Field Evaluation of Colilert 3000 for Ground, Raw and Treated Surface Water and Comparison with Standard Membrane Filtration Method

In the present study, during a period of 16 months Colilert 3000 was validated in laboratory and field tests and compared to standard laboratory methods for monitoring of coliforms and E. coli. No false positive/negative results for coliforms/E. coli were found in 80 potable well water samples monitored with the Colilert 3000 and compared to standard methods. Although usage of Colilert 3000 to monitor raw water is not recommended by the manufacturer, the E. coli results of 100 samples were 100% positive by membrane filtration, Colilert 18 and MPN and only 80% positive by the Colilert 3000. In addition, in all positive samples, Colilert 3000 and Colilert 18 showed higher results of two to three orders of magnitude compared to MF and MPN. This significant difference was probably due to the presence of Aeromonas spp. and Vibrio spp. (natural inhabitants of the raw surface water) known to interfere with the Colilert test. Treated surface water was monitored by Colilert 3000 for the presence of coliforms and E. coli. Among the 100 samples tested in parallel by membrane filtration all were negative, while with Colilert 3000 only 76% were negative. Post-test identification of the positive samples did not reveal the presence of E. coli but interfering microorganisms. The last application was to evaluate Colilert 3000 to monitor accidental or deliberate pollution of drinking water with sewage sources. Among 20 samples spiked with raw sewage (0.1 and 1%) all results were positive for both coliforms and E. coli. The time span required for Colilert 3000 to detect positive samples was 6–10 h compared to 24 h with the standard membrane filtration.     

作物水分敏感指数降尺度的单调分段三次插值方法

Crop-water production functions quantitatively describe the relationship between crop yield and field evapotranspiration.The crop water sensitivity indexes of crop-water production functions,a key factor for optimizing irrigation scheduling in case of water scarcity,are usually obtained from field experiments or other sources for crop growth stages,while their values in shorter intervals are preferred for practical irrigation scheduling.We proposed a method to downscale the sensitivity index from growth stages to shorter intervals by monotone piecewise cubic interpolation of the cumulative sensitivity index curve.This method was used to estimate sensitivity indexes in irrigation intervals of about 10 d for corn and wheat in central Shanxi Province of China.Results showed that the downscaled sensitivity index could reflect the impact of water stress on crop growth both at diferent growth stages and within each stage.Scenario analysis of water stress at a single growth stage of wheat showed the rationality of downscaling water sensitivity index from growth stages to shorter intervals through interpolation of cumulative sensitivity index,and this proposed downscaling method was superior to the traditional linear downscaling method.     

基于钢珠驱动的全地埋式喷灌装置研发

影响耕作、寻找出水口困难是喷灌技术推广过程中遇到的主要问题,现有园林绿化中经常使用的埋藏式喷头无法直接安装在耕作层以下,不利于耕作和农作物收割。针对上述问题,该文研发了能够直接安装在耕作层以下的地埋式喷灌装置,有利于田间耕作。该装置依靠水压力实现升降功能,非灌溉时可安装在耕作层以下,不妨碍耕作;灌溉时,依靠水压力湿润和挤压喷头顶部及其附近土壤,克服土壤阻力顶出地面,实施旋转喷头工作,无需寻找出水口;灌溉后,喷头能够降回耕作层以下,地面无任何影响植物修剪或农作物收割的设施,喷灌作业前后也不需要安装或拆卸任何设施,大大降低了灌溉劳动强度。此外,使用球体打击驱动功能的旋转机构能够实现边旋转边喷灌功能,提高了装置的抗堵塞性。     

不同灌水技术下香梨地土面蒸发规律研究

对新疆库尔勒灌溉实验站香梨地不同灌水技术处理的土面蒸发进行了试验研究,并分析了土面蒸发强度与土壤含水量和土面蒸发强度与土壤耗水强度间的关系。结果表明,各处理在整个生育期的平均土面蒸发强度由大到小依次为微喷、小管和环管,其累积土面蒸发值分别为116.05,104.53和89.60mm。各处理棵间相对土面蒸发强度与0-20cm土层深度的土壤含水量相关关系显著,呈二次递增规律。土壤耗水强度在生育期内整体上呈现从大到小的变化规律,大小顺序依次为微喷、环管和小管,且土面蒸发强度均随着土壤耗水强度的增大而增大,二者之间呈幂函数关系。     

屋顶花园雨水利用系统设计与实践

该文意在探讨利用屋面雨水对屋顶花园进行灌溉的可行性。以北大荒集团某酒店屋顶花园为例,从植物需水量、雨水可收集量、蓄水池容量及雨水收集系统等方面进行屋面雨水回收利用设计,利用彭曼-蒙特斯公式计算屋顶花园植物需水量,结果表明:5-10月屋顶花园植物需水总量为3521.78m3,各月份间差异较大,10月份量最小仅为361.8m3,6月份量最大为729.6m3;同期可收集屋面雨水总量为2179.3m3,并据雨水径流总量与初期弃流量产生的径流量设计蓄水池容量为131m3;将收集雨水全部用于屋顶花园绿地灌溉,能节省61.88%灌溉用水;据此,采用工程技术为屋顶花园设计雨水收集系统及自动灌溉系统,对屋顶花园雨水收集量与灌溉量的水量平衡分析结果表明:利用该自动灌溉系统可节约灌溉用水67.20%,雨水利用率可达54.55%,该设计对北方干旱地区屋顶花园雨水回用技术设计具一定的实用价值和应用前景。     

Effect of different irrigation intervals on water saving,water productivity and grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.) under the double ridge-furrow planting technique

Surface irrigation is the traditional irrigation method applied in about 80% of the irrigated area in Egypt with greater water losses leading to profile drainage. The double ridge-furrow planting technique (DRFI) uses a practical way to reduce the applied water quantities. Therefore, field experiments were conducted in 2010 and 2011 (maize growth seasons) to study the effects of DRFI with two irrigation intervals – 7 days and 14 days – on maize yield, water saving, water productivity and some economic parameters such as net return and investment ratio compared with the conventional ridged-furrow planting technique (RFI) with irrigation at 14-day intervals. Optimal irrigation interval for maize under DRFI was also determined. Regardless of irrigation intervals, smaller depth of applied water was observed with DRFI treatments compared to RFI treatment. Consequently, with DRFI treatments, more water could be saved compared with RFI treatment in both seasons. Double ridged-furrow planting with irrigation at 7-day intervals proved superior to increase the grain yield and water productivity compared to the 14-day interval and the conventional treatment. It also increased the investment ratio and net return of maize crop. Therefore, double ridge-furrow planting with irrigation at 7-day intervals will practically be the optimal choice under the conditions of the studied area.     

井渠结合灌区用水效率指标尺度效应研究框架

现有灌溉用水效率尺度效应的研究大部分集中在地表水灌区,而较少涉及地下水利用灌区,该文针对井渠结合灌区存在地下水回归利用的实际情况,以河北省石津灌区为背景,在国际水管理研究院（IWMI）提出的水收支方法的基础上引入回归水利用指标,提出了在井渠结合灌区进行用水效率指标尺度变化规律研究的工作框架。在所提出的框架中,评价指标选择IWMI体系,数据获取手段主要为资料收集和试验观测,尺度划分方式按照现有灌区管理模型分为灌区,干渠,分干,支渠和田间5个尺度。研究成果展现了灌溉用水效率尺度效应研究所涉及到的指标选取、尺度划分、水收支解析、水平衡要素数据获取方式、回归水分析5个方面的工作过程。该框架对于开展中国北方井渠结合灌区的节水灌溉尺度效应研究有着一定的参考价值和借鉴意义。     

Defined substrate technology method for rapid and specific simultaneous enumeration of total coliforms and Escherichia coli from water: collaborative study

The defined substrate technology (DST) method is a reagent system designed to enumerate specific target microbes(s) from a mixture of bacteria. The system simultaneously enumerates total coliforms and Escherichia coli directly from a water sample. The reagent contains o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG), which is hydrolyzed by total coliforms to produce a yellow chromogen, and 4-methylumbeilliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide (MUG), which is hydrolyzed and fluoresces when E. coli organisms grow. Noncoliform bacteria are suppressed and cannot metabolize the indicator nutrients. Nine laboratories participated in a field evaluation of the method, which covered a wide range of surface and subsurface water sources and water-processing modalities, including the examination of natural samples. The DST system was compared to multiple-tube fermentation (MTF) (quantitative) and presence-absence (P-A) (qualitative) Standard Methods formats. Comparison of water samples from natural sources by using the most probable number (MPN) procedure showed that the DST test was equivalent to the currently used MTF test. Results from the DST and the qualitative P-A procedure showed that these tests agreed with each other in 94% of the water samples analyzed. Specificity of the DST method was established by subculturing a species consistent with a total coliform or E. coli from each positive tube. Eight laboratories participated in a collaborative study of the method. Each laboratory received 3 concentrations of E. coli (organisms/100 mL); 10 (low); 60 (medium); and 120 (high). The DST test was inoculated from a split sample of each bacterial density in parallel with Standard Methods brilliant green lactose broth.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

利用作物水盐生产函数和土壤水盐动态模型制定咸水灌溉制度

Using a crop-water-salinity production function and a soil-water-salinity dynamic model, optimal irrigation scheduling was developed to maximize net return per irrigated area. Plot and field experiments were used to obtain the crop water sensitivity index, the salinity sensitivity index, and other parameters. Using data collected during 35 years to calculate the 10-day mean precipitation and evaporation, the variation in soil salinity concentrations and in the yields of winter wheat and cotton were simulated for 49 irrigation scheduling that were combined from 7 irrigation schemes over 3 irrigation dates and 7 salinity concentrations of saline irrigation water （fresh water and 6 levels of saline water）. Comparison of predicted results with irrigation data obtained from a large area of the field showed that the model was valid and reliable. Based on the analysis of the investment cost of the irrigation that employed deep tube wells or shallow tube wells, a saline water irrigation schedule and a corresponding strategy for groundwater development and utilization were proposed. For wheat or cotton, if the salinity concentration was higher than 7.0 g L^-1 in groundwater, irrigation was needed with only fresh water; if about 5.0 g L^-1, irrigation was required twice with fresh water and once with saline water; and if not higher than 3.0 g L^-1, irrigation could be solely with saline water.     

Measurement of Fertilizer Leaching from the Root Zone Using an Automated Infiltration Soil Water Sampler in an Unsaturated Sandy Field

In sandy fields with vegetable cultivation, fertilizer leaching may occur and it should be well-controlled. The development of a direct soil water sampler is necessary to examine solute transport and fertilizer leaching in the vadose zone, since soil water reflects timely monitoring of data more accurately than groundwater. We developed a Suction-Controlled Flux Sampler to collect infiltration soil water in a sandy soil. In the present study, we monitored fertilizer leaching in an unsaturated sandy field during the rainy season, while evaluating the sampling performance of SCFS for the sampling of infiltration water. SCFS directly collected the infiltration water effectively over a period of several months in the sandy field and recorded the Water-Collecting Efficiency from 92 to 115% under various infiltration conditions during a period of 50 d. WCE was affected by the rainfall intensity as well as by previous rainfall, which enhanced WCE. The results obtained from the use of SCFS and several sensors demonstrated that the amount of leached water remained low as long as irrigation was applied according to the cultivation manual. However, an unexpected heavy rainfall event led to fertilizer leaching. The fertilizer leaching trend was effectively monitored by several sensors inserted into the soils, while detailed analysis of the components was performed after collection by using SCFS. Direct access to infiltration water enabled to examine the infiltration process and detailed variations in the amounts of discharged anions. The sensor-equipped monitoring system together with SCFS is suitable for precise management of fertilizer and irrigation application.     

灌溉水温对冻融土入渗规律的影响

在冬春灌溉期间,由于灌溉水源、灌溉方式、灌溉时间不同,当水流入农田时,将具有不同的水温。灌溉水温不同,在相同的灌溉水量条件下,其热容量不同,导致土壤温度分布不同,必将影响到冻土的入渗规律。该文通过土壤冻结期间积水入渗试验,获得了不同入渗水温条件下冻土的入渗规律。试验结果表明,入渗水温对冻土入渗规律的影响十分明显,冻土的入渗能力随入渗水温的升高而增强。研究结果对于季节性冻土壤区冬春灌溉合理灌水技术参数的确定提供依据     

负水头灌溉原理与装置

该文提出了一种新型的负水头灌溉技术,由负水头控制装置、集气装置和供水器3部分组成,系统介绍了目前负水头灌溉技术研究进展,阐述了负水头灌溉技术原理。结合原理结构图和实物图阐述了负水头关键技术的研究情况、工作原理及其作用。该系统利用简易水头控制装置和集气装置通过盘式供水器将灌溉水输送到作物根层。该研究以期建立负水头灌溉技术基本构架,为负水头灌溉系统的深入研究和推广奠定基础。     

Fecal coliform methods for examination of sea water: interlaboratory evaluation of split sample analysis.

An interlaboratory study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of the following 3 multiple-tube fermentation methods for determining the most probable number (MPN) of Escherichia coli in a split artificial sea water sample: (1) the 72-hr standard methods procedure of the American Public Health Association, (2) a 24-hr elevated-temperature test using A-1 medium, and (3) a 24-hr elevated temperature test modified to include an initial 3-hr resuscitation period using A-1 medium. The capability of the laboratories to perform the 3 test procedures was also compared. Split sample replicates with low, medium, and high levels of E. coli were examined in 18 laboratories in the United States and Canada. Data indicate that the laboratories performed each test with equal capability, and all 3 procedures were equally effective in enumerating the strain of E. coli used in this investigation. By virtue of its homogeneity and stability, the split sample served as an appropriate specimen for this study and could probably be used as a proficiency test specimen for evaluating laboratory analyst performance in the bacteriological examination of sea water.     

激光控制农田土地精细平整应用技术体系研究进展

借助激光控制技术、GPS和GIS、先进机械制造技术等现代高科技手段对传统的农田土地平整技术与方法进行升级改造并构建激光控制农田土地精细平整技术。激光控制农田土地精细平整技术的推广应用，可明显改善田面微地形条件，大幅度提高地面灌溉条件下的灌溉效率与灌水均匀度，获得显著的节水、增产、省工、提高土地利用率等效果。该文在阐述具有中国特色的激光控制农田土地精细平整应用技术体系构架基础上，对近年来国内开展的主要研究工作及取得的成果进行了综述，探讨了激光控制农田土地精细平整应用技术体系的发展趋势与研究方向。     

竖管地下灌溉粉质壤土入渗湿润体的试验研究

竖管灌水器是一种在低压（0.6～2.0 m）状况下对作物进行根部地下灌溉的新型灌水技术的核心部件。为了研究该灌水器在不同影响因素不同组合情况下湿润体特征参数值的变化,为竖管灌水器的进一步研究提供借鉴。试验采用正交试验设计安排了9组试验对压力水头、土壤初始含水率、竖管灌水器的竖管直径和土壤容重（每个因素取3个水平）4个因素进行了室内试验研究。入渗试验7 h之后获得的结果表明:湿润体的湿润半径大小排序为Y_负≥X≥Y_正,湿润体的含水率分布在水平方向呈现为圆形扩散,而竖直方向呈现为椭圆形扩散,表明重力对水分入渗有一定的影响。竖管地下灌溉湿润体平均含水率变化范围为7.5%～33.3%,能够更好地满足不同作物的需水要求。     

新疆干旱区成龄核桃滴灌制度优化

科学合理的灌溉制度是提高灌水利用效率的主要因素。该研究采用HYDRUS-2D模型结合寻优模型相结合的方法,研究新疆核桃滴灌优化制度。利用2018年和2019年定点观测土壤水分数据进行模型率定与验证;利用模型设定128种情景进行模拟研究,分析南疆干旱区滴灌成龄核桃不同灌溉制度下的深层渗漏和水分胁迫。应用模型结合灌溉制度寻优函数探求滴灌条件下成龄核桃各灌溉制度土壤水分通量。结果表明:HYDRUS-2D模型模拟土壤含水率精度较高,R2为83.03%～83.73%,均方根误差在0.016～0.017cm~3/cm~3范围。根据模型模拟结果,推荐新疆干旱区核桃滴灌制度为灌水定额35 mm,灌溉11次,灌水周期9 d,灌溉定额385 mm或者灌水定额50 mm,灌溉7次,灌水周期14 d,灌溉定额350 mm,在以上滴灌制度下,可最大限度减少农田水分损失和提高灌水利用效率。该研究可为制定南疆滴灌条件下成龄核桃适宜灌溉制度提供参考。     

Monitoring water interception by crop fields from passive microwave observations

In the present work, the time variations of a wheat field microwave emission are analysed during irrigation phases. The aim of the study is to investigate the use of low-frequency microwave measurements to monitor hydrological variables over a wheat crop: surface soil moisture and water interception by the vegetation canopy. The irrigation phases were representative of rainfall or dew events. It appears that the radiometric measurements are strongly sensitive to the hydrological characteristics of the soil and of the vegetation canopy. The 1.4GHz measurements are mainly sensitive to surface soil moisture m_v, whereas the 5 GHz measurements are sensitive to both m_v and to the vegetation water content W_v. A simple model approach is implemented to retrieve simultaneously these two surface parameters. The results of this procedure show the high potential of the microwave remote sensing measurements to monitor the time variations of soil moisture and of the total vegetation water content. The value of the wheat water storage capacity is derived from the microwave measurements and is in good agreement with experimental data.     

多因素影响下竖管地下灌溉入渗特性分析

为了研究压力水头、竖管直径、土壤初始含水率、土壤容重和入渗时间等5个因素对竖管地下灌溉入渗特性的影响。采用正交试验设计共安排了10组试验（9组试验,1组验证试验）,利用竖管地下灌溉室内试验装置测定7 h内累积入渗量,构建累积入渗量与5个因素之间的量化关系式,量化关系式相关系数为0.98,决定系数大于0.99,表明该式可客观反映各因素与累积入渗量之间的关系。累积入渗量与压力水头、竖管直径和入渗时间呈显著性正相关,与土壤初始含水率和容重呈负相关。根据这一量化关系式得到入渗流量的表达式,入渗流量开始较大,为1.93～5.92 L/h,逐渐减小,经过5～6 h后趋于稳定,稳定入渗流量为0.08～0.25 L/h;用敏感性分析和相关系数分析各因素对入渗流量的影响,结果表明：压力水头是影响流量的主要因素,其次为竖管直径、容重和初始含水率;入渗流量与压力水头和竖管直径呈极显著性正相关,与土壤初始含水率、土壤容重和入渗时间呈负相关。这一结果对进一步研究竖管地下灌溉管网系统水力特性和技术要素具有重要意义。     

区域灌溉水利用效率测算分析

在对内蒙古通辽市科尔沁左翼中旗水资源利用现状和农业灌区用水现状进行实际调查与分析的基础上,根据首尾测算分析法的计算原理,选择代表不同灌溉方式的典型样点灌区,开展相关的田间测试试验,分别用水量平衡法和田间测试法对典型样点灌区灌溉水利用效率进行客观、科学的计算,从而得出科尔沁左翼中旗灌溉水利用效率。通过测试与评估农业灌溉中不同类型田块及不同灌溉技术下的灌溉水有效利用系数,得出样点灌区主要灌溉方式低压管灌、喷灌和膜下滴灌的灌溉水利用系数分别为0.865,0.874,0.906。在2014年的水文气象条件、灌区灌溉系统状况以及灌区的管理等综合因素条件下,科尔沁左翼中旗的灌溉水有效利用系数为0.880。计算结果符合灌区实际情况,为进一步提高灌区灌溉水有效利用效率、更好的发展灌区节水灌溉提供决策依据。     

不同灌水量下尿素添加适宜氮肥增效剂促进夏玉米灌浆增产

为揭示不同灌水水平和氮肥增效剂类型对夏玉米籽粒灌浆过程的影响规律，以郑单958品种为研究对象，采用裂区设计，主区设置2个灌水水平：40 mm（W1）、60 mm（W2）；副区在单施尿素（U）的基础上添加不同类型氮肥增效剂：脲酶抑制剂（NBPT）、硝化抑制剂（DCD）、双效抑制剂（NBPT+DCD），采用Richards方程模拟夏玉米籽粒灌浆过程，研究不同灌水水平和氮肥增效剂类型对夏玉米各灌浆特征参数的调控效应，同时分析不同处理对夏玉米干物质转运和产量形成的影响。结果表明，3种氮肥增效剂下夏玉米的籽粒产量均显著高于U，DCD和NBPT+DCD的效果优于NBPT；增加灌水量至60 mm，可使氮肥增效剂的增产效果增强，NBPT、DCD和NBPT+DCD的产量分别提高了6.55%、5.36%和10.53%。NBPT、DCD和NBPT+DCD的转运率分别比U增大23.42%、19.58%和45.33%；两个灌水水平下的转运率无显著差异。Richards模型能较好地模拟夏玉米籽粒灌浆动态过程，拟合方程决定系数均在0.99以上。W2较W1水平显著延长了夏玉米总灌浆期持续时间，且延长了灌浆快增期和缓增期的灌浆时间，显著提高了缓增期的灌浆速率。3种氮肥增效剂均可提高夏玉米平均灌浆速率，且NBPT+DCD和DCD提高了灌浆快增期的灌浆速率。不同氮肥增效剂在不同灌水水平下效果不同。W2水平下，DCD能提高籽粒灌浆起始生长势，其总灌浆期持续时间延长至47.10 d，且优化了3个灌浆阶段的时长比例，平均灌浆速率较高，达0.828 g/d，是该研究中灌水水平和氮肥增效剂类型的最佳组合，研究可为关中地区氮肥增效剂的合理施用提供理论依据。