花后遮阴对小麦旗叶光合特性及籽粒产量和品质的影响

为阐明麦田遮阴对小麦旗叶光合特性与产量品质的影响,2008—2009年在大田生产条件下,于小麦开花后设置不同程度的遮阴处理,分析了对旗叶光合参数及籽粒产量和主要品质性状的影响。结果表明,遮阴使不育小穗增加,穗粒重和千粒重降低,导致明显减产,遮阴20%、50%和80%处理分别比对照产量降低27.6%、49.0%和60.2%。遮阴后小麦旗叶的叶绿素a和叶绿素b的含量均增加,但叶绿素a/b的比值降低;遮阴使旗叶净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著降低,但胞间CO2浓度有所增加。净光合速率受影响程度的时间排序为灌浆初期灌浆中期灌浆后期。遮阴使小麦籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量以及谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白的比值都显著提高(P0.05),其中谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比值增加说明小麦开花后遮阴对谷蛋白的影响强度大于对醇溶蛋白的影响。遮阴虽然导致产量明显降低,但提高了面团延展性、形成时间、稳定时间和面团吸水率等面团流变学特性,由此可见小麦籽粒形成期光照强弱的巨大差异,导致在淀粉与蛋白合成过程中量比关系发生紊乱,进而引起不同光照下产量与品质的显著不同。     

土壤干旱下喷施乙醇胺对玉米生理特性及产量的影响

本文研究了乙醇胺对开花期遭受中度土壤干旱胁迫在玉米生理特性及产量的影响，结果表明乙醇胺可增加干旱下叶片的气孔阻力，降低蒸腾速率，维持叶片较高的相对含水量和水势，降低叶片细胞的膜脂过氧化水平和质膜透性，提高叶片叶绿素ａ、叶绿素ｂ的含量及二者的比值和类胡萝卜素含量，延缓植株叶面积的衰减，提高叶片的净光合速率，从而促进植株雌雄的发育和物质生产，增加穗有效粒数，百粒重和经济系数，使玉米的籽粒产量和品种的抗     

铅胁迫对糯玉米幼苗叶片叶绿素含量及抗氧化酶活性的影响

通过研究不同浓度铅胁迫对糯玉米叶片叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响,结果表明:糯玉米幼苗叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素(a+b)含量随铅胁迫浓度升高而逐渐降低;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随铅胁迫浓度的升高呈现先升高后降低的趋势;低浓度铅处理对糯玉米幼苗生长具有一定的刺激作用,而高浓度铅处理对糯玉米幼苗生长则表现为抑制作用。     

灌浆初期低温对春玉米产量构成的影响研究

旨在研究东北地区低温冷害对春玉米灌浆的影响,确定春玉米灌浆期间冷害影响农业气象指标。用人工气候室通过模拟自然低温（平均15℃、17℃、19℃）方法,对灌浆初期盆栽春玉米进行（3、5、7天）胁迫处理。结果表明：春玉米在灌浆初期经不同天数的低温处理后,穗粒数减少,穗粒重、百粒重和叶绿素降低,成熟期延迟,果穗秃尖长度和籽粒含水量增加,作物产量呈不同程度的下降。温度越低,持续时间越长,对玉米产量的影响越严重。其中在15℃低温下处理7天后,玉米产量下降最大,较对照穗粒重减少了32.4%,百粒重减少9.2%。可见,灌浆初期低温对春玉米产量结构影响最大的因素是结实率和籽粒干物质含量的双重降低。     

5-氨基乙酰丙酸对绿豆碳代谢及产量的影响

以绿豆品种绿丰2号和绿丰5号为材料,设置5-氨基乙酰丙酸（ALA）拌种处理,未用ALA拌种为对照,研究ALA对始花期绿豆碳代谢及产量的影响。结果表明,ALA提高了2个绿豆品种叶绿素a、叶绿素b以及总叶绿素含量,同时显著增强了2个绿豆品种叶片净光合速率、气孔导度以及蒸腾速率,提高了胞间CO₂浓度与外界CO₂浓度比值,降低了气孔限制值。ALA能有效提高2个品种光合系统潜在活性（F_v/F_o）,分别较对照增加11.98%和5.49%,显著提高了实际光化学量子效率,提高了功能叶片蔗糖含量,降低淀粉含量,并提高了蔗糖合成酶活性,降低了酸性转化酶活性。ALA可有效促进V1–V5期绿豆叶面积指数增加。拌种处理通过改善绿豆百粒重、单株粒数、单株粒重及单株荚数等产量构成因素来提升产量。综上,ALA能够有效改善不同绿豆品种的光合特性和碳代谢途径。     

氮素水平对棉花幼苗生长和光合特性的影响

为研究氮素水平对棉花幼苗生长和光合特性的影响,测定了营养液培养下棉苗的生长指标、叶绿素含量及光合作用参数等指标.结果表明:棉花幼苗地上部干重、叶绿素a+b、叶绿素a/b、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、PSⅡ的潜在活性、PSⅡ光化学最大效率均随氮浓度的增加呈先升高后降低趋势.棉花幼苗生长的最适宜氮浓度为4 mmol·L-1;随处理时间延长,处理间差异先增加后减少,处理第12天时,除根冠比外,各指标均与氮浓度极显著相关;气孔导度和净光合速率对氮素的响应最为灵敏;鲁棉研28各光合指标下降程度大于银瑞361和农大棉8号,3个品种对氮素敏感性依次为:鲁棉研28＞银瑞361＞农大棉8号.     

UV-B辐射增强对甘薯光合特性和紫外吸收物质的影响

为探索UV-B辐射增强对甘薯光合特性和紫外吸收物质含量的影响,以徽薯为试验材料,以自然光为对照,设2个UV-B辐射增强处理[在自然光基础上增加UV-B辐射3.6和7.2kJ/(m ²·d)分别编号为T1、T2处理],测定不同辐射强度下光合色素含量、光合作用参数和紫外吸收物质含量。结果表明：叶绿素a（Chla）、叶绿素b（Chlb）、类胡萝卜素（Car）和叶绿素a/b的值均随UV-B辐射强度的增加而降低,且Chla、Chlb和Car分别在处理第100、80和40天时对辐射变化最敏感;净光合速率（P_n）显著下降,气孔导度（G_s）降低,胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）和蒸腾速率（T_r）无明显变化规律,气孔限制值（L_s）的变化趋势与C_i相反;紫外吸收物质显著升高,呈CK相似文献   

油菜素内酯对春玉米灌浆期叶片光合功能与产量的调控效应

以玉米品种"郑单958"为材料,在大田条件下,采用植物生长调节物质油菜素内酯(brassinolide,BR)对苞叶和穗位叶喷施处理,研究了BR对玉米穗位叶功能、籽粒灌浆及产量的调控作用。结果表明,灌浆期随生育进程,玉米穗位叶叶绿素含量、光合速率、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)、1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(Ru BPCase)以及蔗糖磷酸合酶和蔗糖合酶的活性均显著下降。同时,籽粒蔗糖含量显著降低,但淀粉含量和粒重均显著增加。与对照相比,BR处理显著增加玉米穗位叶叶绿素含量,提高光合速率,增强PEPCase、Ru BPCase、蔗糖磷酸合酶和蔗糖合酶的活性。BR处理显著增加籽粒蔗糖和淀粉积累,提高玉米籽粒干物质积累。在产量构成上,BR显著缩短秃尖长度,增加穗粒数和千粒重,显著提高产量。本研究说明,灌浆期喷施BR可提高玉米叶源的活性,延长叶片光合功能持续期,促进籽粒灌浆和物质积累,从而实现增产。     

光强对烤烟生长发育及光合特性的影响

采用盆栽的方法,研究了移栽后40 d时不同光强对烤烟植株生长、叶绿素含量、光合及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,弱光处理增加了植株高度、叶的长宽比、叶绿素含量,但茎围变小,叶数变少,节间变长,叶绿素a/b变小。净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、随光强的减弱而降低。叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm,￠PSⅡ,光化学淬灭系数(qP),随光强的减弱而升高,而非光化学淬灭系数(qN)降低。     

甘蓝型油菜黄化突变体的光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数分析

调查油菜自发黄化突变体(NY)、野生型(NG)及其正反交后代材料(F₁和rF₁)的光合色素含量、光合特性、叶绿素荧光参数及农艺性状,分析五叶期各参数的变化规律。表明,突变体叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素和总叶绿素均大幅减少,其中叶绿素b减幅最大;净光合速率显著降低,胞间CO₂浓度升高,但气孔导度与野生型等相当,表明光合速率不受气孔限制;光补偿点和光饱和点升高,暗呼吸速率与野生型等相当,表观量子效率和光补偿点处量子效率显著降低;CO₂补偿点、光呼吸速率和羧化效率均显著降低,CO₂饱和点则显著升高;突变体的荧光参数,包括F_o、F_m、F_v/F_m、F_v'/F_m'、Φ_PSII、q_p、NPQ和ETR均显著降低,说明光合色素含量降低导致PSII反应中心捕光能力弱和光化学转化效率低,使叶片光合速率降低。突变体的黄化持续时间较长,对生长发育产生影响较大,单株籽粒产量只有野生型的57.09%,但与正常材料组配F₁的光合特性和农艺性状均能恢复到正常水平。     

Photosynthetic and stomatal responses of potatoes grown under elevated CO2 and/or O3—results from the European CHIP-programme

The physiological effects of elevated CO₂ and/or O₃ on Solanum tuberosum cv. Bintje were examined in Open-Top Chambers during 1998 and 1999 at experimental sites across Europe as part of the EU ‘Changing Climate and Potential Impacts on Potato Yield and Quality’ programme (CHIP). At tuber initiation (≈20 days after emergence, DAE) elevated CO₂ (680 μl l⁻¹) induced a 40% increase in the light saturated photosynthetic rate (A_sat) of fully expanded leaves in the upper canopy. This was 16% less than expected from short-term exposures of plants grown under ambient CO₂ (360 μl l⁻¹) to elevated CO₂, indicating that photosynthetic acclimation began at an early stage of crop growth. This effect resulted from a combination of a 12% reduction in stomatal conductance (g_s) and a decline in photosynthetic capacity, as indicated by the significant reductions in the maximum carboxylation rate of Rubisco (Vc_max) and light-saturated rate of electron transport (J_max) under elevated CO₂. The seasonal decline in the promotion of photosynthesis by elevated CO₂ reflected the concurrent decrease in g_s. Vc_max and J_max were both reduced in plants grown under elevated CO₂ until shortly after maximum leaf area (MLA) was attained. Although non-photorespiratory mitochondrial respiration in the light (R_d) increased during the later stages of the season, net photosynthesis was consistently increased by elevated CO₂ during the main part of the season. Photosynthetic rate declined more rapidly in response to elevated O₃ under ambient CO₂, and the detrimental impact of O₃ was most obvious after MLA was attained (DAE 40–50). Several exposure indices were compared, with the objective of determining the critical ozone level required to induce physiological effects. The critical O₃ exposure above which a 5% reduction in light saturated photosynthetic rate may be expected (expressed in terms of cumulative exposure above 0 nl l⁻¹ O₃ between emergence and specific dates during the season (AOT0-cum)) was 11 μl l⁻¹ h; however this value should only be extrapolated beyond the CHIP dataset with caution. The interaction between O₃ and stomatal behaviour was more complex, as it was influenced by both long-term and daily exposure levels. Elevated CO₂ counteracted the adverse effect of O₃ on photosynthesis, perhaps because the observed reduction in stomatal conductance decreased O₃ fluxes into the leaves. The results are discussed in the context of nitrogen deficiency, carbohydrate accumulation and yield.     

臭氧与其他环境因子及其复合作用对植物的影响

综述了臭氧（O₃）浓度升高、太阳辐射减弱、UV-B辐射、CO₂浓度升高及其与O₃复合作用对植物形态特征、光合作用、干物质累积及作物产量等生理生化机制的影响。交互作用的试验条件可以更好地模拟自然环境条件。O₃和UV-B辐射对植物几乎没有积极作用。太阳辐射减弱、CO₂浓度升高都会促进植物营养生长。但太阳辐射减弱降低干物质累积和产量,CO₂浓度升高对其有促进作用。CO₂浓度升高在与O₃复合条件下,可部分缓解太阳辐射减弱对植物造成的伤害。而UV-B辐射与O₃复合对植物造成的伤害更大。     

氮素对高大气CO2浓度下小麦叶片光合功能的影响

为探讨高大气CO₂浓度下植物光合作用适应现象的光合能量转化和分配的氮素响应及其对C₃植物光合功能的影响,本试验对盆栽小麦进行2个大气CO₂浓度和2个氮水平的组合处理,通过测定小麦光合气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿素含量等指标,研究施氮对高大气CO₂浓度下小麦叶片光合功能的影响。结果表明,大气CO₂浓度升高后,低氮处理小麦叶片光合速率发生明显的适应性下调,光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)下降;但高氮叶片则无明显的光合作用适应现象发生。高大气CO₂浓度下低氮叶片光化学速率、PSII线性电子传递速率(J_F)、光合电子流的光化学传递速率(J_C)、Rubisco羧化速率(V_C)和TPU下降,并随生育时期推进其下降趋势更为明显,但高氮叶片的上述参数无显著变化;小麦叶片J_C/J_F、V_C/J_C和V₀ /V_C随氮素水平和大气CO₂浓度的变化无显著变化,表明施氮能提高光合机构对光合能量的传递速率,但对光合能量的分配方向无明显影响。施氮提高小麦叶片氮素和叶绿素含量,并且使高大气CO₂浓度下光合氮素利用效率(NUE)明显增加。大气CO₂浓度升高后,施氮增强光合机构的光合能量运转速率,同化力提高,无明显的光合作用适应现象;由于氮素水平与大气CO₂浓度对小麦叶片的光合能量利用存在明显的交互作用,而且高大气CO₂浓度下施氮使得小麦叶片NUE增加、正常大气CO₂浓度下降低,证明高大气CO₂浓度下施氮对光合作用具有直接的影响。     

瞬时CO2浓度变化对杏属植物光合生理影响研究

为探讨CO2浓度瞬时变化对杏碳同化能力、水分利用能力的影响,进一步了解杏属植物在未来大气CO2浓度升高和全球变暖情况下的生长潜力和生态优势。作者利用Li-6400便携式光合测定仪对15个2年生杏品种进行瞬时CO2浓度倍降和倍升处理的光合参数测定。结果表明,瞬时CO2浓度变化显著影响杏属植物光合作用,在瞬时CO2浓度升高情况下,最大净光合速率(Amax)升高,呼吸速率(Rd)下降,光补偿点(LCP)降低,表光量子效率(AQY)提高,水分利用效率(WUE)显著增强,但光饱和点(LSP)变化不显著,不同品种Gs和Tr反应有一定差异。适当增加CO2浓度能提高杏属植物对弱光和水分的利用能力,促进光合作用,增加同化物积累,加速碳素循环。     

作物对大气CO2浓度升高生理响应研究进展

The increase of atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide ([CO₂]) has substantially had a huge impact on agricultural production. As the sole substrate for photosynthesis, the increase of atmospheric [CO₂] stimulates the net photosynthetic rate, thus promoting the biomass accumulation and yield level in many crops. However, the ‘fertilization’ effect of the elevated atmospheric [CO₂] on crop production is less than theoretical expectation, and elevated [CO₂] increases the health risk due to the decline in grain quality. The relevant mechanism is still unclear. In this paper, we analyzed the effect of elevated [CO₂] on crop photosynthesis system, reviewed various responses of key photosynthesis indicators, such as the leaf net photosynthetic rate, the intercellular [CO₂] of leaves, maximum carboxylation rate of Rubisco (V_{c, max}), and the capacity of Rubp-regeneration (J_max) in different crops, in response to the elevated atmospheric [CO₂]. Based on the C-N metabolism of the whole plant, we summarized two prevailing hypotheses about the acclimation of photosynthetic capacity under elevated atmospheric [CO₂], namely the source-sink regulation mechanism and N limitation mechanism, respectively. We summarized the influence of elevated [CO₂] on the nutritional quality of the grain, such as the change in the protein, oil, mineral elements, and vitamin concentrations. Furthermore, we also reviewed the potential interactive effect of the elevated atmospheric temperature and [CO₂] on crop growth. Finally, the main research directions of this field in the future are proposed. In summary, this review can provide theoretical reference for accurately assessing the changes in crop yield and quality under climate change conditions, maximizing the ‘fertilization’ effect of elevated [CO₂], and mitigating the adverse effects of climate change on crop production.     

Effect of Phosphorus Nutrition on Growth and Physiology of Cotton Under Ambient and Elevated Carbon Dioxide

Phosphorous deficiency in soil limits crop growth and productivity in the majority of arable lands worldwide and may moderate the growth enhancement effect of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration. To evaluate the interactive effect of these two factors on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) growth and physiology, plants were grown in controlled environment growth chambers with three levels of phosphate (Pi) supply (0.20, 0.05 and 0.01 mm ) under ambient and elevated (400 and 800 μmol mol^?1, respectively) CO₂. Phosphate stress caused stunted growth and resulted in early leaf senescence with severely decreased leaf area and photosynthesis. Phosphate stress led to over 77 % reduction in total biomass across CO₂ levels. There was a below‐ground (roots) shift in biomass partitioning under Pi deficiency. While tissue phosphorus (P) decreased, tissue nitrogen (N) content tended to increase under Pi deficiency. The CO₂ × Pi interactions were significant on leaf area, photosynthesis and biomass accumulation. The stimulatory effect of elevated CO₂ on growth and photosynthesis was reduced or highly depressed suggesting an increased sensitivity of cotton to Pi deficiency under elevated CO₂. Although, tissue P and stomatal conductance were lower at elevated CO₂, these did not appear to be the main causes of cotton unresponsiveness to elevated CO₂ under severe Pi‐stress. The alteration in the uptake and utilization of N was suggested due to a consistent reduction (18–21 %) in the cotton plant tissue N content under elevated CO₂.     

Phenological development, leaf emergence, tillering and leaf area index, and duration of spring wheat across Europe in response to CO2 and ozone

Phenological development, leaf emergence, tillering and leaf area index (LAI), and duration (LAD) of spring wheat cv. Minaret, grown in open-top chambers at different sites throughout Europe for up to 3 years at each site, were investigated in response to elevated CO₂ (ambient CO₂×2) and ozone (ambient ozone ×1.5) concentrations.

Phenological development varied among experiments and was partly explained by differences in temperature among sites and years. There was a weak positive relationship between the thermal rate of development and the mean daylength for the period from emergence to anthesis. Main stems produced on average 7.7 leaves with little variation among experiments. Variation was higher for the thermal rate of leaf emergence, which was partly explained by differences in the rate of change of daylength at plant emergence among seasons. Phenological development, rate of leaf emergence and final leaf number were not affected by CO₂ and ozone exposure. Responses of tillering and LAI to CO₂ and ozone exposure were significant only in some experiments. However, the direction of responses was consistent for most experiments. The number of tillers and ears per plant, respectively, was increased as a result of CO₂ enrichment by about 13% at the beginning of stem elongation (DC31), at anthesis and at maturity. Exposure to ozone had no effect on tillering. LAI was increased as a result of CO₂ elevation by about 11% at DC31 and by about 14% at anthesis. Ozone exposure reduced LAI at anthesis by about 9%. No such effect was observed at DC31. There were very few interactive effects of CO₂ and ozone on tillering and LAI. Variations in tillering and LAI, and their responses to CO₂ and ozone exposure, were partly explained by single linear relationships considering differences in plant density, tiller density and the duration of developmental phases among experiments. Consideration of temperature and incident photosynthetically active radiation in this analysis did not reduce the unexplained variation. There was a negative effect of ozone exposure on leaf area duration at most sites. Direct effects of elevated CO₂ concentration on leaf senescence, both positive and negative, were observed in some experiments. There was evidence in several experiments that elevated CO₂ concentration ameliorated the negative effect of ozone on leaf area duration. It was concluded from these results that an analysis of the interactive effects of climate, CO₂ and ozone on canopy development requires reference to the physiological processes involved.     

土壤水分和CO2浓度增加对小麦、玉米、棉花蒸散、光合及生长的影响

通过在大型人工气候室内的试验、设计了350和700μl/L,两种C02浓度水平和高、中、低三种土壤水分处理,其土壤含水率范围分别为85%-100%, 65%-85%和45%-65%(占田间持水量的百分数),分析了土壤水分条件和大气CO2浓度增加的共同作用对小麦、玉米、棉花等作物蒸发蒸腾、光合速率、生长状况与干物质积累、水分利用效率的影响。     

臭氧化冰的制备与保存初探

研究了臭氧化水在不同低温下冻结成冰的速率,探讨了不同温度及包装容器对臭氧化冰中臭氧浓度的影响和不同质量的臭氧化冰在泡沫箱中的臭氧释放规律。结果表明,温度越低,臭氧化水的冻结速率越高,臭氧的损失越小;用液氮（-196℃）制备的臭氧化冰浓度最高;用小冰盘作容器制备的臭氧化冰较其他两种容器制备的臭氧浓度高;臭氧化冰保存在（-18±2）℃条件下臭氧损失相对较小;臭氧含量相同的臭氧化冰质量越高,常温下释放的臭氧浓度也越高。     

Effect of Elevated CO2 on the Photosynthesis, Growth and Water Relation of Brassica Species Under Moisture Stress

An attempt has been made to study the interactive effect of elevated CO₂ and moisture stress on photosynthesis, growth and water relations of Brassica species using open top chambers. It was observed that plants responded to elevated CO₂ significantly under moisture stress condition mitigating the adverse effects on photosynthesis and growth of Brassica species. Relatively drought susceptible species, viz. B. campestris and B. nigra , responded to elevated CC₂ markedly as compared to less sensitive B. carinata and B. juncea plants. The water status of plants significantly improved under elevated CO₂ concentration possibly by increasing stomatal resistance and/or by increased root growth.