低聚木糖对生长肥育猪血浆生化参数、肌肉氨基酸含量和肌纤维类型组成的影响

本试验旨在研究低聚木糖(XOS)对生长肥育猪血浆生化参数、肌肉氨基酸含量和肌纤维类型组成的影响。试验选取70日龄、平均体重约为30 kg的杜×长×大三元杂交猪80头,随机分为8组,每组10个重复(公母各占1/2),每个重复1头猪。试验设对照组、抗生素组、30~65 kg阶段100、250和500 g/t XOS组以及30~100 kg阶段100、250和500 g/t XOS组。于试猪平均体重达100 kg时,前腔静脉采血,离心分离血浆,测定生化参数;屠宰后取背最长肌样品,测定其氨基酸含量及肌纤维类型和肌肉生长相关基因mRNA表达量。结果表明:1)与对照组或抗生素组相比,饲粮添加不同剂量XOS可显著提高血浆球蛋白含量(P0.05),显著降低白蛋白/球蛋白值(P0.05);2)与对照组或抗生素组相比,30~65 kg阶段饲粮添加250 g/t XOS可显著降低背最长肌中苏氨酸(Thr)、亮氨酸(Leu)、苯丙氨酸和丝氨酸(Ser)含量(P0.05),30~65 kg阶段饲粮添加500 g/t XOS可显著增加背最长肌肌球蛋白重链Ⅱx(My HCⅡx)、生肌决定因子(Myo D)、肌细胞生成素(Myo G)和生肌增强因子2A(MEF2A)mRNA表达量(P0.05);3)与对照组或抗生素组相比,30~100 kg阶段饲粮添加100或500 g/t XOS可显著增加背最长肌中Thr、Leu、Ser、总氨基酸、必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量以及My HCⅡx、Myo D、Myo G、MEF2A和肌肉生长抑制素mRNA表达量(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮添加一定剂量的XOS可调控机体氮代谢,上调肌纤维类型和肌肉生长相关基因的表达,且以30~100 kg阶段添加100 g/t XOS的效果较佳。     

低聚木糖对生长肥育猪生长性能、胴体性状和肉品质的影响

为了研究低聚木糖(XOS)对生长肥育猪生长性能、胴体性状和肉品质的影响,试验选取平均体重为30 kg左右的三元杂交猪80头,随机分为8组,每组10头,公、母各占1/2,单栏饲养。试验设对照组、抗生素组,3065 kg阶段100、250和500 g/t XOS组,以及30100 kg阶段100、250和500 g/t XOS组。分别于试验开始和结束时记录每头猪的空腹体重及采食量,计算平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G);于试猪平均体重达100 kg时屠宰采样,测定胴体性状、肉品质和肌肉化学成分。结果表明:与对照组或抗生素组相比,饲粮添加不同剂量的XOS对生长肥育猪的ADFI、ADG、F/G、胴体性状和肉品质均无显著影响(P0.05);3065 kg阶段添加250 g/t XOS可显著增加脾脏指数以及背最长肌粗蛋白质含量(P0.05);30100 kg阶段添加500 g/t XOS可显著增加脾脏指数及背最长肌粗蛋白质含量(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮添加不同剂量的XOS虽对生长肥育猪的ADFI、ADG、F/G、胴体性状和肉品质等指标影响不显著,但可通过增加肌肉粗蛋白质含量而改善猪肉营养价值;以30100 kg阶段添加500 g/t XOS效果较佳。     

低聚木糖对断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻率和血浆生化参数的影响

本文旨在评价不同剂量的低聚木糖(XOS)同时替代抗生素与氧化锌对断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻率和血浆生化参数的影响,并筛选出其最佳添加剂量。试验选取21日龄的"杜×长×大"断奶仔猪150头,随机分为5组,每组6重复,每重复5头猪。试验各组分别为空白对照组(不添加抗生素、氧化锌)、阳性对照组(添加抗生素、氧化锌)及100、250和500 g/t XOS添加组。记录每栏仔猪的日采食量和腹泻情况,于试验第1、7、21和56天,记录每栏仔猪的体重,计算平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)和料重比;前腔静脉采血,分离血浆,检测其生化参数。试验期56 d。结果表明:1)试验第8~21天和第1~56天时,100 g/t XOS组的ADG显著高于空白对照组(P0.05);试验第8~21天、第22~56天和第1~56天时,100 g/t XOS组的ADFI显著高于空白对照组(P0.05)。2)试验第1~7天时100和250 g/t XOS组以及试验第8~21天时3个XOS添加组的腹泻率均显著低于空白对照组(P0.05),且与阳性对照组无显著差异(P0.05)。3)试验第7天时,500 g/t XOS组血浆天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性显著高于阳性对照组(P0.05);试验第21天时,100和500 g/t XOS组血浆丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)活性显著高于空白对照组(P0.05);试验第56天时,100 g/t XOS组血浆ALT活性、500 g/t XOS组血浆AST活性、250和500 g/t XOS组血浆碱性磷酸酶活性均显著高于空白对照组和阳性对照组(P0.05),100 g/t XOS组血浆LDH活性显著高于空白对照组(P0.05),500 g/t XOS组血浆α-淀粉酶活性显著高于阳性对照组(P0.05)。上述结果表明,饲粮中添加100~250 g/t的XOS可通过调控断奶仔猪营养素代谢增强肠道健康、减少腹泻,从而促进生长;随着仔猪日龄的增加,可适当增加XOS的添加量。     

饲粮添加低聚木糖对肥育猪血浆生化参数和肉品质的影响

为研究低聚木糖对肥育猪血浆生化参数和肉品质的影响,本试验选取平均体重为65 kg的三元杂交猪50头,随机分为5组,每组10头,公、母各半,单栏饲养。试验设置对照组(饲喂基础饲粮)、抗生素组(在每吨基础饲粮中添加0.2 kg抗敌素和0.04 kg有效含量为50%的维吉尼亚霉素预混剂)、低聚木糖组(在基础饲粮中分别添加100、250、500 g/t低聚木糖)。于试猪平均体重达100 kg时,前腔静脉采血,分离血浆,测定生化参数;屠宰后取背最长肌,测定肉品质、肌纤维类型和肌肉生长相关基因表达量。结果表明:与对照组或抗生素组相比,添加100 g/t低聚木糖可显著增加碱性磷酸酶活性(P0.05),添加100、250 g/t低聚木糖可显著降低白蛋白/球蛋白(P0.05);添加低聚木糖可显著提高背最长肌粗蛋白质含量,添加100 g/t或500 g/t低聚木糖可显著增加背最长肌中赖氨酸、苏氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、丝氨酸、丙氨酸、必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸和总氨基酸含量(P0.05),添加100 g/t或250 g/t低聚木糖可显著上调背最长肌中生肌决定因子和肌肉生长抑制素表达量(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮添加低聚木糖可调控机体氮代谢相关生化参数、增加肌肉粗蛋白质和氨基酸含量、上调生肌决定因子和肌肉生长抑制素表达量,进而改善肉品质和营养价值,且添加100 g/t时效果较佳。     

壳聚糖对断奶仔猪生长性能、粪便评分及血清激素和T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

本试验旨在研究壳聚糖对断奶仔猪生长性能、粪便评分及血清激素和T淋巴细胞亚群的影响。选取28日龄断奶的杜×大×长三元杂交仔猪60头,随机分为5组(每组12头):对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加250、500、1 000和2 000 mg/kg壳聚糖的试验饲粮。试验期14 d。结果表明:1)饲粮添加250~2 000 mg/kg壳聚糖显著提高断奶仔猪的平均日增重(ADG)(P0.05),显著降低料重比(F/G)(P0.05);2)饲粮添加250~2 000 mg/kg壳聚糖显著降低试验第11天断奶仔猪的粪便评分(P0.05);3)饲粮添加适宜剂量的壳聚糖显著提高断奶仔猪的血清促生长激素释放激素(GHRH)(250~2 000 mg/kg)、生长激素(GH)(500~1 000 mg/kg)和瘦素(LP)(2 000 mg/kg)的浓度(P0.05),显著降低血清促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH)(250~2 000 mg/kg)、促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)(500~1 000 mg/kg)、皮质醇(COR)(250~2 000 mg/kg)和可溶性CD8(sCD8)(500~2 000 mg/kg)的浓度(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加适宜剂量的壳聚糖能够促进断奶仔猪的生长,降低腹泻,缓解断奶应激。     

饲粮添加酵母寡聚糖对高密度养殖条件下蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、血清生化指标和肠道健康的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加酵母寡聚糖(YOS)对高密度养殖条件下蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、肠道黏膜形态结构及微生物区系分布、血清生化指标和肠道功能相关基因表达的影响。选取864只12周龄海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为6个组,每组12个重复,每重复3个笼子,每个笼子3只(低密度)或5只(高密度)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂在基础饲粮中分别添加250和500 g/t YOS的饲粮,试验期18周。结果表明:1)饲粮添加YOS能显著提高蛋壳颜色的均匀度(P0.05)。2)饲粮添加YOS增加了蛋鸡肠道绒毛高度/隐窝深度值(P=0.059),其中250 g/t YOS组显著高于对照组(P0.05)。3)饲粮添加YOS使得蛋鸡空肠乳酸杆菌数量显著增加(P0.05),大肠杆菌数量显著减少(P0.05),其中250 g/t YOS组菌群变化较为明显。4)饲粮添加YOS显著降低了蛋鸡血清中内毒素含量(P0.05),提高了免疫球蛋白A含量(P=0.090),且250 g/t YOS组较对照组显著提高(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加YOS能够改善高密度养殖条件下蛋鸡肠道功能,添加剂量以250 g/t的综合效果较佳。     

壳聚糖对14～70日龄扬州鹅生长性能、屠宰性能、脏器指数及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平壳聚糖对14~70日龄扬州鹅生长性能、屠宰性能、脏器指数及血清生化指标的影响,以确定鹅饲粮中壳聚糖适宜添加水平。选取360只14日龄健康、体重相近的扬州鹅公鹅,随机分为5个组,每组6个重复,每个重复12只鹅。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加250、500、1 000和2 000 mg/kg壳聚糖的试验饲粮。试验期56 d。结果表明,与对照组相比:1)饲粮添加500 mg/kg壳聚糖显著提高了42、56和70日龄鹅体重及14~70日龄平均日采食量、平均日增重(P0.05),显著降低了14~70日龄料重比(P0.05)。2)饲粮添加250、500、1 000和2 000 mg/kg壳聚糖显著降低了鹅腹脂率(P0.05)。3)饲粮添加500 mg/kg壳聚糖显著提高了鹅心脏指数、肝脏指数、脾脏指数、空肠指数、回肠指数和盲肠指数(P0.05)。4)饲粮添加500 mg/kg壳聚糖显著提高了鹅血清球蛋白、葡萄糖含量(P0.05),显著降低了血清碱性磷酸酶活性(P0.05);饲粮添加250、500、1 000 mg/kg壳聚糖显著降低了血清中甘油三酯、总胆固醇含量(P0.05)。由此可知,饲粮中添加壳聚糖可以改善扬州鹅生长性能,对其屠宰性能、脏器指数和血清生化指标有一定影响。在生产实践中,扬州鹅饲粮中壳聚糖添加500 mg/kg效果最佳。     

益生菌和低聚木糖在断奶仔猪上的应用研究

试验采用2×2因子设计,选用21日龄、体重(6.3±0.15)kg、公母各半的健康杜长大杂种断奶仔猪240头,按体重随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复10头仔猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,益生菌组饲喂基础饲粮+益生菌500 g/t,低聚木糖组饲喂基础饲粮+低聚木糖200 g/t,低聚木糖+益生菌组饲喂基础饲粮+益生菌500 g/t+低聚木糖200 g/t,试验期共计28 d。结果表明,与对照组相比,低聚木糖组、益生菌组、低聚木糖+益生菌组0~14 d日增重分别提高13.9%(P0.05)、13.0%(P0.05)、26.1%(P0.05),15~28 d日增重分别提高18.3%(P0.05)、12.2%(P0.05)、17.4%(P0.05),全期日增重分别提高16.6%(P0.05)、12.5%(P0.05)、20.5%(P0.05)。第14天饲粮干物质、氮和总能表观消化率显著提高。血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、总蛋白、白蛋白、碱性磷酸酶、葡萄糖、甘油三酯和总胆固醇各组间差异不显著(P0.05);十二指肠、空肠和回肠的绒毛高度、隐窝深度、绒毛高度∶隐窝深度各组间也无显著差异(P0.05)。试验结果说明,饲粮中单独添加益生菌500 g/t或低聚木糖200 g/t可改善断奶仔猪的生长性能和营养成分表观消化率;同时添加益生菌500 g/t和低聚木糖200 g/t无显著的协同效应。     

低聚木糖对仔猪生长性能、肌肉组织营养成分含量及肌纤维类型组成的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加不同水平低聚木糖(XOS)对仔猪生长性能、背最长肌营养成分含量及肌纤维类型组成的影响,探讨XOS在仔猪饲粮中的最佳添加量及其对肌肉营养成分和肌纤维类型组成的调控作用。试验选取健康的21日龄"杜×长×大"断奶仔猪120头,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复5头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组(Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组)分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加100、250和500 mg/kg XOS的饲粮,试验期为56 d。试验结束后,每重复选取1头接近平均体重的仔猪进行屠宰取样。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,Ⅰ组仔猪的平均日增重和平均日采食量显著增加(P0.05),Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组平均日采食量显著增加(P0.05),但末重和料重比各组之间差异不显著(P0.05);2)各组之间背最长肌粗蛋白质、粗脂肪以及游离氨基酸包括亮氨酸、甘氨酸及天冬氨酸含量差异不显著(P0.05),其他氨基酸含量试验组与对照组相比均有不同程度地升高或降低;3)与对照组相比,Ⅰ组肌球蛋白重链(MyHC)Ⅱa和MyHCⅡx mRNA相对表达量显著增加(P0.05),Ⅱ组MyHCⅠmRNA相对表达量与Ⅲ组相比显著增加(P0.05);与对照组相比,Ⅰ组腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶α、沉默交配型信息调节因子2同源蛋白1和解偶联蛋白3 mRNA相对表达量显著增加(P0.05),但过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ辅激活因子1αmRNA相对表达量各组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。由此可知,仔猪饲粮中合理添加XOS能提高生长性能,促进慢肌纤维相关基因的表达,推荐添加水平为100~250 mg/kg。     

不同剂型丁酸钠对笼养蛋鸭生产性能、蛋品质和血清免疫指标的影响

本试验旨在研究不同剂型丁酸钠对笼养蛋鸭生产性能、蛋品质和血清免疫指标的影响。选取48周龄"神丹2号"蛋鸭840只,随机分为7组(每组6个重复,每个重复20只):对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加500、1 000、2 000 g/t制粒丁酸钠和250、500、1 000 g/t包膜丁酸钠,试验期56 d。结果表明:1)53～56周龄,相比对照组,饲粮中添加250 g/t包膜丁酸钠极显著提高了蛋鸭的产蛋率(P0.01),显著降低了蛋鸭的料蛋比(P0.05)。2)相比对照组,饲粮中添加2 000 g/t制粒丁酸钠极显著提高蛋重(P0.01),饲粮中添加不同水平包膜丁酸钠均显著提高蛋重(P0.05)。3)饲粮中添加不同水平和剂型丁酸钠均可提高血清中免疫球蛋白(Ig)G、IgA、IgM含量,与对照组相比,添加250和500 g/t包膜丁酸钠显著和极显著提高血清IgG(P0.05)和IgM含量(P0.01),添加1 000 g/t包膜丁酸钠显著和极显著提高血清IgG(P0.01)、IgA(P0.05)和IgM含量(P0.05),添加2 000 g/t制粒丁酸钠显著和极显著提高血清IgM(P0.01)和IgA含量(P0.05)。综上所述,在本试验条件下,饲粮中添加丁酸钠可改善蛋鸭生产性能,提高蛋品质和免疫水平,且包膜丁酸钠的效果优于制粒丁酸钠。     

德氏乳杆菌和低聚木糖对环江香猪胴体性状和肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究德氏乳杆菌(LD)和低聚木糖(XOS)对环江香猪胴体性状和肉品质的影响。选取平均体重为9.5 kg左右的环江香猪96头,随机分为3组,每组8个重复,每个重复4头猪,公母各占1/2。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,德氏乳杆菌组(LD组)、德氏乳杆菌+低聚木糖组(LD+XOS组)分别在基础饲粮中添加0.05%LD、0.05%LD+0.02%XOS。预试期3 d,正试期84 d。于试验的第28、56和84天(体重分别为15、26和37 kg左右)屠宰测定胴体性状,取背最长肌测定肉品质。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验第28天,LD组背膘厚及肌肉硬脂酸、饱和脂肪酸含量显著降低(P<0.05),LD组肌肉pH45 min显著升高(P<0.05),LD+XOS组眼肌面积及肌肉pH45 min、粗蛋白质(CP)含量显著升高(P<0.05);试验第56天,LD组肌肉棕榈油酸含量显著升高(P<0.05),LD+XOS组肌肉亮度值和棕榈酸(C16∶0)含量显著降低(P<0.05),LD+XOS组肌肉干物质、CP、花生酸、天冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、缬氨酸、络氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸和精氨酸含量均显著升高(P<0.05);试验第84天,LD组和LD+XOS组皮厚和肌肉亮度值显著降低(P<0.05),LD组肌肉花生烯酸含量显著降低(P<0.05),LD+XOS组背膘厚和肌肉红度值、C16∶0含量显著升高(P<0.05)。此外,试验第84天,LD组脂肪率显著低于LD+XOS组(P<0.05),肌肉pH45 min显著高于LD+XOS组(P<0.05)。上述结果提示,饲粮添加LD和XOS可改善环江香猪的胴体性状、肉品质和肌肉营养成分,且二者同时添加时效果更佳。     

Effects of graded levels of xylo-oligosaccharides on growth performance,serum parameters,intestinal morphology,and intestinal barrier function in weaned piglets

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOSs) supplementation on growth performance, serum parameters, small intestinal morphology, intestinal mucosal integrity, and immune function in weaned piglets. A total of 240 weaned piglets with an average body weight (BW) of 8.82 ± 0.05 kg (28 d of age) were assigned randomly to four dietary treatments in a 28-d trial, including a control (CON) diet and three diets with XOS supplementation at the concentration of 100 (XOS100), 500 (XOS500), and 1,000 (XOS1000) mg/kg. There were four replicates per treatment with 15 pigs per pen. From day 1 to 14, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake, and gain to feed ratio (G:F) during the different treatments. The different doses of XOSs showed a quadratic effect on BW on day 28, ADG, and G:F on day 1 to 28 of piglets (P < 0.05). From day 15 to 28, ADG of pigs fed the XOS500 diet was higher (P < 0.05) than pigs fed the CON diet. During the overall period (day 1 to 28), pigs fed the XOS500 diet had a higher BW, ADG, and G:F than pigs fed the CON diet (P < 0.05). In addition, compared with the CON group, the XOS500 group had significantly higher serum total antioxidant capacity, total superoxide dismutase and catalase levels, and lower malondialdehyde levels on days 14 and 28 (P < 0.05). The serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration in the XOS500 group was also significantly higher compared with the CON group on days 14 and 28 (P < 0.05). However, serum immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M were not affected by the dietary treatments. Supplementation of XOS500 to the feed significantly increased the villus height (VH) and VH to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum and ileum in comparison with the CON and XOS1000 groups. Moreover, the XOS500 group significantly elevated the expression levels of occludin and zonula occludens protein-1 in the ileum compared with the CON group. The ileal interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, and interferon (IFN)-γ mRNA expression levels in the XOS100 and XOS500 groups were markedly lower than in the CON group. In contrast, the ileal IL-10 mRNA expression levels were remarkably higher in the XOS500 than in the CON group. In conclusion, XOSs have a beneficial effect on growth performance by improving serum antioxidant defense system, serum IgG, small intestinal structure, and intestinal barrier function in weaned piglets.     

半胱胺对宁乡猪胴体性状和肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加半胱胺对宁乡猪胴体性状和肉品质的影响。选取日龄相近、体重约43kg的宁乡阉公猪30头,随机分为2组,每组5个重复,每个重复3头,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中添加80 mg/kg半胱胺,试验期8周。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,试验组屠宰率提高了3.04%(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,试验组背最长肌滴水损失降低了21.83%(0.05≤P0.10)。3)与对照组相比,试验组背最长肌饱和脂肪酸中硬脂酸含量下降了6.71%(P0.05);单不饱和脂肪酸中反油酸含量降低了62.57%(P0.01),二十碳烯酸含量降低了28.02%(P0.01);多不饱和脂肪酸含量升高了7.14%(P0.05),其中亚油酸含量升高了7.89%(P0.05),二十碳三烯酸含量升高了34.10%(0.05≤P0.10),α-亚麻酸含量下降了15.87%(P0.01)。由此可知,在饲粮中添加半胱胺提高了宁乡猪屠宰率,通过降低硬脂酸和提高亚油酸的含量改善了肉品质。     

Effect of dietary energy supply and fat source on the fatty acid pattern of adipose and lean tissues and lipogenesis in the pig

Forty Large White barrows were used to determine whether the effects of dietary fat source (tallow or soy oil at 5% of the diet) on lipogenesis and fatty acid profile of porcine adipose and lean tissue were dependent on dietary digestible energy density (8.8 vs 14.0 MJ DE/kg). Barrows were allocated to one of four groups and offered a fixed amount of feed (170 g x BW0.569/d) from 27 to 105 kg BW. The fatty acid composition of the backfat layers (BF), omental fat (OF), and i.m. adipose tissue of longissimus muscle as well as the activity of lipogenic enzymes of the adipose tissues were determined. Growth performance and carcass characteristics were affected by the dietary energy level (P < 0.01) but not by fat source. In accordance with the lower carcass fat deposition, the activity of lipogenic enzymes were decreased in the low-energy groups (P < 0.01). Within dietary energy level, inclusion of soy oil resulted in increased proportion of PUFA that was compensated by decreased saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) proportions (P < 0.01). The SFA changes accounted for 23 (BF) and 24% (OF) of the PUFA changes in the high-energy and 31 (BF) and 39% (OF) in the low-energy diets. The differences in the fatty acid proportions between the soy oil and tallow group were more pronounced in the low-energy groups (fat source x energy density interactions: P < 0.01). Pigs fed the soy oil, low-energy diet had decreased SFA (BF: 28%; OF: 30%) and MUFA (BF: 13%; OF: 19%) concentration, whereas PUFA concentration was increased (BF: 59%; OF: 88%) compared with pigs fed the soy oil, high-energy diet. However, in the tallow groups, pigs fed the low-energy diets had slightly decreased SFA (BF: 14%; OF: 12%) and relatively constant MUFA (BF: 3%; OF: 1%), whereas PUFA concentration increased (BF: 39%; OF: 62%) relative to pigs fed the tallow high-energy diet. Lipid content of the i.m. adipose tissue was decreased in the low-energy groups (P < 0.05). Contrary to what was observed in the adipose tissues, increased PUFA concentration in the neutral and polar lipid fractions of the longissimus muscle was predominantly compensated by reduced MUFA deposition. In the polar lipid fraction, the proportions of both SFA and MUFA were decreased by the low-energy diet. Thus, the extent to which tissue concentration of fatty acids are altered from dietary fats differing in the degree of unsaturation depends on the dietary energy level.     

牛至油对生长猪生产性能和养分表观消化率的影响

选用健康、体重25kg左右的荣×大×杜杂交猪60头,随机分到2个组,每组6个重复,每个重复5头猪,每圈为1个重复,研究添加牛至油对生长猪生产性能和养分消化率的影响。试验组在对照组的基础上添加100g/t的牛至油,测定猪的生产性能和养分表观消化率。试验结果表明,在生长猪日粮中添加100g/t的牛至油具有改善猪只生产性能、提高养分表观消化率的趋势,可降低单位增重饲料成本。     

Effect of xylo-oligosaccharides from corn cobs autohydrolysis on the intestinal microbiota of piglets after weaning

The effect of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), a probiotic culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) and the combined administration of XOS and SC on the piglet intestinal microbiota was investigated. Twenty four weaned piglets were fed during 4 weeks with one of the following diets: (BD) basal diet; (BD + XOS) basal diet supplemented with xylo-oligosaccharides (20 g kg^− 1); (BD + SC) basal diet supplemented with S. cerevisiae (6 × 10⁹ CFU kg^− 1); and (BD + XOS + SC) basal diet supplemented with xylo-oligosaccharides and S. cerevisiae. Samples from the ileum, caecum and colon were collected and analysed for total anaerobes growing in XOS or glucose, xylose and arabinose (GXA) containing media. Specific primers were used to evaluate differences in Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus populations and ERIC PCR to fingerprint the intestinal microbiota.

The lowest number of culturable bacteria was obtained from the ileum of animals fed BD + XOS. The highest PCR titres with Lactobacillus group-specific primers in BD and BD + SC were obtained in the caecal contents. In XOS-supplemented diets the PCR titres were increased or maintained, from the caecum to the colon. Bifidobacteria were not detected in any samples using genus-specific primers. In the dendrogram from ERIC PCR, the piglets fed with XOS diets presented the highest similarity between samples and probiotic reference strains.     

酿酒酵母和芽孢杆菌对育肥猪养分表观消化率、肠道形态结构和肠道免疫的影响

本试验旨在研究酿酒酵母和芽孢杆菌对育肥猪养分表观消化率、肠道形态结构和肠道免疫的影响。选取72头体重(62.50±0.83)kg的"杜×长×大"育肥猪,将其随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复6头猪(公母各占1/2)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,酿酒酵母组饲喂基础饲粮+0.5 g/kg活性干酵母制剂(酵母菌活菌数1.0×1010CFU/kg),芽孢杆菌组饲喂基础饲粮+0.1 g/kg芽孢杆菌制剂(芽孢杆菌活菌数1.0×109CFU/kg)。试验期56 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,芽孢杆菌组育肥猪钙和磷的表观消化率显著提高(P0.05),酿酒酵母组钙的表观消化率显著提高(P0.05);2)与对照组相比,酿酒酵母组育肥猪空肠隐窝深度极显著降低(P0.01),空肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度值极显著提高(P0.01);3)与对照组相比,芽孢杆菌组育肥猪空肠和回肠分泌型免疫球蛋白A(SIg A)含量均极显著上升(P0.01)。由此可见,饲粮中添加酿酒酵母和芽孢杆菌均可改善育肥猪对营养物质的消化吸收,其中酿酒酵母对育肥猪肠道形态结构具有一定的改善作用,而芽孢杆菌可提高肠道中的SIg A含量,提高肠道免疫水平。     

Effect of dietary high-oleic acid sunflower seed, palm oil and vitamin E supplementation on broiler performance, fatty acid composition and oxidation susceptibility of meat

1. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of inclusion of two fat sources: high-oleic acid sunflower seed (HOASS; 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g/kg diet) and palm oil (PO), and dietary supplementation of vitamin E (alpha-tocopheryl acetate, 200 mg/kg diet) on performance, fatty acid composition and susceptibility to oxidation of white and dark chicken meat during refrigerated storage. Female chicks (3 to 6 weeks) were given one of 5 diets containing 90 g/kg of added fat with increasing monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content, adjusted by progressively replacing PO by HOASS. 2. Body weight gain and gain:food ratio of birds were depressed in diets containing the highest proportions of HOASS (150 and 200 g/kg). Relative abdominal fat was reduced in birds fed diets including HOASS, except in the diet containing 100 g HOASS/kg. The inclusion of alpha-tocopheryl acetate improved body weight gain and gain:food ratio. 3. According to the fatty acid profile of the diets, saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid (SFA and PUFA, respectively) contents were significantly reduced and MUFA content was significantly increased in white and dark chicken meats when the saturated oil, PO, was replaced progressively by HOASS in the diet. The inclusion of alpha-tocopheryl acetate increased PUFA content in both meats. 4. After 4 and 7 d of refrigerated storage, white and dark meat samples obtained from birds fed on diets containing HOASS had significantly lower thiobarbituric acid reacting substance (TBARS) values than those derived from the PO diet. The addition of alpha-tocopheryl acetate significantly reduced the lipid oxidation in white and dark meat. 5. Overall, the results showed that increasing MUFA content of chicken meat by replacing dietary PO with HOASS (up to 100 g/kg) did not adversely affect broiler performance and reduced the susceptibility of meat to oxidation during refrigerated storage. Dietary alpha-tocopherol supplementation improved chicken performance and was effective in protecting lipid meat from oxidation.