Performance of an automatic upstream controlled irrigation system: conveyance efficiencies

This paper presents a study of conveyance efficiencies in the Sorraia Irrigation Project, Portugal. The Irrigation Project is briefly described and flow measurement techniques are analysed. Results show that efficiencies are higher during week days and normal labour hours and lower during weekends and at night. Water losses are higher than in other similar systems and the main reason is the substitution of the flow rotation method by restricted arranged schedules. An improvement process for saving water and accommodating deliveries to demands is also briefly presented.     

基于组合权重的灌区输水系统适宜性模糊物元模型

阐述了灌区输水系统适宜性的内涵,初探灌区输水系统的适宜性。以黑龙江省农垦红兴隆管理局蛤蟆通灌区、江川灌区及依兰县倭肯河灌区为研究对象,运用基于AHP-熵权法的模糊物元模型进行灌区输水系统适宜性评价。构建了灌区输水系统适宜性评价指标体系,采用层次分析法和熵权法相结合的方法确定各评价指标的权重。结果表明:输水渠道衬砌率是影响灌区输水系统适宜性的主要因素,进一步分析表明蛤蟆通灌区输水系统的适宜性为Ⅱ级,倭肯河灌区和江川灌区输水系统的适宜性为Ⅲ级。研究结果对今后灌区的建设以及节水改造具有重要的指导意义。     

人民胜利渠灌区多水源循环转化模型研究

从取水、输水、配水、排水系统的角度,构建了人民胜利渠灌区多水源循环转化模型,定量模拟分析了人民胜利渠灌区系统多年平均下的多水源循环转化关系。结果表明,从农田灌排系统角度,构建灌区多水源循环转化模型是可行的,能够较好地模拟灌区系统多水源循环转化过程;人民胜利渠灌区水资源的转化主要集中在输水和配水系统中,水资源转化量分别约为1.76亿和9.66亿m~3,取水系统和排水系统水资源转化量较小,分别为0.01亿和0.13亿m~3。输水系统中水资源转化以渗漏为主,渠系渗漏量约占总引黄水量的44%,这增加了引黄输水渠道沿线农田遭受渍害和土壤次生盐碱化的风险;配水系统中农田渗漏量约占水资源转化量的28%,这可能与部分地区仍采用落后的灌溉方式有关。     

Comparison between the efficiencies of surface and pressurized irrigation systems in Jordan

A study was carried out to determine the efficiencies of water use in irrigation in the Jordan Valley Project. The study aimed to evaluate, the overall or project efficiency (E_p) which includes: the irrigation system efficiency, being the combined conveyance and distribution efficiency (E_s); and the field application efficiency (E_a). Evaluation of these efficiencies includes the comparison of open canals with surface irrigation versus pressurized pipes with sprinkler or drip irrigation systems. Data was collected from different sources to achieve the above mentioned purposes, beside the field experiments which were carried out specially for this study.It was found that the overall or project efficiency (E_p) for open surface canal with surface irrigation under citrus was 53%. While it was 42% under vegetables. Whereas E_p for pressurized pipe systems was 68%, and 70% for sprinkler and drip irrigation methods, respectively.The E_s for an open canal, (King Abdullah Canal, KAC) was 65%. While it was 77% for pressurized pipe projects during 1989–1991. Concerning the E_a, it was found to be equal to 82% and 64%, for surface irrigation on citrus and vegetables, respectively. Whereas it was 88% for citrus under sprinkler, and 91% for vegetables under drip irrigation. These values for the field application efficiency are acceptable according to Finkle (1982). The low E_s value for the canal is due, mainly, to high evaporation and seepage, unreported deliveries, and unavoidable measurement losses. Whereas, in pressurized pipe projects, it is due to the unreported deliveries, unavoidable measurement losses, and leakage.     

Evaluation of water management systems in a tubewell irrigated farm

Land development, improved systems of irrigation and drainage, and proper irrigation scheduling are becoming more and more important for the success of command area development of the various major and minor irrigation schemes. For realistic planning and execution of such programmes or for improving existing ones, a systematic evaluation of the various components of the existing systems would be necessary but is invariably lacking. This paper presents an attempt made in this direction at C.S.S.R.I. farm, Karnal (India) to evaluate the integrated effect of water management technology on the efficiency of the irrigation system. The parameters selected for evaluation were the efficiencies of pumping, conveyance and field application. Besides these three parameters, water use efficiency, an index of crop production per unit of water applied, was also evaluated.Investigations revealed that pumping efficiency for electrically driven centrifugal pumps was about 52% and the corresponding value for diesel engine run pumps sets was 30%. The conveyance efficiency in the study area was as high as 93% because the seepage loss in the field channels laid in the alkali soils of the study area was only 7%. The field layout for water application in the study area consisted of long, narrow borders. The water application efficiency for this system was 58% for a wheat crop and 42% for rice. The overall system efficiency for wheat crops was observed to be 54% as against a value of 39% for rice.The observed average total water requirements and water use efficiencies for wheat were 46 cm and 70 kg/ha cm^?1 and for rice 150 cm and 46 kg/ha cm^?1, respectively. At these efficiencies, it was also noted that a cavity tubewell would command an area of 4.5 ha, with rice and wheat as the principal crop rotation.From this study, it can be inferred that reasonably high irrigation system efficiencies (54% as against the national average of about 30%) are possible with good water management at farm level.     

人民胜利渠灌溉用水管理损失及对策研究

根据人民渠灌区用水管理损失现状，对河南省人民胜利灌溉枢的灌溉用水管理损失情况进行了系统的调查研究，认为影响灌区用水管理损失的因素有：管理体制与运营机制；水费、水价政策；农耕技术与种植结构等。提出应从输配水、田间灌水等方面，减少灌溉用水管理损失。     

宁、陕大型灌区地面灌溉存在问题与对策

讨论了陕西与宁夏二省 (区 )大型灌区骨干工程、田间配套工程情况 ;土壤盐渍化发展与治理措施效果 ;井渠结合灌溉、管理体制改革经验等。分析了灌溉定额偏大及土壤盐渍化等问题的成因与危害。针对各灌区存在的实际问题 ,提出了解决的对策与措施     

The improvement of hydraulic efficiency of irrigation systems with particular reference to biological control method

This paper represents a research study of the conveyance efficiencies for one main vegetated canal with particular reference to biological agent, using grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.). The canal and the stocking procedure are briefly described and water measurements techniques utilized are analyzed. The results showed that an increasing of irrigation efficiency along the vegetated canal was achieved, in which the flow resistance in terms of Manning's n is decreased. The successive use of biological method in comparison to other methods, are that it combines relatively low cost and a minimum of side effect. However, advantage of conserving water and controlling weed infestation, makes its use of such method, is necessary as water is becoming a scarce commodity.     

农田水利技术发展回顾与展望

农田水利在我国有着悠久的历史。中华人民共和国成立后,国家把水利作为农业的命脉和国民经济的基础设施给予高度重视,农田水利事业得到了快速发展。５０ 年来,农田水利建设取得巨大成效的原因之一,就是依靠科技进步,推广科学技术。对农田水利发展意义重大、应用较广泛的技术大致有５ 个方面：①机电排灌技术;②农田水利规划与水土资源综合开发治理技术;③渠道防渗、管道输水技术;④农田水利机械化施工技术;⑤有压供水灌溉技术。节水灌溉技术的大部分内容也分别包含在上述几个方面之中。下世纪农村水利面临新的机遇和挑战,在相当长的时期内,农田水利技术进步将以高效用水为中心,围绕提高水的有效利用率、水分生产率、单位水量的效益等方面的综合技术,旧灌区的更新改造技术,提高农田水利作业效率和劳动生产率的综合技术,改善农村水环境、促进水资源可持续利用和农业可持续发展的综合技术、信息技术和灌排装备生产制造技术等方面来开展。加快农田水利技术进步与创新要各方协作,讲求实效     

基于粒子群算法的低压管灌系统水力计算方法

为了应对水资源危机,中国大力推广低压管灌技术用于粮食作物的灌溉.基于水量平衡和能量守恒原理,以系统的水量偏差最小为目标函数,支管的能量守恒和水量平衡作为约束条件,支管进口流量为决策变量,建立了低压管道输水灌溉系统的一维恒定流水力模拟模型,并相应地提出了试算-粒子群算法(TPSA)进行求解,可以获得系统实际运行时水泵的工况点以及各级管道和出水口的实际流量.将该方法应用于上海市一灌区的低压管灌系统,对比了TPSA与梯度法的求解结果,证明在同时工作的支管数较多的情况下TPSA可以获得更佳的求解结果,误差最多可减小12.3%,耗时最多可减少16.3%.应用该方法可以对管灌系统的初步设计成果进行校核和调整,对提高设计可靠性具有一定作用.     

多功能管道灌溉工程水源泵站设计参数的几种处理

多功能管道灌溉就是将半固定管道式喷灌与低压管道输水灌溉技术有机结合，根据不同灌溉季节和农作物不同生育期的需要，既可作喷灌，也可作管灌使用。本文提出了其水源泵站的设计流量、设计扬程、运行制度、泵站级配等参数的处理意见。     

灌溉渠系水利用系数的分析与计算

灌溉渠系的布置形式一般可分为串联渠系、等效并联渠系和非等效并联渠系 ,对这 3种灌溉渠系水利用系数进行了理论研究。用实例验证了上述的理论分析。研究成果可应用于实际灌溉工程     

A comparison of two methodologies for assessment of irrigation performance under the Warabandi system

A water management study of Warabandi in northwest India in 1983 developed a methodology for assessing the performance of large scale smallholder irrigation schemes by observing irrigated areas and carrying out random crop cutting. A study of Warabandi in 1988 took a shorter amount of time and concentrated on direct measurements of flow and seepage in order to assess the performance of the physical conveyance system. This paper contrasts these two approaches and gives practical guidance on how to go about carrying out a rapid assessment of the performance of the physical conveyance system of an irrigation scheme.     

基于改进多目标决策模型的大桥水库灌区渠系自适应规划方法

提出基于改进多目标决策模型的大桥水库灌区渠系自适应规划方法,合理规划大桥水库灌区渠系配水,提高水资源利用率,降低无效弃水以及对生态环境的影响。以配水结束后灌区各渠系缺水量、渠道输水损失量以及农作物生产带来的灰水足迹三者最小为大桥水库灌区渠系规划多目标决策函数,以渠道输水能力、水量和时间为约束条件,构建大桥水库灌区渠系规划的多目标决策模型;以栅格法构建路径规划的运行环境,通过移动几率优化、信息素挥发系数自适应调整两方面改进蚁群算法,通过改进蚁群算法寻优获取渠道缺水量、输水损失量、灰水足迹最小的水库灌区渠系规划结果。实验证明：该方法可以有效规划大桥水库灌区渠系的水资源,规划后的灌区渠系在缺水量、渠道输水损失量以及灰水足迹方面都有较好的表现,且效率高、应用性强。     

大型灌溉系统输水效率与配水效率的计算方法

本文以我国干旱、半干旱地区大型引水灌溉系统为对象,探讨:无分流渠道沿程输水损失非恒定条件下输水效率的正向递推计算;多口分流渠道配水效率的计算原理与计算方法。较固定沿程输水损失计算合理,精度也有提高。并从数学上作了证明。上述计算方法已为河套灌区灌溉效率标准化测试与评估中采用。     

石津灌区农业水资源利用效率的初步研究

采用灌溉水利用系数、灌溉效率和水分生产率3种指标,结合石津灌区2004~2005年冬小麦生育期内的耗水量和产量,从灌区管理与水资源利用的角度,评价了该灌区农业水资源的利用状况。同时运用地下水位观测资料分析计算了田间渗漏水量和垂向回归水量,定量分析了垂向回归水补给量对灌溉效率的影响。经计算,灌溉水利用系数为0.476、灌溉效率平均为0.667、灌溉水分生产率不同尺度分别为1.214、1.350、1.490、1.751 kg/m3。回归水的再利用使得灌溉效率值平均提高了18.8%。     

关于我国节水农业技术研究的探讨

总结了我国近期节水农业技术研究在农用水资源的合理开发技术、输配水节水工程技术、田间节水灌溉工程技术、提高作物从农田土壤中获取水分形成产量的技术等方面的最新进展。指出了我国节水农业技术研究中存在的主要问题。提出了我国节水农业技术应研究的重点为 :适合我国国情的节水灌溉工程技术 ,研究新工艺、新配方加速节水农业新设备及新材料的产业化 ,节水高效灌溉制度与控制灌溉技术 ,研究开发多种可用于灌溉的水资源 ,研究提高灌溉用水管理水平。     

渠道衬砌混凝土板预制加工工艺研究与实践

渠道衬砌是目前我国实施节水灌溉的一种重要工程措施,预制混凝土板是渠道衬砌的主要材料之一,其质量的好坏对衬砌工程质量具有重要影响.结合多年来的工作实践,介绍了渠道衬砌混凝土板预制加工制作工艺,针对衬砌混凝土板预制过程中常见的质量问题进行了分析,提出了提高质量的具体措施.     

Study of feasibility of night-closure of irrigation canals for water saving

The feasibility of closing distributary canals at night was investigated in a recently modernized surface irrigation system in Pakistan, the Upper Swat-Pehur High Level Canal system. Increased water supply, greater delivery capacity and the introduction of downstream control potentially allow more flexible service. In the command area of Maira branch of this system, farmers are anyway abandoning night-time irrigation, as they can meet their needs from improved supply during the day. They practice night irrigation only during the times of peak crop water demand. The rotational delivery system, known as warabandi in the sub-continent and Dauran in Arabian countries, has even broken down in the day in some parts of the command area. This is believed to be typical of systems with more than adequate water supply.A simulation study was undertaken using the CanalMan software developed by Biological & Irrigation Department, Utah State University, Utah Logan, USA. Primary data collected in one distributary canal and the two minors connected to it was utilized for simulations. The feasibility of night-time closure depends on the speed of filling and emptying the canal each day, and the time required to meet full irrigation demand during the day. The results show that where canal lengths are less than 5 km, in this system, there is good potential to make savings, which can be realized at system level through reduced demand on supplemental supplies from Tarbela Dam.     

提高毛水生产率研究

分析了减损性节水和增效性节水与水分生产率的概念,论述了农业技术在优种、培肥土壤、精耕细作、覆膜与化肥及水利技术在适时适量灌溉、输水系统减损、灌水技术、雨养农业农田基本建设等方面对提高水分生产率的作用。重点指出当前亟须加大育种投入,使流失的有机肥归田,抓好城市肥源归田、灌区输水系统管道化、山区农田基本建设3类试点,要农业与水利相结合,发挥各自优势,提高水分生产率,提高单产。