玉米株型与冠层光合作用的数学模拟研究

建立了一个对冠层结构上具有高分辩率的作物冠层光合作用模型,包括冠层结构模型、冠层光分布模型和叶面光合作用模型。将作物冠层按叶面积指数划分为若干层次。上下层次之间,水平面太阳辐照度按Ｍｏｎｓｉ和Ｓａｅｋｉ的指数递减模型分布。冠层对太阳漫射光的消光系数由作物株型确定,对直射光的消光系数由株型和太阳位置确定。在同一层次中,作物株型按Ｒｏｓｓ－Ｎｉｌｓｏｎ的叶倾角分布模型,将叶面位置划分为８个方位、６个倾     

基于株型的水稻冠层光合生产模拟

利用基于冠层光分布的光合作用模型,以紧凑型和松散型2个不同株型水稻冠层为对象,通过设计不同的模型输入参数组合,定量分析了不同株型水稻冠层直接辐射消光系数的日变化特征、正午时刻直接辐射在冠层内的垂直分布特征、冠层内光合作用速率的垂直分布特征、不同辐射强度下冠层光合作用速率随叶面积指数的变化特征及其日变化等。结果表明,紧凑型的增产潜力依赖于较大的叶面积指数、叶片光合效能、太阳高度角和太阳辐射强度等。研究结果为水稻高产栽培及理想株型的优化设计提供了支撑。     

玉米株型与冠层光合作用的数学模拟研究

用数值方法，分析了直立和平伸两种株型结构在冠层光分布，光合作用分布，冠层光合作用速度、光合作用日变化和光合日总量等方面的差异。指出叶面积指数越大，太阳辐射越强、太阳高度角越大（在纬度越低的地区或赤纬越高的季节），把一般株型改造成直立株型的增产潜力增大。对于叶片光合效能较高的区域，季节或品种，直立株型的增产潜力也较大。植株由一组具有各种倾斜角的叶片组成。理想株型的叶片分布函数随上述环境的和生理的因素     

橡胶树光合与干物质积累模拟模型研究

基于单叶光合速率的光响应模型和冠层光的分布规律,通过积分形式,构建了橡胶树冠层光合作用模拟模型。模型充分量化了光通量密度、温度、叶面积指数、单叶最大光合速率、光合作用特征参数、消光系数、群体反射率等因子对橡胶树冠层光合速率的影响。在分别确定了叶片和木质器官与环境因子作用关系的基础上,构建了橡胶树的群体呼吸作用模型。在橡胶树冠层的光合作用模型和群体呼吸作用模型的基础上,整合成橡胶树干物质积累模拟模型。模型经初步检验,结果表明模拟值与观测值吻合度较好,模型不仅具有较强的机理性而且具有较高的预测性和实用性。     

基于株型的水稻光合生产模拟研究进展

株型是反映水稻(Oryza sativa L.)冠层结构与群体光合态势的综合性状,理想株型塑造与籼粳亚种间杂种优势利用相结合是提高水稻单位面积产量的关键。利用计算机可视化技术和三维数字化技术可实现对不同株型水稻的单株及群体冠层三维结构的可视化模拟,克服了G函数应用复杂与繁琐的缺点。通过调控栽培管理措施可构建高光效的水稻冠层结构,提高水稻冠层的光能截获量和单位面积产量。利用辐射度和光线跟踪技术可在三维空间上实现不同株型水稻冠层内光合有效辐射分布的精确模拟,弥补了指数模型应用假设的不足。基于生理生态过程的水稻光分布与光合作用模拟研究得到了快速广泛的发展,为数字农业技术的发展提供了强有力的模型化和定量化支撑。水稻株型的差异明显改变了光在水稻冠层内的分布和利用,进而影响冠层光合作用和物质积累,因而系统分析水稻株型与冠层内光分布及冠层光合作用间的定量关系,有利于提高水稻群体光能利用率与产量。     

不同氮素水平下双季稻株型与冠层内光截获特征研究

本文旨在阐明双季稻株型与冠层内光合有效辐射截获的时空分布特征。选用4个不同株型早、晚稻品种,设置4个不同施氮水平,系统观测其植株形态和冠层内光合有效辐射截获率(IPAR)的时空分布状况。结果表明,施氮水平对早、晚稻株高、穗长、叶长和叶基角均有显著影响,均表现为随施氮水平的增加而增大;早、晚稻孕穗期的分层叶面积指数(LAI)和向上累积LAI大于抽穗后12 d,分层LAI呈冠层中部大于上部和下部的分布特征,最大分层LAI出现在0.58相对高度处;冠层上中部分层LAI和向上累积LAI随施氮水平的增加而增大;向上累积LAI随相对高度呈S型曲线分布,可用Logistic方程定量描述(R~2 0.99);早、晚稻孕穗期的冠层IPAR大于抽穗后12 d,且随施氮水平的增加而增大,其日变化表现为正午较小,早晚较大;株型紧凑的早、晚稻品种,冠层IPAR低;冠层IPAR与向下累积LAI之间的关系可用方程IPAR=a (1-e~(-b×LAI))定量描述(R~2 0.88);冠层内IPAR的三维空间分布表现为冠层上中部水平面上IPAR较低,光斑变化大,冠层下部水平面上IPAR较高,光斑变化较平缓,同一冠层高度水平面上的IPAR呈不均匀分布。研究结果可为双季稻高产栽培及理想株型的优化设计提供支撑。     

小麦冠层结构与分光分布研究

１９８７￣１９８９年分别在江苏沐阳和南京卫岗进行了小麦冠层结构与光分布及产量形成关系的研究。结果表明，小麦叶面积指数、最大叶面积密度出现的高度及叶倾角影响光在冠层内的分布，消光系数的垂直分布可反映叶面积和光的空间分布状况。低产群体的最高叶面积指数小于４．０，最大叶面积密度出现部低较低，消光系数分布均匀，但漏光严重，光能利用率低；过旺群体最大叶面积指数过大，最大叶面积密度出现部位较高，消光系数呈上大     

小麦冠层结构与光分布研究

１９８７～１９８９年分别在江苏沐阳和南京卫岗进行了小麦冠层结构与光分布及产量形成关系的研究。结果表明，小麦叶面积指数、最大叶面积密度出现的高度及叶倾角影响光在冠层内的分布，消光系数的垂直分布可反映叶面积和光的空间分布状况。低产群体的最高叶面积指数小于４．０，最大叶面积密度出现部位较低，消光系数分布均匀，但漏光严重，光能利用率低；过旺群体最大叶面积指数过大，最大叶面积密度出现部位较高，消光系数呈上大、中小分布，光在冠层上部递减迅速，中下部光环境差，叶片早衰，净同化率低；高产群体叶面积及其垂直分布合理，孕穗期最大叶面积密度出现在相对高度０．６０～０．６５处，冠层中下部消光系数较大，上部较小，利于光向冠层深处透射，冠层５０ｃｍ处透光率４０％～６０％，地面透光率２．５％～３．０％，净同化率较高，产量最高。     

水稻群丛结构和辐射传输分析

为以遥感信息更精确地反演水稻冠层更丰富的结构参数,建立水稻多组分双向反射模型,本文计算并详细分析了水稻群丛结构特征和太阳辐射在水稻群丛内的辐射传输特性.研究表明:其叶倾角分布可用双参数椭圆函数模拟,影响太阳辐射在水稻群丛内传输的重要特征量:水稻各组分的投影函数和消光系数通过叶倾角分布函数计算是可行的;太阳     

棉花光合生产与干物质积累过程的模拟

在综合已有作物模拟模型优点的基础上,构建了基于生态生理过程的棉花光合生产与干物质积累动态模拟模型。模型中引用了高斯积分法计算冠层每日的PAR总截获量和光合同化量,考虑了PAR的日变化规律和太阳高度角变化对直射PAR消光系数的影响,在量化直射辐射对光合作用贡献的同时,分别计算了天空散射辐射、冠层和土壤散射辐射的强度。模型充分考虑了温度、生理年龄、氮素、水分等因子对光合作用和呼吸作用的影响。利用不同遗传类型品种、不同管理方式下的棉花干物质积累动态对模型进行了检验,结果表明模拟值与观测值吻合度较好,模型不仅具有较强的机理性而且具有较高的预测性和实用性。     

杂交棉标杂A1和石杂2号超高产冠层特性及其与群体光合生产的关系

在田间自然条件下, 以标杂A₁、石杂2号为材料, 研究了超高产(3 500 kg hm^-2以上)杂交棉冠层的叶面积配置、叶倾角和光分布等冠层特性的变化及与群体光合生产的关系。结果表明, 超高产条件下杂交棉叶面积指数高且持续期长, 群体叶面积配置与光分布较均匀, 花铃期冠层中部有较好的透光性, 吐絮期底部漏光损失较小, 整个冠层仍保持较高的光吸收率。超高产杂交棉不仅群体光合速率峰值高, 而且高值持续时间长, 生育后期非叶器官仍维持较高的光合能力, 特别是茎的光合贡献率为常规高产棉花的1.6~4.9倍, 这是杂交棉在生育后期能保证群体光合优势的一个重要原因。超高产杂交棉的棉铃干物质空间分布与叶分布、光分布和冠层光合分布的比例吻合程度较高, 保证了光能的有效利用, 促进同化物及时向棉铃转运, 有利于挖掘杂交棉品种的增产潜力。     

杂交棉标杂A1和石杂2号超高产冠层特性及其与群体光合生产的关系

在田间自然条件下, 以标杂A₁、石杂2号为材料, 研究了超高产(3 500 kg hm^-2以上)杂交棉冠层的叶面积配置、叶倾角和光分布等冠层特性的变化及与群体光合生产的关系。结果表明, 超高产条件下杂交棉叶面积指数高且持续期长, 群体叶面积配置与光分布较均匀, 花铃期冠层中部有较好的透光性, 吐絮期底部漏光损失较小, 整个冠层仍保持较高的光吸收率。超高产杂交棉不仅群体光合速率峰值高, 而且高值持续时间长, 生育后期非叶器官仍维持较高的光合能力, 特别是茎的光合贡献率为常规高产棉花的1.6~4.9倍, 这是杂交棉在生育后期能保证群体光合优势的一个重要原因。超高产杂交棉的棉铃干物质空间分布与叶分布、光分布和冠层光合分布的比例吻合程度较高, 保证了光能的有效利用, 促进同化物及时向棉铃转运, 有利于挖掘杂交棉品种的增产潜力。     

油菜光合作用与干物质积累的动态模拟模型

以生理生态过程为基础,构建了油菜光合作用与干物质积累的模拟模型。模型针对油菜特有的生态冠层结构,采用“三层模型”法,即通过对花、角果、叶三层分别计算光能截获和光合作用,利用高斯积分法计算每层的光合量而得出每日的冠层总同化量。模型充分量化了油菜生理年龄、温度、氮素、水分等因子对最大光合速率的影响,同时考虑了维持呼吸与生长呼吸的消耗。利用不同品种、不同播期、不同氮素水平下的干物质积累动态对模型进行了初步验证,结果表明模拟值与观测值吻合度较好,模型具有较强的机理性和预测性。     

A model for light competition between vegetable crops and weeds

A precise prediction of the yield losses inflicted by weeds is the basis of decisions in weed management. Hitherto, only rough estimates, which neglect the specific production situation, have been available for vegetable crops. In this study a simple simulation model was developed to estimate yield loss by radiation competition as a function of environmental variables. In the model, the distribution of incoming photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the canopy is calculated using a spatially highly resolved approach. Growth is calculated as a function of absorbed radiation and its utilisation. Newly produced dry matter is allocated to roots and shoots, the latter comprising vegetative and reproductive organs according to the developmental stage. Vegetative shoot dry matter is partitioned according to the main functions of radiation interception (leaves) and structural stability (stems and petioles). The resulting leaf area is distributed in the canopy according to the spatial expansion of individual plants. Calibration runs revealed uncertainties predicting the growth of Chenopodium album and a high sensitivity of crop yield to leaf area development of the weed. Using the area of green leaves (LAI) of C. album as input gave a close correspondence between simulated and observed crop yield loss. Since plant height of C. album is calculated as a function of leaf area, this variable has a multiple effect on radiation absorption. A first evaluation with an independent data set likewise gave an acceptable prediction. To reduce model complexity, a simplified version is proposed.     

Assessing innovative sowing patterns for integrated weed management with a 3D crop:weed competition model

Weed dynamics models are needed to design innovative weed management strategies. Here, we developed a 3D individual-based model called FlorSys predicting growth and development of annual weeds and crops as a function of daily weather and cropping practices: (1) crop emergence is driven by temperature, and emerged plants are placed onto the 3D field map, depending on sowing pattern, density, and emergence rate; plants are described as cylinders with their leaf area distributed according to height; (2) weed emergence is predicted by an existing submodel, emerged weed seedlings are placed randomly; (3) plant phenology depends on temperature; (4) a previously developed submodel predicts available light in each voxel of the canopy; after emergence, plant growth is driven by temperature; when shaded, biomass accumulation results from the difference between photosynthesis and respiration; shading causes etiolation; (5) frost reduces biomass and destroys plants, (6) at plant maturity, the newly produced seeds are added to the soil seed bank. The model was used to test different sowing scenarios in an oilseed rape/winter wheat/winter barley rotation with sixteen weed annuals, showing that (1) crop yield loss was negatively correlated to weed biomass averaged over the cropping season; (2) weed biomass was decreased by scenarios allowing early and homogenous crop canopy closure (e.g. reduced interrows, increased sowing density, associated or undersown crops), increased summer fatal weed seed germination (e.g. delayed sowing) or, to a lesser degree, cleaner fields at cash crop sowing (e.g. sowing a temporary cover crop for “catching” nitrogen); (3) the scenario effect depended on weed species (e.g. climbing species were little affected by increased crop competition), and the result thus varied with the initial weed community (e.g. communities dominated by small weed species were hindered by the faster emergence of broadcast-sown crops whereas taller species profited by the more frequent gap canopies); (4) the effect on weed biomass of sowing scenarios applied to one year was still visible up to ten years later, and the beneficial effect during the test year could be followed by detrimental effects later (e.g. the changed tillage dates accompanying catch crops reduced weed emergence in the immediately following cash crop but increased seed survival and thus infestation of the subsequent crops). This simulation showed FlorSys to predict realistic potential crop yields, and the simulated impact of crop scenarios was consistent with literature reports.     

Long-term Low Radiation Decreases Leaf Photosynthesis, Photochemical Efficiency and Grain Yield in Winter Wheat

Low radiation reduces wheat grain yield in tree-crop intercropping systems in the major wheat planting area of China. Here, two winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L) cultivars, Yangmai 158 (shading tolerant) and Yangmai 11 (shading sensitive), were shaded from jointing to maturity to evaluate the impact of low radiation on crop growth, photosynthesis and yield. Grain yield losses and leaf area index (LAI) reduction were less than the reduction in solar radiation under both shading treatment in both cultivars. Compared with the control (S0), grain yield only reduced 6.4 % and 9.9 % under 22 % shading treatment (S1), while 16.2 % and 25.8 % under 33 % shading (S2) in Yangmai 158 and Yangmai 11 respectively. The reduction in LAI was 6.0 % and 9.2 % (S1), and 18.2 % and 22.2 % (S2) in Yangmai 158 and Yangmai 11 respectively. However, decline in canopy apparent photosynthetic rate (CAP) was 15.0–22.9 % (S1) and 29.5–49.6 % (S2), which was consistent with the reduction in radiation. The reduction in LAI was partially compensated by increases in the fraction of the top and bottom leaf area to the total leaf area, which facilitated to intercept more solar radiation by the canopy. The decrease in photosynthetic rate ( Pn ) of flag leaf was partially compensated by the increase in Pn of the third leaf from the top. In addition, an inconsistency between the low Pn and the high Chl content in flag leaf was observed at 30 DAA. This could be explained that more excitation energy was dispersed via the non-photochemical approaches in the photosystem II (PSII) of flag leaf after long-term shading.     

叶幕结构与光合作用的关系研究

为了研究不同叶幕结构与光合作用之间的相关性,为农业生产和理论研究提供方向。本文通过对影响叶幕结构的因素：栽植密度与叶幕厚度、叶幕方位角和倾斜度、叶幕高度与行间距离、叶幕开张度、叶面积系数、叶面积密度;果树的光合特性：叶片的需光特性、果树净光合速率( Pn)的季节和日变化规律;影响光合作用的内、外界因子;光能的截留和分配的分析,提出研究中存在的问题,为以后的研究提供方向。     

水稻冠层结构的动态模拟研究

根据水稻器官生长的生物学规律,在试验研究的基础上,结合生长模型相关输出,构建了普适性的水稻冠层拓扑结构模型。以节间及其着生叶或穗为单位,将水稻植株分解成若干生长单元,来描述水稻植株的冠层拓扑结构;利用Logistic曲线模拟器官伸长过程,并结合器官发育与叶龄关系,确定了各器官的初始伸长时间和伸长历期,构建了水稻植株冠层动态生长模型;最后对模型进行了检验,初步实现了以日为单位的虚拟水稻生长。     

密度和追肥时期对重穗型冬小麦品种L906群体辐射和光合特性的调控效应

密度和追肥时期对重穗型高产冬小麦的群体发展,冠层辐射和光合特性有明显的调节效应.随着密度增加,开花前的叶面积指数(LAI)、群体净光合速率(NCP)、群体叶源量(CLSC)提高,但生育后期衰减较快;密度过高导致群体透光率下降,消光系数增加,单茎受光量降低,冠层光环境恶化,后期旗叶的羧化效率降低;密度过低则导致生育前期漏光损失