、光系统II的实际量子产量(Φ_PSII)和光化学猝灭系数(q_P)均下降,而胞间CO₂浓度(C_i),光补偿点(LCP)和非光化学猝灭系数(q_N)均升高。可见,干旱胁迫下叶片光合能力和电子传递速率降低是2个玉米品种生物量减少的主要因素。但郑单958变化幅度小于陕单902,表明郑单958植株生长发育和光合特性比陕单902受干旱胁迫的影响小,较高的电子传递速率、较强的光能转化能力和较大的相对生长速率是郑单958适应干旱环境的重要生理特性。     

不同耕作方式与氮肥类型对夏玉米光合性能的影响

为了探讨不同耕作方式与氮肥类型对夏玉米光合性能的影响及其作用机制,本试验以玉米杂交种郑单958为供试材料,通过快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线(OJIP)及820 nm光吸收等技术,深入研究了玉米花后叶片叶绿素含量、含氮量、气体交换参数、光系统II(PSII)、光系统I(PSI)及二者间的协调性。两年研究结果表明,与常规尿素相比,施用控释尿素均可显著提高玉米花后穗位叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)及后期气孔导度(Gs),明显改善光系统间协调性。与旋耕相比,深松可进一步加强施氮对玉米叶片光合性能的促进作用。控释尿素结合深松可显著提高叶绿素含量及Pn,明显改善叶片PSII反应中心供体侧和受体侧性能,增强电子由PSII向PSI的传递,使花后叶片PSII与PSI间协调性显著增加,有利于产量形成期光合性能稳定。光合性能的提高显著增加了穗粒数和单株籽粒产量,最终提高玉米产量。因此,深松与控释尿素结合可有效地协调PSII与PSI,提高夏玉米光合性能,促进玉米增产。     

吐丝期干旱胁迫对玉米生理特性和物质生产的影响

以玉米品种郑单958 (抗旱性强)和陕单902 (抗旱性弱)为材料,采用抗旱池栽控水试验,研究了叶片光合特性、保护酶活性以及干物质转运对吐丝期干旱胁迫的响应。结果表明,在吐丝期干旱胁迫下2个品种产量分别降低39.10%和44.87%;叶片净光合速率(P_n)和气孔导度(G_s)显著下降,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)先升后降。PSII最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际量子产额(Φ_PSII)、光化学猝灭(q_P)降低,非光化学猝灭(q_N)升高;抗氧化酶(SOD、POD和CAT)活性先升高后降低,而丙二醛(MDA)含量一直升高。说明吐丝期干旱胁迫增加了花前营养器官贮藏同化物转运量(率)及其对籽粒转运的贡献率;但郑单958受干旱影响程度小于陕单902。说明抗旱品种郑单958具高抗氧化酶活性清除活性氧,使得膜脂过氧化程度轻,维持较高的光化学效率,延长叶片光合功能期,促进花前营养器官贮藏同化物转运量对籽粒的贡献率。这可能是其在干旱胁迫下仍能获得较高产量的重要原因之一。     

HSP70可提高干旱高温复合胁迫诱导的玉米叶片抗氧化防护能力

为确定热休克蛋白70 (HSP70)提高作物耐干旱高温复合胁迫的机制,对干旱、高温反应不同的4个玉米品种的生理特性进行了研究。结果显示：(1) 在干旱、高温、干旱高温复合胁迫条件下,叶片丙二醛(MDA)增加量以隆玉602最低,驻玉309最高;在干旱胁迫条件下,郑单958叶片MDA含量低于浚单20,而在高温胁迫条件下,浚单20叶片MDA含量低于郑单958。(2) 在干旱、高温、干旱高温复合胁迫条件下,隆玉602、郑单958、浚单20三个品种叶片抗氧化防护系统如抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱苷肽还原酶(GR)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增加量均高于驻玉309;在干旱条件下,郑单958叶片APX、GR、SOD、CAT活性增加量显著高于浚单20,在高温条件下,两个品种的表现则相反;在干旱高温复合胁迫条件下,隆玉602 叶片APX、GR、SOD活性增加量显著高于郑单958和浚单20。(3) HSP70抑制剂斛皮素(Quercetin, Q)预处理显著抑制了3种胁迫诱导的4个品种叶片抗氧化酶活性的增加。这些研究结果暗示HSP70提高了干旱、高温、干旱高温复合胁迫诱导的抗氧化防护酶活性,且APX、GR、SOD 这3个抗氧化防护酶活性可以作为评价作物耐干旱、高温和干旱高温复合胁迫的生化指标。     

灌浆期干旱胁迫对玉米叶片关系统活性的影响

以高淀粉玉米品种郑单21为材料,借助叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学曲线和820 nm光吸收曲线,研究了灌浆期土壤干旱胁迫对玉米籽粒产量和对叶片光系统I (PSI)及光系统II (PS II)活性的影响。两年的研究结果均表明,干旱胁迫显著抑制叶片光合速率(P<0.05)和籽粒产量(P<0.05)。JIP-test分析发现干旱胁迫导致叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学曲线中的K点和J点上升,表明PS II放氧复合体(OEC)和Q_A之后的电子传递链受到抑制,且PS II受体侧受抑制的程度大于供体侧。此外,干旱胁迫也显著地抑制PS I的最大氧化还原活性(ΔI/I_o),阻碍光合电子从PS II向PS I的传递,破坏了PS I和PS II的协调性。我们认为干旱胁迫抑制PS I和PS II活性并破坏二者的协调性,是导致导致P_n和籽粒产量下降的重要原因之一。     

干旱胁迫下春玉米叶片对光强和CO_2浓度的反应

为应对干旱灾害对作物生长的影响,寻求玉米叶片抗旱减灾的生理阈值。采用LI-6400便携式光合仪测定不同程度干旱胁迫下春玉米叶片在不同光强和CO_2浓度下的光合生理指标。重度干旱胁迫下Pn在低PAR就达到饱和且偏小;在相同PAR下,Pn呈现正常灌溉轻度干旱胁迫中度干旱胁迫重度干旱胁迫。干旱胁迫加剧,Gs减小趋势明显,Ci瞬间储存量也不同。中度和轻度干旱胁迫受气孔限制影响显著,重度干旱胁迫主要受非气孔限制影响。PAR增强,Tr随干旱胁迫加剧而减小。CO_2浓度增大,温度高于35℃叶片Pn反而减小,30℃左右时Pn最大;CO_2浓度倍增Gs在35℃最小;叶片Ci在30℃和35℃明显小于20℃和25℃;30℃叶片Tr最大。不同程度干旱胁迫对光强反应差异显著;CO_2浓度倍增,叶片光合生理过程也受温度影响。     

外源镉胁迫对玉米幼苗光合特性的影响

研究了模拟光条件下,外源Cd胁迫对苗期玉米光合特性的影响。结果表明,Cd胁迫下导致玉米的最大光合速率和叶片蒸腾速率明显降低,光饱和点和表观量子产额有所下降。Cd胁迫下玉米叶片气孔导度减小,低光强时,Cd胁迫对气孔的限制起到较为重要的作用,而在高光强时Cd胁迫导致光合速率较低的原因为非气孔因素,吉甜6的气孔导度受Cd影响更大。Cd胁迫处理使暗适应的玉米叶片的初始荧光Fo升高;2个玉米品种的Fm,Fv,Fv/Fo和Fv/Fm均下降,表明Cd胁迫下PSII的潜在活性和原初光能转换效率减弱;Cd胁迫对吉甜6的光能转换效率和电子传递效率的影响更大。     

非生物胁迫对玉米杂交种及其亲本自交系产量性状的影响

以抗逆性较强玉米杂交种郑单958及其亲本(郑58、昌7-2)和抗逆性较差的杂交种陕单902及其亲本(K22、K12)为材料, 在不同种植密度(45 000株 hm^-2和75 000株 hm^-2)、施氮量(112.5 kg hm^-2和337.5 kg hm^-2)和灌水量(正常灌水和前期干旱控水)条件下, 分析了2个杂交种及其亲本产量及相关生理特性的变化规律。结果表明, 在非生物胁迫条件下(高密度、低氮和前期干旱控水), 与陕单902相比, 品种郑单958叶面积指数、SPAD值、花后干物质积累量和产量的中亲优势值分别增加18%、9%、28%和22%; 与陕单902亲本(K22、K12)比, 郑单958亲本(郑58、昌7-2)叶面积指数、SPAD值、花后干物质积累量和产量的中亲值分别增加45%、36%、51%和45%; 郑单958产量的中亲值和中亲优势显著高于陕单902, 且中亲值增幅高于杂种优势值。玉米杂交种郑单958较陕单902增产的同时, 增强了对非生物逆境适应的能力。玉米杂交种的抗逆性来自亲本自交系。玉米杂交种抗逆性强在于增强了花后叶片光合能力(较高的LAI和SPAD值), 促进了花后干物质积累。     

干旱胁迫对玉米叶绿素荧光参数及质膜透性的影响

以抗旱性不同的3个玉米品种京单28、郑单958、京科25为试材,研究干旱胁迫下玉米的叶绿素荧光参数及质膜透性的变化.结果表明:干旱胁迫对叶绿素荧光参数的影响非常显著,干旱胁迫会降低玉米PSⅡ的原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm),使PSⅡ反应中心开放部分比例(qP)降低,用于光合作用电子传递的份额(qP)减少,而以热能的形式耗散,过量的光能不及时耗散会使光合器官受到损伤,导致玉米叶片原生质膜结构伤害,从而引起膜的透性增大,玉米叶片中丙二醛、脯氨酸含量变化.     

Effects of Mild and Severe Drought Stress on Photosynthetic Efficiency in Tolerant and Susceptible Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes

Drought stress is one of the most important abiotic factors which adversely affect growth, metabolism and yield of crops worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of drought stress on photosynthesis in barley and examine the differential responses of photosynthetic apparatus in relatively tolerant (Yousof) and susceptible (Morocco) barley genotypes. Plants were subjected to different levels of soil water availability including control, mild and severe drought stress. In both genotypes, drought stress led to decrease in chlorophylls, β‐carotene and stomatal conductance accompanied by decrease in CO₂ assimilation rate. Significant increase in α‐tochoperol content was only observed in Yousof cultivar under drought stress. Initial slope and plateau phase of CO₂ response curve of drought‐stressed plants as well as polyphasic chlorophyll a fluorescence transient curve (OJIP test) and fast fluorescence induction kinetics were influenced by drought stress. These parameters were more affected in Morocco cultivar by drought stress compare with Yousof. Drought stress also resulted in reduction of D1 protein content in both genotypes and accelerated photoinhibition process. Based on our results, stomatal conductance is the main factor limiting photosynthesis in Yousof genotype under mild drought stress. However, in Morocco, in addition to stomatal limitation, damage to photosystem II (PSII), reduced electron transport and carboxylation efficiencies were important parts of limitation in photosynthesis. Severe drought stress resulted in structural and biochemical impairment of light‐dependent reactions as well as carboxylation process of photosynthesis in both genotypes. Alpha‐tocopherol showed an important protective role against drought stress in Yousof cultivar as a relatively drought‐tolerant cultivar.     

干旱胁迫条件下AM真菌对蓝莓光合特性及矿质元素含量的影响

旨在进一步明确丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal, AM)真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)提高蓝莓抗旱性的机制。采用盆栽实验研究了在中度干旱胁迫条件下AM真菌对南高丛蓝莓“奥尼尔”叶片光合特性及矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明：中度干旱显著降低了蓝莓菌根侵染率、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、PSII 原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)以及叶片磷(P)、镁(Mg)及铁(Fe)含量；在中度干旱胁迫条件下，AM真菌接种显著提高了蓝莓叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量、Pn、Tr、Gs、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、Fv/Fm 以及P、Mg和Fe 含量，而对钾(K)和锰(Mn)含量并无显著性影响。可见中度干旱胁迫主要通过降低PSII 光能转化效率等非气孔因素来抑制蓝莓的光合速率；但在中度干旱胁迫条件下，AM真菌则通过气孔因素和非气孔因素来提高蓝莓的光合效率，进而有利于提高其抗旱性。     

High temperature reduces photosynthesis in maize leaves by damaging chloroplast ultrastructure and photosystem II

Global warming has increased the frequency and duration of high temperature (HT) stress. Photosynthesis determines yield in maize and is extremely HT sensitive. The effects of HT on photosynthesis in maize leaves have been strongly examined under controlled conditions. Here, to explore the mechanism and primary inhibitory sites of HT to photosynthesis, the HT sensitivity of photosynthesis in XY335 and ZD958 maize hybrids was systematically studied in field by multiple methods. HT decreased leaf area and photosynthetic rate of unit leaf area and hence limited growth. HT disrupted chloroplast and mitochondrial membrane structure, possibly delaying photosynthetic recovery after HT. These changes were greater in XY335 than ZD958. Stomatal conductance decreased significantly under HT, and this did not restrict CO₂ fixation but may weaken the heat dissipation through transpiration. HT caused photoinhibition of PSII but not PSI. HT damaged both the oxygen-evolving complex, located at donor side of PSII, and electron transfer from Q_A to Q_B, located at acceptor side of PSII. Interference of electron transfer from Q_A to Q_B caused by degradation of Q_B-binding (D1) protein was the primary site of PSII inhibition by HT in maize leaves. The different stomatal behaviour and photoinhibition sites under HT between maize and wheat were discussed.     

干旱胁迫对假俭草气体交换和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以假俭草为实验材料,研究干旱胁迫对假俭草气体交换、叶绿素荧光的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫使假俭草净光合速率（Pn）和气孔导度（Gs）明显下降,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）也略有下降,说明Pn的下降是气孔因素和非气孔因素共同作用的结果。干旱胁迫使得PSⅡ反应中心捕获激发能效率（F′v/F′m）和光化学猝灭（qP）降低,从而引起电子传递速率（ETR）的降低。干旱胁迫后,假俭草非光化学猝灭（NPQ）和反应中心过剩激发能（Ex）明显上升,说明假俭草天线色素尽管可以耗散部分能量,但不能及时地有效地耗散过剩激发能,从而使假俭草发生明显的光抑制。     

Bread and Durum Wheat under Heat Stress: A Comparative Study on the Photosynthetic Performance

The photosynthetic responses to heat stress, during grain filling, in four genotypes of Triticum aestivum L. (Sever and Golia) and Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Acalou and TE 9306), chosen according to its genetic background diversity, were investigated. All wheat genotypes (excepting Golia) showed synergistic trends implicating the internal CO₂ concentration, net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Additionally, the modifications of net photosynthesis were associated with changes in stomatal control. Chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters (minimal fluorescence, maximal and variable fluorescence, intrinsic efficiency of PSII in darkness, non‐photochemical quenching, photochemical quenching and energy‐dependent chlorophyll fluorescence quenching) further pointed heat protective mechanisms, implicating F_v/F_m stabilization (i.e. maintaining the efficiency of PS II) and electron transport rate preservation. It is concluded that, comparatively to bread wheat, the photosynthetic performance of durum wheat is more tolerant to heat stress, as stomatal conductance and transpiration are less affected.     

Impact of water supply on photosynthesis,water use and carbon isotope discrimination of sugar beet genotypes

Improvements in drought tolerance of crop plants require research focused on physiological processes. In 2002 and 2003 pot experiments with sugar beet were conducted in a greenhouse. Two (2002) or three (2003) different genotypes were subjected to three watering regimes (100, 50 and 20% of water holding capacity). Gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and water-use efficiency (WUE) as parameters of possible relevance for drought stress tolerance in sugar beet were investigated. It was studied whether ¹³C discrimination (Δ) is suitable as an indirect measure for WUE of sugar beet.DM yield, photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance decreased with increasing severity of drought stress. In contrast, internal CO₂ partial pressure remained relatively stable and effective quantum yield of photosynthesis was reduced only under severe drought, which points at non-stomatal inhibition of photosynthesis. Different sugar beet genotypes showed significant differences in DM yield, but interactions between genotype and water supply did not occur, indicating that genotypic differences in drought tolerance did not exist. In accordance with that, drought-sensitivity of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence was the same in different genotypes. Δ was higher in the leaves than in the taproot. Reductions in Δ in drought-stressed plants corresponded to about 24% higher WUE. Differentiating between plant organs, only leaf Δ was negatively correlated with WUE_L whereas taproot Δ and WUE_T were unrelated. Δ was therefore proven to be a sensitive indicator for water availability during the growing period. However, similar as other parameters relevant for drought stress tolerance it requires investigations in broader genetic material of sugar beet to detect genotypic differences.     

外源ABA对干旱胁迫下玉米叶片光合能力及气孔开度的影响

为探究旱胁迫下外源ABA对玉米品种叶片光合作用以及气孔开度的影响情况，以玉米品种‘郑单988’为研究对象，采用PEG、ABA、ABA+PEG不同处理对不同时间节点下玉米苗期叶片光合作用、气孔张开程度和叶绿素含量变化进行研究。发现不同处理下3 个时间节点光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和叶绿素含量均低于对照，而气孔闭合数目均高于对照；ABA+PEG处理的4 个指标均处于PEG和ABA处理之间。说明干旱胁迫下玉米为了维持自身的生长发育，通过关闭气孔减少水分蒸腾；外施ABA可增加干旱胁迫下气孔的关闭数目和叶绿素含量，减少水分流失的同时提高旱胁迫下植株的光合速率，最终提高植株的抗旱能力。     

干旱胁迫对大豆苗期光合生理特性的影响

为了探明大豆干旱胁迫的生理特性,以‘豫豆19’为实验材料,采用盆栽方式,设置对照(CK),轻度干旱胁迫(L),中度干旱胁迫(M)和重度干旱胁迫(N)4个水分处理水平,研究了不同水分条件下大豆幼苗的生理生化响应。结果显示：随着干旱胁迫的加强,叶片中叶绿素含量降低,游离脯氨酸含量逐渐增加,可溶性糖含量显著升高。随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,叶片中丙二醛含量呈升-降-升的变化趋势,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势。干旱胁迫下,大豆的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)显著降低(P<0.05);水分利用效率(WUE)在轻度水分胁迫条件下有所提高,在中度胁迫下又有一定的下降,在重度胁迫下则明显降低;胞间CO2含量(Ci)在轻度和中度干旱胁迫下降低而在重度干旱胁迫下又明显升高,说明在轻度和中度干旱胁迫下,光合速率的下降是由气孔因素造成的;在重度干旱胁迫下光合速率的下降是由非气孔因素造成的。