An Expert Knowledge-acquisition Method on Line of Automatic Excluding Errors

Aimed at soving the problem existing in the knowledge-acquisition directing-operation expert systems, a new method is proposed to acquire knowledge of expert-operation, excluding errors existed in examples and reinforce the accuracy of examples,the goal of knowledge acquisition can be achieved, the method presented in this paper solves the problem of self-enhancement of expert knowledge on line efficiently.     

Application of Shadow Profit in the Quoting of Logistic Company

Quoting price is an important technology in the process of logistic company. The degree of the price has direct effect on the enterprise's profit, and whose correctness influences whether an enterprise can hold its client. In the operation of ship, due to the phenomenon of empty container, it is difficult to decide the quoted price to use the traditional quoting method based on the cost, because if the price is too high, the client can't accept it, but if the price is too low, it can't ensure an enterprise's profit. In this article, we will apply the economy meaning of shadow profit in the corresponding theory to resolve the problem of quoting price in the phenomenon of empty containers in operation of ship. The profit model and correspond opposite model are built, the theory and meaning of shadow benefit are discussed, and some classified formulae and quoting guide lines based on shadow profit are proposed. An example will be used to prove that the quoting theory based on shadow profit can validly direct the quoting price of logistic company for the added goods in the phenomenon of empty container.     

Covariance Risk and Employment Growth in Canadian Cities

ABSTRACT The Capital Asset Pricing Model is used to examine the relationship between covariance risk in employment and growth in employment for Canadian census metropolitan areas. A new version of location quotient (LQ) is presented that is based on covariance risk. This risk quotient is shown to be a better predictor of employment growth than the simple LQ. The portfolio theoretic model and covariance risk are shown to be useful in predicting growth in addition to studying the regional stability of employment.     

一种直接用于PCR的土壤微生物DNA提取方法

以橡胶林土壤为材料,直接提取土壤微生物DNA。研究表明,本实验介绍的方法不仅可以获得大片段,并且不需要纯化即可直接用于PCR扩增和DNA酶切等后续操作,每克土壤DNA提取量约为2.1～4.6μg。此方法操作简单、快捷、为土壤宏基因组文库的构建和土壤微生物群落结构的多样性分析提供基础。     

Estimating uncertainty in crop model predictions: Current situation and future prospects

In this introductory paper to the special issue on crop model prediction uncertainty, we present and compare the methodological choices in the studies included in this issue, and highlight some remaining challenges. As a common framework for all studies, we define prediction uncertainty as the distribution of prediction error, which can be written as the sum of a bias plus a predictor uncertainty term that represents the random variation due to uncertainty in model structure, model parameters or model inputs. Several themes recur in many of the studies: Use of multi-model ensembles (MMEs) to quantify model structural uncertainty; Emphasis on uncertainty in those inputs related to prediction of regional results or climate change impact assessment; Simultaneous consideration of multiple sources of uncertainty; Emphasis on exploring the variability of uncertainty over space or time; Use of sensitivity analysis techniques to disaggregate the separate contributions to prediction uncertainty. Relatively new approaches include the estimation of both the bias and predictor uncertainty terms of prediction error, the construction of MMEs specifically designed to explore the uncertainty in model structure, the use of emulators for sensitivity analysis and the exploration of ways to reduce prediction uncertainty other than through model improvement. Major remaining challenges are standardization of approaches to quantifying uncertainty in model structure, parameters and inputs, going beyond studies of specific sources of uncertainty to estimation of overall prediction uncertainty, comparing and combining validation and uncertainty studies, and evaluation of uncertainty estimates. Looking forward, we suggest that assessment of prediction uncertainty should be a standard part of any modelling project. The studies here will contribute toward that goal.     

Impacts of agricultural land use changes on pesticide use in French agriculture

Public policies seeking to regulate pesticide use must be based on a clear identification of the factors influencing such use. Since the agricultural use of pesticides is primarily crop-dependent, agricultural land use change is potentially an important driver of the overall level of pesticide use in a given country. In this paper, we investigate the influence of agricultural land use changes on pesticide use in French agriculture over the period 1989–2013, during which important changes in the Common Agricultural Policy took place. Toward that end, we developed a method allowing the direct effects of agricultural land use changes to be disentangled from other factors affecting the intensity of pesticide use. On the basis of standard protection programs defined by crop protection experts, a fixed pesticide use intensity is estimated for 19 annual and perennial crops representing 90% of French arable land area and the bulk of pesticide use in French agriculture. These coefficients, combined with national agricultural land use statistics, are used to construct an artificial index of pesticide use in France whose variations depend solely on changes in agricultural land use. This index is calculated over the period 1989–2013. Our results indicate that the direct impacts of agricultural land use changes on pesticide use in France have varied depending on the time period considered, reflecting the influence of public regulations, notably the compulsory set-aside policy in force during the 1990s, and market conditions, particularly the context of high prices for cereal grains at the end of the 2000s. Over the six years from 2008 to 2013, this index is roughly constant, indicating that the 17% increase in French pesticide use in 2013 compared to 2008 (as assessed from annual pesticide sales) cannot be even partially attributed to agricultural land use changes. Since 2000, land use changes mainly corresponded to substitutions between crops with similar per-hectare pesticide use intensities, and/or to substitutions with counterbalancing impacts on these intensities. A prospective approach shows that other types of land use changes (e.g. a massive conversion of grassland to arable land or, conversely, a strong diversification of arable crop rotations), could have much higher impacts on pesticide use, with the effect of either offsetting or reinforcing efforts to reduce pesticide use intensity in arable crops. Thus, better coordination is needed between public policies aimed at regulating pesticide use and public policies influencing land use.     

Solving the Operation Directing Expert Systems Based on Characteristic Model

In this thesis,aiming at the characteristic of operation directing expert systems,we use the state of process characteristic parameter to describe the process condition(state).We propose a solving strategy batal on characteristic model.According to the solving-tree of process condition (state),the present process state can be obtained. An example of application illustrates that this method solves problem quickly and satisfy the real time directing operation.     

An analysis hierarchy model application in computer aided alignment

To obtain the most important influence factors in road route selection quickly and effectively, we put forward a method that we call an analytic hierarchy process. In this method, we first use a matrix to show the mutual relationships of factors. We then analyze and calculate the matrix. Finally, we obtain the relative importance of all factors in the overall system. The result derived using this method is more reasonable and more direct viewing to reflect influence coefficient. And based on the firsthand information of designs and the social background, the method can give qualitative indicators before program design, which prevented blindness of designing process and the designer can get more suitable road lines.     

气相色谱测定食用酒精中正丙醇含量的不确定度分析

通过对气相色谱法测量食用酒精中正丙醇含量的不确定度来源进行分析,并对其不确定度分量进行评定,得出该分析方法的测量不确定度为U=0.02 g/L,包含因子k=2。气相色谱法测定食用酒精中正丙醇的不确定度主要来自人员的重复操作和仪器的校准。因此在测试样品时,必须严格按照操作规范,并且使用合格的计量器具。     

Mchanism of Oganic Wstewater Teatment by Cavitating Jets

Present main method of organic wastewater treatment are physico- chemical method, biochemical method and combination method, but there are many problems need to be resolved, such as organic matter can not be treated thoroughly, fee is high, and operation is complicated. Cavitation jets is a efficient and simple new technology on organic wastewater treatment. It use local high temperature and high pressure produced bubbles collapse to degrade organic matter, and it is better in capacity usage ratio than ultrasonic cavitation. Principle of eavitating jets is giuen, then discussed mechanism of organic wastewater treatment by cavitating jets from free radical reaction, direct thermal decomposition and supereritieal water oxidation, and influence of nozzle stricture is analyzed, jet cavitation number, pumping pressure, confining pressure and physieoehemieal property of organic wastewater on cavitation effect.     

Effects of the logarithmic and site mean transformations on the relative yields from a variety trial

Summary Two transformations commonly used in the analysis of multilocation variety trials are the logarithmic transformation and the site mean transformation, in which each observation at a site is divided by the site mean yield prior to analysis. Expressions are derived for differences between the yields of varieties after each of these transformations, in terms of the original yields. Similar expressions are also determined for the regression mean method of estimation, which is based on linear regressions of variety means on site means. It is shown that the two transformations produce almost identical analyses of variance, and that relative yields are very similar on the three scales of measurement provided that the harmonic mean of site means is used as the predictor value in the regression method.     

Rural–urban transition in China: illegal land use and construction

This paper takes issue with the desakota model developed by Terry McGee by elucidating the illegal land use and construction in the rural–urban transition zone in China, with the additional case study of Tianhe Village in Guangzhou City. The paper emphasises the need to examine the geography of illegal activities along the approach of geographies of difference. It has shown that illegal land use and construction is prevalent in rural China. In rural areas where cultivated land has been converted to non‐agricultural purposes, peasants are left with no alternative but to use land and construct buildings illegally. Some have increased their income by leasing out flats to migrant workers, whereas others have not been able to do this. This study has revealed that underneath the positive and integrative picture portrayed by the desakota model is its negative and disintegrative counterpart. Illegal land use and construction is one such example. Unless we incorporate both into our studies, we will not be able to comprehend the urban morphology of Chinese city regions in the new millennium.     

Research on Machining Last by Numerical Controlled Last Carving Machine

System structure of last CAD/CAM is described. Then machining principle of system output device named numerical controlled Last Carving machine is introduced. Furthermore, we lay stress on analyzing machining programming method making use of direct numeric definition. Special disposal is taken on step error and working frequency of step motors so that not only error accumulation is avoided but also step motors always work in the best frequency range. As a result, machining precision and speed of last are both enhanced as well as step motors' working safety is guaranteed.     

Predicting System of Hot Metal Silicon Content in Blast Furnace

Hot metal silicon content in blast furnace is a main parameter by which product quality is measured and energy utilization ratio of blast furnace is reflected.The precise predicted results of hot metal silicon content can be used to direct batch operation and smelting operation of blast furnace.And the purpose of reducing hot metal silicon content is realized.The equations of thermodynamics and dynamics were deduced based on the reduction mechanism of silicon. And the predicting model of hot metal silicon content was obtained.With this model and the calculation methods of blast furnace's materiel and energy balance,the predicting system of hot metal silicon content was programmed.Real materiel conditions and operation parameters wre inputted into the system.And predicted values of hot metal silicon content were gained.Compared with measured values the deviations of predicted values were small.So it is testified that this predicting system has credibility in practice.     

固结煤矸石抗剪强度特征试验

依据现场大型剪切试验和室内直剪试验,研究了固结煤矸石的抗剪强度特性。试验剪应力-剪位移过程曲线表明,一定含水率条件下的固结煤矸石呈现明显的粘塑性体力学特性。以现场大型剪切试验煤矸石作为试样配料进行了室内直剪试验,分析了含水率和密实度对良好固结煤矸石试样剪应力-剪位移试验曲线以及抗剪强度参数的影响,在此基础上探讨了试样内煤及其它细颗粒的状态变化对固结煤矸石抗剪强度的弱化作用机理,最后对比分析了现场大型剪切试验抗剪强度参数值和室内直剪试验抗剪强度参数值的差异及其产生的主要原因。     

Large Dams,Restructuring and Regional Integration in Southeast Asia

Large dams are a dramatic intervention affecting ecosystems, livelihoods and resource use, notably in upland areas. Dams are significant, both in terms of their scale of impact and due to their role in appropriating part of the upland resource base for mainly lowland and urban beneficiaries. Whereas in the past the tensions associated with impact of dams in Southeast Asia have been played out within national borders, mainly in Thailand, the new impetus for dam construction reflects an internationalised agenda — namely integration of the mainland Southeast Asian regional resource economy. This paper examines the background to large dam construction in mainland Southeast Asia, current and projected developments, and their implications in a number of arenas. Case studies from Lao PDR, Thailand and Vietnam illustrate the main points. It is shown that political­economic restructuring associated with the changing geopolitics of the region is a major influence on the revived agenda for large dam construction, and that such restructuring modulates the direct and indirect impacts of dams at local, national and regional levels.     

不同年份小麦产量与主要农艺性状通径分析

为了研究小麦产量的影响因素,本文对小麦产量的直接和间接影响因子进行分析。利用2005-2008年陕西省长武县中科院长武农业生态站小麦品种‘长武89134’为试验对象,分析其主要农艺性状之间对小麦产量的影响,对农艺性状和产量的关系进行相关分析和通径分析。各种农艺性状中每穗结实小穗数、千粒重和株高与小麦产量之间存在显著正相关关系,每穗粒数与产量之间达到显著的负相关关系,而地上部分总干重、籽粒干重和每穗小穗数与小麦产量的相关关系不显著。通径分析结果表明自变量每穗结实小穗数和株高对小麦产量的存在正向直接作用（r每穗结实小穗数=0.712**,r株高=0.848**,P<0.05）,而地上部总干重和每穗粒数则对产量存在着负向直接作用（r地上部分总干重=-0.792**,r每穗粒数=-0.784**,P<0.05）。‘长武89134’产量受到每穗结实小穗数、株高的正向作用和地上部总干重、每穗粒数的负向作用,因此需要主要针对这四种农艺性状进行筛选,在此基础上再并且协调好与其他农艺性状之间的关系,才能获得相对较高的产量。     

南阳黄牛进行人培牛黄技术试验

通过外科手术的方法,将专用网架、育黄菌种等植入南阳黄牛胆囊内,达到快速成黄、提高产量的目的;育黄术对南阳黄牛的生长发育、繁殖和使役等无明显影响,育黄期12、18、24、36个月每头平均产黄量为6.44、10.93、16.72、28.32g,其质量与天然牛黄相似;统计分析表明：牛黄产量与育黄期之间有强的正相关,每头平均产黄量对育黄期的回归方程为：y1=-2.27+0.7819x,每头月均产黄量对育黄期的回归方程为：y2=0.4074+0.011x;据此可进行产黄量的理论推算和预测。     

当前农村宅基地管理的困境及对策研究

研究目的：探究当前影响和制约农村宅基地规范管理的瓶颈,为针对性地制定完善和规范宅基地管理对策提供参考。研究方法：问卷调查和实证分析法。研究结果：农村宅基地利用效率低已成为了土地资源管理的一个焦点问题,发现法律制度建设、市场运行、农民意识和农村保障等方面对当前宅基地管理在具体操作和实施中有着不同程度的影响。研究结论：要从制度改革、操作规范、科学规划、加强社会保障等方面去改进优化宅基地管理。     

南阳黄牛人培牛黄技术试验报告

通过外科手术的方法,将专用网架、育黄菌种等植入南阳黄牛胆囊内,达到快速成黄、提高产量的目的;育黄术对南阳黄牛的生长发育、繁殖和使役等无明显影响,育黄期12、18、24、36个月每头平均产黄量为6.44、10.93、16.72、28.32g,其质量与天然牛黄相似;统计分析表明:牛黄产量与育黄期之间有强的正相关,每头平均产黄量对育黄期的回归方程为:y1=-2.27 0.7819x,每头月均产黄量对育黄期的回归方程为:y2=0.4074 0.011x;据此可进行产黄量的理论推算和预测。