植物及其提取物在反刍动物上的应用

化学添加剂和抗生素滥用已经成为制约畜牧业发展的因素之一,结果是产生了耐药性及影响了反当动物和人类健康。植物及其提取物具有抗菌、促生长、提高免疫力和抗氧化性的特点,在反刍动物的瘤胃发酵、营养代谢、产品、以及生长繁殖方面发挥作用。作为高效、安全、稳定、可控的植物提取物和中草药饲料添加剂日益成为抗生素的替代品,成为天然的饲料添加剂。文章将对中草药以及植物提取物在反刍动物生产上的应用进展进行论述。     

植物源挥发油对反刍动物的营养效应研究进展

抗生素在动物生产中的应用因其带来的耐药性等负面影响越来越引起人们的关注.植物提取物作为一种纯天然和安全的饲料添加剂,具有替代抗生素作为添加剂的潜力.植物源挥发油对反刍动物瘤胃发酵、甲烷产量和生产性能的影响,以全面认识挥发油对反刍动物的营养效应.     

中草药提取物在肉兔生产中的应用研究进展

中草药提取物作为饲料添加剂应用于肉兔生产中，可以调控肉兔生产性能，在目前全面禁用饲用抗生素的环境下，是肉兔饲料添加剂的研究热点。本文综述了在肉兔生产中使用中草药提取物作为饲料添加剂对肉兔生产性能、肠道发育以及抗病性能的影响，旨在为中草药提取物在肉兔养殖中的应用提供科学的理论依据。     

植物提取物在养猪生产中的应用研究

随着抗生素的禁用,植物提取物作为一种新型饲料添加剂在养猪生长中发挥了重大作用,成为抗生素替代产品。作者主要从植物提取物的生物学功能及在养猪生产中的应用进行综述,为以后生产应用提供理论依据。     

丁酸钠在繁殖母猪中的应用效果

丁酸钠自2006年被农业部列入《饲料添加剂品种目录》以来,其在国内畜牧生产中的应用试验、研究工作大面积开展。人们发现丁酸钠可部分替代抗生素,起到酸化、调节电解质平衡和胃肠道微生态平衡、诱食等作用。丁酸钠作为一种新型绿色添加剂日益引起人们的关注,在畜牧生产中具有广阔的应用前景。目前,国内对丁酸钠在畜牧生产中的应用研究大部分针对幼龄动物。在繁殖母猪的应用研究非常欠缺。本文就丁酸钠在繁殖母猪的应用效果作一综述,为提高母猪繁殖性能、降低疾病发生和减少淘汰提供新思路。     

低聚糖在母猪繁殖和仔猪生产的应用

低聚糖(oligosaccharides)作为饲料添加剂,不但可以减少抗生素的使用,还可以大大提高母猪的繁殖性能和仔猪的生产性能。在未来整个畜牧养殖业的发展中,低聚糖应用潜力非常巨大。     

中链脂肪酸能有助于母猪发挥遗传潜力

<正>随着母猪遗传潜力的逐年提高,窝产20头仔猪已经不再让人感到意外。然而,高产仔数的持续选择给母猪带来了巨大的生产压力。为了发挥母猪的最大化遗传潜力,应高度关注泌乳量、断奶前死亡率和断奶重这些繁殖性能。因此,确保母猪处于高度健康状态对解决这些性能是必不可少的。为了保证母猪具有良好的健康状态,一些非抗生素类植物源性抗菌物质已被建议作为饲料添加剂使用,但是多数此类饲料添加剂在作用方面都缺乏     

酵母水解物在母猪生产中的应用

酵母水解物作为一种饲料添加剂广泛用于母猪生产,它在增强免疫、提高繁殖性能和泌乳性能等方面发挥重要作用。本文就酵母水解物对母猪的繁殖性能、泌乳性能、肠道健康、抗氧化以及机体免疫的影响进行综述,以期为酵母水解物在实际生产中的应用提供理论依据。     

丁酸钠在母猪中应用的研究探讨

丁酸钠自2006年被农业部列入《饲料添加剂品种目录》以来．其在国内畜牧生产中的应用试验、研究工作大面积开展起来。人们发现丁酸钠可部分替代抗生素．起到酸化、调节电解质平衡和胃肠道微生态平衡、诱食等作用。丁酸钠作为一种新型绿色添加剂日益引起人们的关注．在畜牧生产中具有广阔的应用前景。目前。国内对丁酸钠在畜牧生产中的应用研究大部分针对幼龄动物．在繁殖母猪的应用研究非常欠缺。本文就丁酸钠在繁殖母猪的应用效果作一综述．为提高母猪繁殖性能、降低疾病发生和减少淘汰提供新思路。     

中草药饲料添加剂在母猪生产中的应用进展

中草药具有来源广泛、取材方便、低残留、无耐药性等特点,在畜禽养殖生产中具有广泛的应用前景。中草药饲料添加剂可以缩短母猪产程,改善母猪产仔、泌乳、再繁殖性能,防治母猪产后炎症及调节肠道健康等。文章综述了中草药饲料添加剂的营养作用、生物活性成分、生物学功能及其在母猪生产中的应用进展,为中草药饲料添加剂提高母猪繁殖性能提供参考。     

复合植物提取物对妊娠母猪繁殖性能的影响

为研究复合植物提取物对妊娠母猪繁殖性能的影响,试验选取40头妊娠85 d大长二元母猪,随机分为对照组、植物提取物组(1000 mg/kg),每头猪为一个重复,试验期为妊娠85 d至分娩。结果表明:植物提取物组仔猪初生重较对照组提高7.6%(P<0.05),并且植物提取物组高初生重仔猪的比例增加(P<0.01),低初生重仔猪的比例减少(P<0.05)。综上,复合植物提取物可提高仔猪初生重,改善仔猪均匀度,提高母猪的繁殖性能。     

REVIEW: Alternatives to Conventional Antimicrobials in Swine Diets

There is growing concern that the use of antimicrobials in livestock feeding to enhance growth and to prevent disease is leading to increasing numbers of antibiotic-resistant human and animal pathogens. The exact degree of antibiotic-resistant organisms attributed to the use of antimicrobial agents in livestock feeding remains to be proven. Despite the lack of empirical evidence, many restrictions and bans have been placed on the use of antibiotics in livestock feeding in Europe. At present, there are no bans placed on the use of common antimicrobials in swine feeding in the United States. However, many scientists have begun to seek naturally occurring alternatives to antibiotics for commercial use if ever a similar situation arises here in the United States. This paper reviews the published data from natural agents that may serve as alternatives to conventional antimicrobials currently used in swine feeding operations. Specific natural agents such as probiotics, oligosaccharides, spices, and plant extracts that have shown some promise for enhancing growth performance and immune function are discussed. Based on this review of the literature, it appears that the observed beneficial effects of natural alternatives to conventional antimicrobials on growth performance and immune function are inconsistent among studies. Although these natural substances show promise, at present, it does not appear that any one natural remedy is a competitive alternative to conventional antimicrobials for growth promotion in swine feeding operations.     

“吉姆瑞2号”与PG600激素对异常经产母猪繁殖障碍防治的比较研究

为研究比较“吉姆瑞2号”与PG600激素对发情异常经产母猪繁殖障碍的防治效果,选择2～3胎次、体重、体况相近的断奶后不发情或屡配不孕的经产大白母猪60头,随机分成吉姆瑞2号组、PG600激素组,每组30头,对照组选择胎次、体重、体况相近的正常经产母猪30头,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,吉姆瑞2号组每天每头添加1剂“吉姆瑞2号”,连续拌料饲喂1周;PG600激素组于试验开始的第1天每头母猪注射1剂PG600,跟踪测定各组经产母猪的配种性能以及后续繁殖性能。研究结果表明,发情配种性能方面：吉姆瑞2号组在7 d内发情率比PG600组低53.34个百分点（P〈0.05）,14 d内发情率、返情率以及总受胎率分别低20.00、8.21和10.00个百分点（P〉0.05）,吉姆瑞2号组、PG600激素组母猪的受胎率均不如正常经产母猪对照组（P〈0.05）。后续繁殖性能方面：吉姆瑞2号组母猪窝均产活仔数、初生窝重、21日龄断奶和28日龄转群窝重及成活率均略高于PG600组,但3组母猪的后续各项繁殖性状均无显著差异（P〉0.05）。结果提示,“吉姆瑞2号”在刺激母猪发情方面不如PG600激素来的快速,但其对母猪的受胎率、产仔数以及仔猪21、28日龄窝重和成活率等后续繁殖性能的影响方面无显著差异,作用的效果持续而稳定。“吉姆瑞2号”的成分天然,对于倡导绿色养殖具有重要意义。     

植物提取物对猪生产性能的影响

植物提取物添加剂作为一种天然、多功能性、无毒副作用、无抗药性的新兴＂绿色添加剂＂,对于保护环境、促进畜牧业的可持续发展意义重大。本文就植物提取物的主要有效成分和功能,以及植物提取物对猪生产性能的影响进行了综述,为开发利用植物提取物提供理论依据。     

植物小肽替代部分鱼粉和豆粕对1～2胎母猪繁殖性能以及仔猪活力的影响

试验旨在研究妊娠后期和哺乳期母猪饲粮中添加植物小肽对1~2胎二元杂种母猪繁殖性能以及初生仔猪活力的影响。采用单因素试验设计,选取40头妊娠90 d的二元杂种母猪(杜洛克伊大白,1~2胎),按随机区组法分为2个处理,每个处理20个重复,每个重复1头母猪。对照组饲喂商品哺乳母猪饲粮(含2%鱼粉),植物小肽组饲喂2%植物小肽(替代1%豆粕和1%鱼粉)。试验期共45 d(从妊娠90 d至21 d断奶)。试验结果表明,两个处理组母猪繁殖性能差异不显著(P>0.05),但与对照组相比,植物小肽组弱仔减少了0.55头(P>0.05),木乃伊胎提高了0.20头(P=0.080)。植物小肽组仔猪初生窝重增加了1.26 kg(P>0.05),初生个体重增加了0.13 kg(P=0.077)。植物小肽组哺乳仔猪死淘率和腹泻率分别比对照组低31.01%和64.14%。两个处理组初生仔猪活力无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,在本试验条件下,1~2胎母猪妊娠后期和哺乳期饲粮中添加2%植物小肽替代部分鱼粉和豆粕不影响母猪繁殖性能,还能一定程度增加仔猪初生重,对仔猪活力无影响。     

植物提取物在肉羊生产中的应用

植物提取物因具有无残留、无抗药性、无毒副作用等优点而被作为新型绿色饲料添加剂广泛应用于畜禽养殖中,为畜禽健康、安全生产以及为人类提供优质畜产品方面起到了重要作用。本文综述了植物提取物的主要生物学活性成分,并着重阐述了植物提取物对肉羊生长性能、抗氧化能力和瘤胃发酵等的影响及其作用机理,旨在为天然植物源饲料添加剂的研发并在肉羊养殖中的应用提供参考依据。     

Developments in modern intensive and conventional pig housing

Investment in the facilities for pig production is subject to the same criteria used for any other business. Until the early 1980s pig farmers were free to choose whatever housing system they considered would give them the best economic return. Now, however, other considerations have to be taken into account, particularly the welfare of the animal and the exclusion of antibiotics in the finishing feed. In terms of welfare, the tethering and stalling of sows has resulted in the development of electronically controlled systems for feeding dry sows. In the fattening herd the pressure for economic performance, where the nett margin per pig sold in real terms has not altered in 15 years, means that systems such as flatdecks and totally slatted houses which give the most consistent food conversion efficiency (FCE) and growth rate are favoured. Slatted fattening systems are the easiest to adapt to weekly modules of production which limits disease spread between batches and reduces the requirement for medication.     

猪饲用抗生素替代物研究进展

饲粮中长期添加低剂量抗生素可引发细菌耐药性等生物安全问题,进而影响畜产品品质和人类健康,因此亟需寻找合适的抗生素替代物。本文总结了植物提取物、益生菌、有机酸和酶制剂等主要的猪饲用抗生素替代物的应用效果,并重点论述了饲用抗生素替代物对猪生长性能、肉品质、微生物区系、免疫机能和抗氧化能力等的作用机理,以期为猪新型饲用抗生素替代物的研发和应用提供参考。     

Sow line differences in heat stress tolerance expressed in reproductive performance traits

The objectives of this study were 1) to investigate if there were differences in the relation between temperature and reproductive performance traits in 2 different sow lines, a Yorkshire line producing mainly in temperate climates and a Large White line producing mainly in warm climates, and 2) to determine the upper critical temperature (UCT) for the reproductive performance of these 2 lines. Sows are exposed to heat stress when temperature exceeds the UCT of the thermo-neutral zone. Data included 32,631 observations on reproductive performance from 11,935 sows on 20 farms in Spain, collected from 2003 to 2005. Sows belonged to 2 different purebred sow lines, named D (Yorkshire sow line, producing mainly in temperate climates) and I (Large White sow line, producing mainly in warm climates). Only first insemination records per parity were used and were combined with the maximum outside temperature at day of insemination. Upper critical temperatures were studied for 3 reproduction traits: farrowing rate (0 or 1), litter size (range from 1 to 25), and total number of piglets born per first insemination (combination of farrowing rate and litter size, range from 0 to 25). Data were corrected for fixed effects, which included parity, service sire, and an interaction between farm and year. Corrected data were used as observations in the models to study the effect of outside temperature on reproductive performance. Two models were compared for goodness of fit: a linear regression model and a plateau-linear model with the plateau representing the thermo-neutral zone and a linear decrease above that zone. Farrowing rate of I-line sows was not affected by temperature. For litter size and total number born per first insemination of I-line sows no UCT could be estimated. These traits were linearly affected by temperature. For all 3 reproduction traits of the D-line the best model was the plateau-linear model; the UCT for the D-line sows was estimated to be 19.2 degrees C for farrowing rate, 21.7 degrees C for litter size, and 19.6 degrees C for total number born per first insemination. The decrease in reproductive performance of I-line sows with increasing outside temperature was less than in D-line sows. From this study it can be concluded that there are differences in heat stress tolerance between sow lines as measured by the differences in reproductive performance. These differences are an indication of genetic differences in heat stress tolerance in sow lines.     

饲粮中添加中链脂肪酸甘油三酯对母猪繁殖性能、血清生化指标及初乳成分的影响

本试验旨在研究母猪妊娠后期和泌乳期饲粮中添加中链脂肪酸甘油三酯(MCT)对母猪繁殖性能、血清生化指标及初乳成分的影响。试验选取120头纯种大白妊娠母猪(3~5胎),根据母猪预产期相近,胎次、体况、历史繁殖成绩均衡分布的原则分为3组,每组40个重复,每个重复1头母猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮(含3.17%豆油),油剂组以0.6%纯油剂MCT替换基础饲粮中0.6%的豆油(含2.57%豆油),粉剂组在基础饲粮中添加0.5%微胶囊粉剂MCT。试验从母猪妊娠第85天开始至仔猪断奶结束。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,油剂组和粉剂组母猪产程分别提高了17.58%(P0.05)和9.21%(P0.05),母猪泌乳期平均日采食量分别提高了5.92%和10.07%(P0.05),母猪断奶后7日发情率分别提高了6.52%和4.25%(P0.05);饲粮中添加MCT对母猪其他繁殖性能指标无显著影响(P0.05)。2)饲粮中添加MCT对母猪血清生化指标均无显著影响(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,油剂组和粉剂组母猪初乳乳脂含量分别提高了18.09%和19.09%(P0.05),饲粮中添加MCT对母猪初乳成分均无显著影响(P0.10)。由此可见,在母猪妊娠后期及泌乳期饲粮中添加MCT未能改善母猪的生产性能、血清生化指标及初乳成分,但添加油剂型MCT可显著缩短母猪产程。