河南省小麦田杂草组成及群落特征

为明确河南省小麦田杂草的种类组成和群落特征,采用倒置"W"9点取样法对河南省36个区县的小麦田杂草进行了调查。结果表明,小麦田杂草有77种,隶属于20科65属,其中以禾本科、菊科、十字花科为主;优势杂草有10种,分别为播娘蒿、野燕麦、荠菜、猪殃殃、婆婆纳、麦家公、麦瓶草、节节麦、雀麦、硬草;常见杂草有28种,一般性杂草有39种。从杂草区域分布来看,伏牛山区小麦田杂草群落的物种丰富度、多样性最高,杂草有49种,Shannon-Wiener指数最高,为2.94;豫南平原区Pielou指数最小,为0.75,Simpson指数最高,为0.098,优势杂草突出。聚类分析结果表明,河南省小麦田的杂草群落可以划分为3组,第1组为豫北平原区、豫南平原区和伏牛山区的杂草群落,第2组为南阳盆地区和桐柏大别山区的杂草群落,第3组为太行山区的杂草群落。     

安徽省麦田杂草种类组成变化及群落特征分析

为明确近年来安徽省麦田杂草种类组成及群落结构变化情况,本研究采用倒置"W"取样法对安徽省麦田杂草进行了连续两年的跟踪调查,结果发现麦田杂草有19科72种,其中禾本科、菊科、蓼科种类最多。优势杂草有节节麦Aegilops tauschii、野燕麦Avena fatua、日本看麦娘Alopecurus japonicus、看麦娘A.aequalis、菵草Beckmannia syzigachne、猪殃殃Galium spurium等6种,区域性优势杂草有5种,常见杂草有8种,一般杂草有53种。此外,不同地区优势杂草存在差异,淮北草害区是以猪殃殃+节节麦+野燕麦为主的杂草群落;江淮丘陵草害区为日本看麦娘+看麦娘+猪殃殃+菵草;江南草害区为日本看麦娘+看麦娘+菵草。从杂草的分布来看,江淮丘陵草害区的杂草群落物种丰富度、多样性最高,杂草有56种,香农指数最高,为2.34;江南草害区杂草群落物种丰富度最低,有17种杂草,辛普森指数最高,为0.037,均匀度指数也较低,为0.29,优势杂草突出;从相似性指数来看,安徽省三大草害区之间的相似性指数都小于等于0.5,差异性较大。同时,安徽省麦田杂草入侵问题严重,节节麦甚至已经成为某些地区的优势杂草之一,而大穗看麦娘A.myosuroides在安徽省局部地区也多有发生。     

宜兴地区小麦田主要危害性杂草的调查研究

通过样方计数法和7级目测法2种调查方式对江苏省宜兴市小麦田的杂草进行系统调查,以明确本地小麦田的主要危害性杂草,为农技部门科学指导农民开展杂草防除以及进行针对性的药剂筛选试验提供基础依据。结果表明,宜兴市小麦田的主要危害性杂草有日本看麦娘、菵草、猪殃殃、看麦娘、碎米荠、稻槎菜、牛繁缕、大巢菜、野老鹳等。其中日本看麦娘、菵草和猪殃殃为本地杂草群落的优势种,看麦娘已经由优势种主要草害下降为本地小麦田非优势种草害。     

长江中下游小麦田杂草发生组成及群落特征

为明确我国长江流域冬小麦田杂草发生情况,采用倒置“W”方法取样对江苏、安徽和湖北省945个冬小麦田杂草进行了抽样调查。结果表明,长江流域冬小麦田共发现杂草93种(变种),隶属于28科72属,其中禾本科杂草最多,有15种;其次是菊科杂草有12种;蓼科杂草9种;十字花科7种;豆科和车前科各6种;石竹科5种。其中优势杂草有猪殃殃、日本看麦娘、看麦娘、菵草、野老鹳草、牛繁缕6种;区域性优势杂草有17种,常见杂草有12种,一般杂草有58种。根据物种多样性指数、辛普森指数及均匀度指数分析,孝感、阜阳、襄阳和宿州地区小麦田杂草群落的物种多样性较高,宣城地区多样性最低。Sorensen’s相似度指数聚类结果发现,江苏北部地区麦区杂草组成与安徽北部相似。各地小麦田杂草群落结构与组成的差异与气候条件、种植模式及除草剂应用等有关。     

枣阳市麦田杂草优势种群动态及防除对策

90年代以来,麦田杂草群落发生了明显变化,许多阔叶杂草、抗性杂草不断上升为麦田主要杂草。日本看麦娘,野老鹳草等恶性杂草取代看麦娘、野燕麦成为稻茬优势种。猪殃殃、阿拉伯等6种恶性阔叶杂草占据旱茬旱麦田的主要优势,为综合防草增加了难度。     

麦田杂草损失率测定及防除指标研究

近几年来,由于耕作制度的变化,稻麦连作面积扩大和麦田少免耕技术的逐步推广,麦田杂草群落也发生了很大变化,草害也逐年加重。我市80年代后期麦田杂草以猪殃殃、繁缕、芥菜等双子叶杂草为主,占总草量的gi．92％。随着稻一麦一稻耕作制面积的不断增大,禾本科杂草逐年加重,看麦娘、硬草。棒头草等已成为稻茬麦田的主要杂草群落。1994年调查,禾本科杂草已占杂草总数的54．9％。麦田杂草已衍化为单双子叶杂草混生群落为主。为了解单双子叶杂草对小麦产量的影响。单双子叶杂草之间的相互关系,及单双子叶杂草混生条件下的防除指标,我们…     

不同耕作型油菜田土壤杂草种子库的研究

本文采用温室萌发法,对三种不同耕作型油菜田的土壤杂草种库进行了研究。结果表明：旱茬翻耕油菜田土壤种子库主要杂草种类有猪殃殃,泽漆和野老鹳等草等,其中猪殃殃所占比例最高,达５０％以上;稻茬翻耕与稻茬免耕油菜田土壤的种子库种类组成相似,主要有日本看麦娘,牛繁缕,芟草和猪殃殃,优势种均为日本看麦娘;     

广德县稻茬麦田杂草危害现状及化学防除对策

通过1986、2006、2010年3次对安徽广德县300多块麦田的杂草普查结果表明,广德县小麦田草害一直较为严重,虽然20多年来田间主要杂草种类及群落类型变化较大,但禾本科杂草始终是麦田主要杂草.1986年前以看麦娘为主.2006年以后,主要杂草依次为日本看麦娘、菵草、看麦娘,阔叶草上升趋势明显,主要为老鹳草等;2010年日本看麦娘、菵草依然是麦田主要杂草,看麦娘数量减少,而老鹳草已经上升为第3位.2006年以后,杂草群落主要类型由以看麦娘为优势种组成的单优群落演变为由日本看麦娘、菵草、老鹳草等组成的单优群落和双优群落.据此,笔者提出适合当前现状的草害化学防除对策.     

不同耕作模式下麦田杂草发生规律

为明确不同耕作模式下小麦田杂草发生规律及其危害,通过田间实地调查,初步探讨了耕翻秸秆还田、耕翻无秸秆还田、浅旋秸秆还田、浅旋无秸秆还田、免耕秸秆还田等5种耕作方式下小麦田杂草群落组成。结果表明,当前小麦田杂草发生种类有27种,分属于14科24属,其中,双子叶植物13科24种,单子叶植物1科3种。频度最高杂草主要有看麦娘(Alopecurus aequalis Sobol.)、硬草[Sclerochloa dura (L.) Beauv.]、早熟禾(Poa annua L.)、繁缕[Stellaria media (L.) Villars]、猪殃殃[Galium aparine L. var. tenerum (Gren. et Godr.)Rchb.]、荠菜[Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic]等,但不同耕作方式下杂草优势群落有所不同,5种耕作方式分别以硬草+看麦娘+繁缕+猪殃殃、猪殃殃+繁缕+硬草+荠菜、硬草+荠菜+繁缕+猪殃殃+看麦娘、猪殃殃+繁缕+硬草+荠菜+早熟禾、硬草+猪殃殃+看麦娘+荠菜+繁缕为优势杂草群落,其中硬草+猪殃殃+繁缕为群落基本结构。不同播种方式对杂草的发生没有影响,而水旱轮作、秸秆还田对杂草具有一定的控制作用。     

山东省冬麦田禾本科杂草发生种类及分布规律

采用五级草害目测调查法对山东省小麦田禾本科杂草发生种类、分布规律及危害状况进行了调查。结果表明,山东省小麦田禾本科杂草有21种,主要优势禾本科杂草为雀麦、看麦娘、硬草、节节麦、野燕麦、茼草,出现频率分别为46．96％、16．58％、13．85％、12．91％、11．30％、10．63％。多数禾本科杂草群落呈现十分明显的区域性分布。雀麦发生最普遍,危害最重,2级危害以上占19．18％,3级危害以上占7．64％。硬草、看麦娘、茼草、节节麦、多花黑麦草在部分地区危害严重。     

Interactions between the tillage system and crop rotation on the crop yield and weed populations under arid conditions

Field experiments were conducted in Iran in order to determine the interactions between the tillage system and crop rotation on weed seedling populations and crop yields from 2002 to 2005. No tillage, shallow tillage and deep tillage were the main plots and three crop sequences comprising continuous wheat (W‐W), wheat–canola–wheat–canola (C‐W) and wheat–safflower–wheat–safflower (S‐W) were the subplots. Bromus japonicus, Carthumus lanatus, Polygonum aviculare, Lolium temulentum and Avena ludoviciana were found to be the dominant species. The initial weed population in 2002 was estimated at 65 seedlings per m² and B. japonicus (～35 seedlings per m²) was the most abundant species, followed by A. ludoviciana and L. temulentum. The dominant weed species mostly did not favor the combination of S‐W and C‐W with any tillage type. For the B. japonicus population, S‐W in combination with moldboard plowing indicated the lowest seedling population. In conclusion, the crop sequence in combination with tillage would help to control troublesome weed species. Safflower and canola were determined to be effective in reducing the grass weeds. The inclusion of these crops in rotation also increased the total revenue of the cropping systems because of the higher sale price of canola and safflower.     

Composition of the stubble weed flora and its role for Heterodera schachtii in the year preceding sugar beet production

In Germany, sugar beet is often rotated with 2 years of cereal. Extensive fallow periods between cereal harvest and autumn primary tillage allow for a weed flora to develop. Broad‐leaved weeds could potentially be alternate hosts for the common nematode Heterodera schachtii, one of the most important pests of sugar beet. Between 2009 and 2012, annual weeds developing in cereal stubble fields during July to mid‐October in the season prior to sugar beet were surveyed, including known hosts of H. schachtii. Yearly weather patterns and agronomic practices possibly impacted weed species composition and weed population densities. During September, Chenopodium album, Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Mercurialis annua, Polygonum spp., Solanum nigrum and Sonchus spp. occurred at the highest frequencies. Weed hosts of H. schachtii were present, but densities, frequencies and uniformity were limited. In 2010 and 2011, staining for nematodes in roots revealed juvenile penetration of some weeds but few adult stages. No indication of nematode reproduction of H. schachtii was found on these weed hosts. A fairly stable weed flora was detected on stubble fields that could provide some carry over for weed species. An elevated risk for nematode population density build‐up on these weeds was not found and management of these weeds at the observed densities during the stubble period for nematological reasons appeared unnecessary.     

Weed flora distribution in Greek cotton fields and its possible influence by herbicides

A weed survey methodology was used for 2 years in three provinces in Greece to determine the abundance and spatial distribution of weeds in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fields. Based on a stratified random sampling procedure, the most frequently occurring weeds were counted in 150 cotton fields. The field surveys were conducted late in the growing season; hence, the weed populations consisted of species that had been present during the critical competitive period for the crop and may have contributed to yield losses.Solanum nigrum was the most abundant weed in the surveyed fields of the southern province, followed byCyperus rotundus, Convolvulus arvensis, Xanthium strumarium, Chrozophora tinctoria andCynodon dactylon, in descending order. The ranked weed flora in the fields of the northern province was differentiated, suggesting the geographical distribution of weed species. The weedsDatura stramonium andS. nigrum were recorded in high abundance and followed byAmaranthus spp.,Abutilon theophrasti, Portulaca oleracea, Chenopodium album andXanthium spinosum, in descending order. Although the use of preplant incorporated herbicides is the dominant practice in cotton cultivation, certain weeds continue to spread in increasing densities. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 26, 2005.     

黄淮海夏玉米主产区穗腐病病原菌的分离鉴定

为明确我国黄淮海夏玉米主产区玉米穗腐病的病原菌种类、优势种群及虫害、年度、省份对病原菌的影响,以形态学为基础,结合分子生物学方法对2013、2015年随机采自河南、河北、山东3省的155份玉米穗腐病样品进行分离鉴定。结果表明,引起黄淮海夏玉米主产区玉米穗腐病的主要致病菌为镰孢菌Fusarium spp.,包括拟轮枝镰孢F.verticillioides、禾谷镰孢F.graminearum、层出镰孢F.proliferatum、木贼镰孢F.equiseti及藤仓镰孢F.fujikuroi,分离频率分别为49.7%、28.4%、12.3%、3.9%和1.3%;其次为木霉菌Trichoderma spp.,包括哈茨木霉T.harzianum、绿色木霉T.viride和棘孢木霉T.asperellum,分离频率分别为8.4%、3.2%和5.2%;青霉菌Penicillium spp.分离频率较低,为14.2%;曲霉菌Aspergillus spp.包括黑曲霉A.niger和黄曲霉A.flavus,分离频率分别为2.6%和1.9%。研究表明,黄淮海主产区玉米穗腐病优势病原菌为拟轮枝镰孢、禾谷镰孢和木霉菌,不同省份不同年度间病原菌种类及优势病原菌存在差异,虫害能加重玉米穗腐病的发生。     

小麦赤霉病菌多菌灵抗性群体的扩散路径分析——基于致病菌种类及所产毒素化学型鉴定和抗药性检出的时序性

通过对江苏、安徽、山东、河南、湖北、河北和四川7省小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵抗性及敏感菌株Fusarium asiaticum和F.graminearum的鉴定、所产生毒素的化学型及多菌灵抗性菌株检出时序性的分析,初步推测了小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵抗性群体在中国麦区的扩散路径。结果表明:江淮流域的江苏、安徽、湖北3省和四川省小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵的抗性或敏感菌株优势群体均是F.asiaticum,而黄淮流域的山东、河南2省及河北省小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵的敏感菌株优势群体为F.graminearum,抗性菌株优势群体则为F.asiaticum。江苏、安徽、山东和河南抗多菌灵菌株F.asiaticum产生毒素的化学型为3-AcDON和NIV,并以3-AcDON为主。江苏省连续使用多菌灵防治小麦赤霉病长达20多年后才检测到田间抗性菌株,而近年来检测到田间抗性菌株的山东、河南2省用多菌灵防治赤霉病的历史较短,且为偶尔使用,药剂的选择压力相对较小,因此推测山东和河南麦区出现的小麦赤霉病菌抗多菌灵菌株可能是通过种子调运及联合收割机跨区作业等方式从抗药性发生较早的江淮麦区流入的。     

Contribution of allelopathic effects to the overall weed suppression by different cover crops

Cover crops can suppress weeds within agricultural fields due to competitive and allelopathic effects. Glasshouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the relative proportions of allelopathic effects to the total weed inhibition. Six different cover crop species were combined with three weed species in the presence or absence of active carbon over a period of four weeks. Active carbon was used as an adsorbent for allelopathic substances in the soil. Our study revealed that the competition between cover crops and weeds shifted, possibly due to the minimisation of allelopathic effects by active carbon in the soil. We assume that the degree of cover crops allelopathic effects on weeds is species‐specific, both on the side of cover crops and on the weed side. The cover crops Raphanus sativus, Fagopyrum esculentum and Avena strigosa showed the highest allelopathic weed suppression with up to 28%. Additionally, Stellaria media turned out to be the most sensitive weed against allelopathic effects induced by all cover crops, except for Linum usitatissimum and Guizotia abyssinica. The knowledge about the contribution of competitive and allelopathic effects by cover crops would help to create cover crop mixtures with high weed suppressive ability.     

山东省棉田杂草种类及其群落结构

为明确山东省棉田杂草发生、危害情况,采用倒置“W”取样法对山东省主要棉区杂草种类及其群落结构进行了调查,并进行物种多样性分析。结果表明：山东省棉田杂草68种,隶属于24科、49属,其中优势杂草4种,区域优势杂草10种,常见杂草17种,一般杂草37种。牛筋草Eleusine indica、马齿苋Portulaca oleracea、马唐Digitaria sanguinalis、铁苋菜Acalypha australis是构成不同棉区杂草群落的优势杂草。鲁西南棉区物种丰富度、多样性均高于其它棉区,但辛普森指数和均匀度指数低于鲁西北棉区。从相似性指数和聚类分析结果可以看出,山东省4个主要棉区可归为两大类,其中鲁北和鲁东北棉区的杂草群落结构最为相似,相似性指数高达0.833;鲁西南和鲁西北棉区归为另一类,相似性指数仅为0.637。     

The occurrence of herbicide-resistant weeds worldwide

The 1995/6 International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds recorded 183 herbicide-resistant weed biotypes (124 different species) in 42 countries. The increase in the number of new herbicide-resistant weeds has remained relatively constant since 1978, at an average of nine new cases per year worldwide. Whilst 61 weed species have evolved resistance to triazine herbicides, this figure now only accounts for one-third of all documented herbicide-resistant biotypes. Triazine-resistant weeds have been controlled successfully in many countries by the use of alternative herbicides. Due to the economic importance of ALS and ACCase inhibitor herbicides worldwide, and the ease with which weeds have evolved resistance to them, it is likely that ALS and ACCase inhibitor-resistant weeds will present farmers with greater problems in the next five years than triazine-resistant weeds have caused in the past 25 years. Thirty-three weed species have evolved resistance to ALS-inhibitor herbicides in 11 countries. ALS-inhibitor-resistant weeds are most problematic in cereal, corn/soybean and rice production. Thirteen weed species have evolved resistance to ACCase inhibitors, also in 11 countries. ACCase inhibitor resistance in Lolium and Avena spp. threatens cereal production in Australia, Canada, Chile, France, South Africa, Spain, the United Kingdom and the USA. Fourteen weed species have evolved resistance to urea herbicides. Isoproturon-resistant Phalaris minor infesting wheat fields in North West India and chlorotoluron-resistant Alopecurus myosuroides in Europe are of significant economic importance. Although 27 weed species have evolved resistance to bipyridilium herbicides, and 14 weed species have evolved resistance to synthetic auxins, the area infested and the availability of alternative herbicides have kept their impact minimal. The lack of alternative herbicides to control weeds with multiple herbicide resistance, such as Lolium rigidum and Alopecurus myosuroides, makes these the most challenging resistance problems. The recent discovery of glyphosate-resistant Lolium rigidum in Australia is a timely reminder that sound herbicide-resistant management strategies will remain important after the widespread adoption of glyphosate-resistant crops. ©1997 SCI     

新疆核桃-小麦间作麦田杂草组成及群落特征

为明确新疆核桃与小麦间作对麦田杂草种类及群落结构的影响,于2012—2017年对新疆南疆核桃-小麦间作、单作麦田杂草发生情况进行了调查。结果表明,南疆麦区杂草有39种,隶属14科33属,其中以菊科、禾本科、藜科为主;优势杂草有9种,分别是灰绿藜Chenopodium glaucum L.、稗草Echinochloa crusgalli(L.)Beauv.、播娘蒿Descurainia sophia(L.)Schur.、扁蓄Polygonum aviculare L.、硬草Sclerochloa kengiana L.、田旋花Convolvulus arvensis L.、离蕊芥Malcolmia africana(L.)R. Br.、小蓟Cephalanoplos segetum(Bunge.)Kitam.、苣荬菜Sonchus brachyotus DC.;与小麦单作田相比,核桃-小麦间作麦田杂草物种丰富度及Shannon-Wiener指数较高,2017年物种丰富度最高达27种,代表杂草优势集中性的Simpson指数则是小麦单作田高于核桃-小麦间作麦田,2013年高达0.32;核桃-小麦间作有利于麦田播娘蒿、苣荬菜和离蕊芥发生,但不利于萹蓄发生,其它5种优势杂草在间作和单作麦田的发生密度无显著差异。