湿度对肉鸡健康的影响及应对措施

随着肉鸡养殖集约化的发展,环境对肉鸡健康的影响越来越突出。湿度是肉鸡舍环境的重要指标之一,然而在肉鸡饲养生产过程中常常忽略对湿度的管理。低湿或高湿都不利于肉鸡的健康生长。加强对肉鸡舍湿度的监测及研究湿度对肉鸡健康的影响对指导鸡舍湿度的合理调控和健康养殖的发展具有重要意义。作者通过总结和分析舍内湿度对肉鸡热调节、生长性能、繁殖性能、血液指标、肉品质及呼吸道等方面的影响及舍内湿度的监测和管理方法,为深入研究湿度对肉鸡健康影响的作用机制及合理调控肉鸡舍湿度提供参考。     

舍内氨气对肉鸡的影响及有效控制措施

对于鸡舍而言,氨气所具有的危害性是非常大的,肉鸡在生长过程中如果存在长时间暴露在氨气环境中是无益于其自身生长的。因此强化肉鸡舍内氨气监控水平,分析氨气与肉鸡生长之间的影响以及相关的控制措施,对合理调控鸡舍氨气水平以及养殖业的可持续有着非常重要的价值。本文首先对鸡舍内氨气源头进行了分析,并综述了氨气对肉鸡生长的影响,而后以此为基础提出了关于控制鸡舍氨气浓度的方案。     

二氧化碳对家禽的影响及控制措施

环境控制是肉鸡养殖技术中最为关键的环节,高浓度的有害气体会影响肉鸡的健康生长。虽然二氧化碳本身并没有毒性,但是长期生长在高浓度二氧化碳的鸡舍内可能会降低肉鸡的生长性能,危害肉鸡健康。加强研究舍内二氧化碳对畜禽健康的危害,并探索改善畜禽舍内空气质量的有效措施,对于畜禽健康生长和环境友好具有重要意义。本文主要通过综述舍内二氧化碳的危害和降低二氧化碳浓度的措施,为深入研究二氧化碳对肉鸡健康的影响以及合理调控舍内二氧化碳浓度提供理论依据。     

舍内空气质量对肉鸡健康影响的研究进展北大核心CSCD

随着畜禽规模化养殖生产的发展,环境对畜禽健康的影响愈发突出。高密度、集约化饲养导致舍内微生物、粉尘、有害气体等浓度升高,空气质量不断下降。长期生长在低质量空气环境中,导致肉鸡气管炎、肉鸡呼吸道综合征等呼吸道疾病多发,间接降低机体的生长性能和免疫功能。加强研究舍内空气污染物对畜禽健康的危害,并探索改善畜禽舍空气质量的有效措施,对我国畜牧业的健康发展具有重要意义。本文主要通过综述舍内微生物、粉尘、氨气等污染物及其危害和应对措施,为深入研究空气污染物对肉鸡健康影响的作用机制以及合理调控舍内空气质量提供理论依据。     

舍内空气质量对肉鸡健康影响的研究进展

随着畜禽规模化养殖生产的发展,环境对畜禽健康的影响愈发突出。高密度、集约化饲养导致舍内微生物、粉尘、有害气体等浓度升高,空气质量不断下降。长期生长在低质量空气环境中,导致肉鸡气管炎、肉鸡呼吸道综合征等呼吸道疾病多发,间接降低机体的生长性能和免疫功能。加强研究舍内空气污染物对畜禽健康的危害,并探索改善畜禽舍空气质量的有效措施,对我国畜牧业的健康发展具有重要意义。本文主要通过综述舍内微生物、粉尘、氨气等污染物及其危害和应对措施,为深入研究空气污染物对肉鸡健康影响的作用机制以及合理调控舍内空气质量提供理论依据。     

禽舍内氨气产生、危害及其有效减排措施

氨气是规模化养殖中严重的污染物,当其在禽舍内达到一定浓度时,会严重影响家禽的健康以及生长性能,直接造成经济损失。为畜禽提供健康舒适的生存环境,是提高其生产力水平、提供优质产品的保障。文章对禽舍内氨气的产生过程、影响因素、对禽类的危害以及减排途径进行了综合分析,以期对氨气的危害加强科学认识,并借鉴蛋鸡、肉鸡规模养殖中氨气污染成因和解决措施,为水禽舍内笼养养殖环境下氨气的减排途径提供重要参考。     

禽舍中氨气的来源、危害和减排措施

氨气是危害家禽最大的有害气体,禽舍中高浓度氨气不利于家禽健康生长。本文综述了禽舍氨气的主要来源,不同浓度氨气对家禽生长性能、产蛋性能、免疫功能、肉蛋品质和行为的影响以及禽舍氨气的减排措施,为深入研究氨气对家禽健康影响的作用机制和指导禽舍氨气浓度合理调控提供参考。     

层叠式立体笼养肉鸡舍秋冬季节环境参数研究

试验旨在对商品肉鸡层叠式立体养殖模式的环境参数进行监控,分析不同季节笼养肉鸡环境参数的差异,为科学养殖提供数据支撑。选择规模化肉鸡养殖场的同一栋鸡舍,在秋季和冬季饲养周期中,采用分次多点测量法,连续监测3~6周龄肉鸡舍内温度、湿度和空气质量,测定点均匀分布在舍内4个位置,比较秋季和冬季舍内环境参数的变化。结果显示,在肉鸡生长后期,冬季舍内环境温度略高于秋季,差异不显著（P＞0.05）;秋季舍内湿度显著高于冬季（P＜0.05）,两个季节的温湿度均可满足不同日龄肉鸡生长需求。有害气体和微生物检测结果显示,冬季舍内氨气浓度略高于秋季,差异不显著（P＞0.05）;冬季舍内二氧化碳浓度显著高于秋季（P＜0.05）;同时冬季舍内空气微生物总菌数显著高于秋季（P＜0.05）。层叠式立体笼养肉鸡舍内温度在不同季节可保持恒定;在冬季饲养期,舍内湿度降低,二氧化碳浓度升高,空气微生物总菌数升高。因此,冬季饲养肉鸡在做好保温的同时应适当增加通风换气。     

鸡舍内氨气的来源及对肉鸡生产影响的研究进展

规模化集约化养殖模式下,畜禽废弃物呈现量大、集中的特点,其分解产生的氨气被认为是肉鸡舍内危害最大的一种气体,其危害人畜健康,诱发各种疾病,导致生产性能下降,影响肉鸡养殖业的健康可持续发展。文章就舍内氨气的来源及其对肉鸡生产的影响进行综述,明确氨气对肉鸡行为与福利、生产性能、健康状况等的危害,以期为肉鸡养殖的产业化生产提供参考。     

不同类型商品肉鸡舍冬季环境指标调查

为调查安徽省不同类型的商品肉鸡舍内冬季环境指标情况,选取三种不同类型的肉鸡舍,按照日龄不同每种肉鸡舍各选6栋,检测肉鸡舍的主要环境指标,主要有氨气、二氧化碳、硫化氢、一氧化碳、温度、湿度、微生物等,分析各环境因素间的相关性及其与鸡舍结构和鸡群日龄等的关系。结果显示,所检测的大部分鸡舍环境均不符合标准,其中舍内氨气含量、温湿度、细菌超标严重,二氧化碳和一氧化碳含量超标稍轻,氨气浓度和细菌数与鸡舍结构、温湿度及饲养鸡群日龄大小显著相关(P<0.05)。试验结果说明鸡舍结构、通风和加温方式是影响舍内有害气体含量、温湿度及细菌数的主要因素。     

Effect of Humidity on Broiler Health and Corresponding Measures

With the development of intensive broiler raising, the influence of environmental factors on broiler health are increasingly prominent. Relative humidity is one of the most important indicators of broiler house environment.But in the production process of broiler farming,it is often neglected on the management of humidity in house. Neither low humidity nor high humidity is conducive to the healthy growth of broilers. It is of great significance to strengthen the monitoring of the humidity in broiler houses and study the effects of relative humidity on the health of broiler for guiding the rational control of the humidity in broiler houses and the development of healthy breeding. In this paper, we summarized and analyzed the effects of relative humidity on thermal regulating,growth performance, reproductive performance, blood parameters, meat quality and respiratory tract of broilers, and the monitor and control measures of humidity in the poultry house, aimed to provide a reference for further research on the mechanism of relative humidity affects broiler health and rational regulation of humidity in broiler house.     

模拟条件下鸡舍氨气浓度对肉鸡生长性能和日常行为的影响

本试验旨在研究不同氨气浓度对肉鸡生长性能和日常行为的影响。试验在4个人工气候环境控制舱中进行,氨气浓度分别控制在(0±5)mg/kg、(25±5)mg/kg、(50±5)mg/kg和(80±5)mg/kg。选取21日龄、体重相近[(579.2±6.2)g]和健康的爱拔益加(Arbor Acres)雄性肉鸡480只,随机分在4个组中,每组设4个重复,每个重复30只鸡,笼养,自由采食和饮水,试验期为4周。在试验第21、22和23天,用录像设备记录试验鸡的日常行为;试验结束当天,所有试验鸡空腹称重,计算试验期平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比。试验结果显示:1)在0～50 mg/kg氨气浓度范围内,肉鸡的平均日增重和平均日采食量无显著差异(P>0.05);当氨气浓度达到80 mg/kg时,试验组肉鸡的平均日增重和平均日采食量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。2)在0～80 mg/kg氨气浓度范围内,肉鸡的料重比无显著差异(P>0.05)。3)当氨气浓度达到50 mg/kg时,肉鸡趴卧持续时间显著减少(P<0.05);当氨气浓度达到80 mg/kg时,肉鸡趴卧持续时间极显著减少(P<0.01),而站立的次数和持续时间及走动的次数均显著增加(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,鸡舍内氨气的大量聚集会抑制肉鸡的生长,并对肉鸡日常行为的正常表达产生一定的影响,从而影响肉鸡的健康与福利。     

A questionnaire-based,retrospective field study of persistence of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium in Danish broiler houses

A questionnaire-based, retrospective field study was conducted in 78 Danish broiler houses (analytical units) on 42 farms. In spring 1997, all these broiler houses had been infected with Salmonella Enteritidis, phage type 8, and/or Salmonella Typhimurium, definitive-type 66, by day-old chicks delivered from the same hatchery. Because these two salmonella types had not been detected in the Danish broiler sector before and the broiler houses were infected in a period of low salmonella prevalence, the study could focus on farm-related factors, without being distorted by other salmonella infections.

The same person visited all 78 broiler houses, and farm-related factors were listed both from personal observations and by interrogating the person in charge of attending to the broilers. Additional factors (noted at the visits) were recorded in a later telephone interview. Altogether, 187 variables were analyzed.

Broiler houses were divided into single-infection houses (which had one or both of the salmonella types in only one crop), and multiple-infection houses (where infection occurred in multiple crops). This was done both generally and separately for each of the salmonella types.

Factors associated with house status—but that were beyond the control of the farmer—were the salmonella type and the percentage of salmonella positive samples in the first crop. Factors which could be controlled by the farmer and which were associated with reduced prevalence of multiple-infection houses included antiseptic soap and water for washing hands in the anteroom, hygiene barriers when removing dead broilers, gravel alongside the broiler house, systematic checks of indoor rodent-bait depots, and combined surface and pulse-fogging disinfection.     

A note on the effect of adding sea urchin shell powder in diet on growth performance in chicken and litter quality

Abstract

A small pen trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of diet supplementation with sea urchin shell powder on the broiler performance and ammonia emissions in poultry houses for 28 days. A total of 120 male broilers (n = 30 birds/treatment) were fed four diets supplemented with 0%, 0.1%, and 1.0% sea urchin shell powder or 1% feed additives. The use of sea urchin shell powder and feed additives improved growth performance compared to the controls. When compared with the control group at four weeks, ammonia fluxes were decreased by 29.2%, 37.6%, and 27.9% for 0.1% and 1.0% sea urchin shell powder and 1% feed additives, respectively, which could be due to the reduced litter pH. The addition of 1% sea urchin shell powder was effective in improving growth and reducing negative environmental impacts. It is suggested that the decrease in the ammonia level was mainly related to the lower litter pH.     

Systematic evaluation of in-house broiler litter windrowing effects on production benefits and environmental impact

In-house windrowing of broiler litter between flocks has been adopted by producers to reduce pathogens and improve litter quality before chick placement. In this study, 5 consecutive windrow trials were conducted in commercial broiler houses for their effect on litter bacterial populations, organic matter stabilization, cumulative ammonia emissions, and nutrient transformation and compared with litter conditioning (tilling) in adjacent houses. No significant reduction ofClostridium spp. andEscherichia coli populations was found in windrowed litter from d 0 to 7. No significant difference of 7-d mortality was found between windrow and nonwindrow houses. The windrowed house resulted in better foot quality than the nonwindrowed house from 1 of 3 scored flocks. Water-soluble phosphorus increased in both windrowed and nonwindrowed litter; therefore, appreciable biotic and abiotic activity occurred in litter with both treatments after flocks were removed. Overall, no negative effect of windrow treatments on litter quality for agronomic applications was observed. Both the control and windrow treatments resulted in a decrease in litter moisture content (2 to 5%) likely beneficial to bird health conditions. High ammonia emissions persisted after windrow spreading; therefore, a need may exist for an extended period of ventilation or a litter amendment as crucial before chick placement. Litter amendment at a low dose was effective in lowering ammonia concentrations after windrowing and was more economical comparing to operating fans in winter conditions.     

Reduced incidence of Clostridium perfringens-associated lesions and improved performance in broiler chickens treated with normal intestinal bacteria from adult fowl

The dosing of young chicks with cultures of normal gut flora has been termed "competitive exclusion" (CE). This study was undertaken to examine, under field conditions, the effect of CE treatment on counts of intestinal Clostridium perfringens (CP) and on the occurrence of CP-associated disease in broiler chickens. A farm having recurrent CP-associated health problems was selected as study site. The study comprised four broiler houses, with one treated and one untreated flock per house. Treated birds were sprayed with the CE product Broilact upon arrival at the farm. All flocks were offered feed containing the ionophorous anticoccidial agent narasin. The feed did not contain growth promoters. Treatment was associated with positive but statistically nonsignificant effects on gut health. Delayed intestinal proliferation of CP and delayed appearance of CP-associated gut lesions were found in CE-treated flocks. This delay was associated with improved production performance at slaughter.     

蛋白酶和益生菌复合制剂对白羽肉鸡生长性能、养分利用率和粪便有害气体排放的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加蛋白酶和益生菌复合制剂对白羽肉鸡生长性能、养分利用率和粪便有害气体排放的影响。试验选取体重接近、健康的1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡192只,按照体重随机分为2组,每组8个重复,每个重复12只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂添加蛋白酶、枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、凝结芽孢杆菌、酵母菌复合制剂的基础饲粮,其中1~14、15~28、29~42日龄饲粮中分别添加500、400、300 mg/kg复合制剂。试验期42 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组42日龄体重有上升趋势(P=0.08),22~42日龄和全期的平均日增重有上升趋势(P=0.08),22~42日龄和全期的耗料增重比显著降低;试验组与对照组在1~21日龄的平均日采食量、平均日增重、耗料增重比以及在22~42日龄和全期的平均日采食量均无显著差异;与对照组相比,试验组粗蛋白质利用率极显著上升,试验组粗脂肪、粗纤维利用率显著上升;两组物质、能量利用率无显著差异。与对照组相比,试验组白羽肉鸡发酵粪便氨气含量有下降趋势(P=0.08),各组白羽肉鸡发酵粪便硫化氢含量无显著差异。综上所述,蛋白酶和益生菌复合制剂可以提高白羽肉鸡生长性能和养分利用率,降低氨气的产生和排放。     

Atmospheric ammonia alters lipid metabolism‐related genes in the livers of broilers (Gallus gallus)

Atmospheric ammonia in animal housing is reported to have adverse effects on livestock performance and animal health. Previous experiments have found that 75 ppm ammonia reduced the production performance and altered body fat distribution quality of broilers. In this study, we examined the body fat distribution, serum metabolites and lipid metabolism gene expression of broiler exposed to ammonia. A total of 400 chickens were randomly allocated to four groups with four replicates and received ammonia treatments at 0, 25, 50 and 75 ppm, respectively, for 3 weeks. The average daily feed intake and weight gain were decreased when broiler was exposed to ammonia concentration exceeding 50 ppm (p < .05). The increased abdominal fat and reduced thickness of subcutaneous adipose were found in broilers of 75 ppm group (p < .05). When ammonia exceeded 50 ppm, the content of fat in breast muscle of broiler was increased, and when ammonia was higher than 25 ppm, the fat in liver was increased (p < .05). It showed that the fat content in liver was a sensitive index for broilers exposed to ammonia. Furthermore, ammonia exposure had no significant effect on total cholesterol and triglyceride in serum, but significantly increased the relative mRNA expression of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (p = .046) and malic enzyme in liver (p = .038), which indicated that ammonia exposure may increase the de novo fat synthesis in liver. In addition, ammonia increased the high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = .02) and activity of hepatic lipase in serum (p < .001), which indicated that ammonia exposure may improve the transportation of cholesterol to liver. To conclude, our results indicated that ammonia exposure might increase the de novo fat synthesis in liver and increased the transportation of cholesterol to liver. In addition, the concentration of ammonia in poultry house should be limited lower than 25 ppm based on the variation of hepatic fat content.     

夏季层叠式笼养肉鸡舍环境参数变化及其相关性分析

为研究夏季大型立体笼养肉鸡舍养殖环境参数变化规律,确立大型肉鸡舍的最佳环境管理模式,选取山西省晋中地区单栋饲养量为41 280只的密闭式肉鸡舍一栋,进行温度、湿度、CO2浓度、O2含量、风速等环境参数的分点多次检测与统计分析。结果显示:不同笼列位置,温度前端和末端与其它位置差异显著(P<0.05),位置L2、L21和L40差异不显著,温差在0.8℃左右;各位置湿度差异不显著(P>0.05),CO2浓度前端、L2和末端与L21、L40差异显著(P<0.05),O2含量末端与其它位置差异显著(P<0.05),风速差异显著(P<0.05)。不同笼层,温度、湿度和O2含量差异不显著(P>0.05);CO2浓度上层和下层差异显著(P<0.05),随着笼层增高浓度逐渐降低;风速上层显著高于中层和下层(P<0.05),随着笼层增高呈递增趋势。研究表明:炎热夏季该模式鸡舍内随着风速加大(减少),可以增加(降低)舍温和舍内氧气含量,降低(升高)CO2浓度和相对湿度,舍内环境参数适宜肉鸡生长。