施肥对水田和旱地有机碳和黑碳的影响

在30多年的长期肥料试验区, 研究了水田、旱地等2种利用方式下, 有机肥、化肥, 及有机肥和化肥混合施用对耕层土壤有机碳和黑碳质量分数的影响。结果表明:经过30多年稻Oryza sativa-稻-休闲耕作(水田), 早玉米Zea mays-晚玉米-冬闲制耕作(旱地)后, 无论水田、旱地氮磷钾化肥配施有机肥处理, 耕作层(0~20 cm)有机碳质量分数均高于单施化肥、不同化学肥料配施、单施有机肥以及不施肥, 说明相对于其他施肥处理, 有机无机肥配施为最佳施肥措施。黑碳质量分数红壤旱地集中在2.72~5.33 g·kg-1, 水田集中在9.01~10.60 g·kg-1, 旱地单施钾肥与单施有机肥处理, 氮与氮磷钾处理无显著差异, 其他各处理间黑碳质量分数差异显著(P < 0.05), 水田各处理黑碳质量分数差异不显著。旱地有机碳与黑碳显著相关(P < 0.05), 而水田有机碳黑碳相关不显著, 说明除施肥措施外, 土壤黑碳质量分数还可能受到土地利用方式、种植作物的影响。相同施肥措施下, 水田有机碳和黑碳质量分数均高于旱地, 说明水田更有利于有机碳、黑碳的累积。     

Changes in Organic Carbon and Nutrient Contents of Highly Productive Paddy Soils in Yujiang County of Jiangxi Province, China and Their Environmental Application

Paddy field is an important land use in subtropical China. Development of high soil fertility and productivity is the management goal of paddy field. Fertilization and management practices have not only influenced the status of organic matter and nutrients in the soil but also affected the environmental quality. This article investigates the contents of organic carbon and the nutrients, and the change over the last 20 years in highly productive paddy soils and their environmental application. Field soils were sampled and the analytical results were compared with the corresponding values in the Second Soil Survey in Yujiang County of Jiangxi Province, China. The results showed that surface soils at a depth of 0-10 cm in highly productive paddy fields in Yujiang County of Jiangxi Province had contents of organic carbon (20.2±3.88) g kg⁻¹, total nitrogen (2.09±0.55) g kg⁻¹, and available phosphorus (42.7±32.7) mg kg⁻¹, respectively, which were all at very rich levels. Over the last 20 years, the organic carbon pool of the highly productive paddy soils reached a steady state. Total N and available P significantly increased, whereas available K changed a little. The amount and percentage of P immobilization in the surface soil (0-10 cm) of highly productive paddy fields were (142.7±41.1) mg kg⁻¹ and (36.2±10.4)% of added P, and CEC (7.93±1.32) cmol kg⁻¹. These two parameters were not higher than the mean values of paddy soils and upland red soils in the areas. Results also showed that fertilizer P in highly productive paddy soils had a high mobility and was prone to move toward a water body, which is the main source of nutrients causing eutrophication. Because of a weak K-fixing capacity, the available K content was not high in highly productive paddy soils. This suggests that attention should be paid to the K balance and the increase of soil K pool.     

吉林省耕层土壤有机碳储量及影响因素

为了了解最易受人类活动影响的耕地表层土壤有机碳库对土壤碳库变化及土壤固碳的潜力,以吉林省为研究区域,基于吉林省土肥站提供的2010年耕地地力评价数据(5742个耕地表层土壤采样点数据)以及1∶500 000土壤图等用于分析的基础图件资料,结合ArcGIS技术及统计分析软件SPSS,分析计算了研究区耕地表层土壤有机碳密度、储量及其空间分布特征,并且对吉林省耕地表层土壤有机碳与影响因素之间的关系进行研究。结果表明:吉林省耕地表层有机碳平均密度为3.95kg·m-2,土壤有机碳总储量约为0.206Pg;吉林省东部、中部和西部三大自然地理区域的耕地表层有机碳平均密度分别为4.94、3.66kg·m-2和3.22kg·m-2,自东向西有递减的趋势。各土壤类型中,暗棕壤、白浆土、黑土、黑钙土、草甸土5种土壤类型的耕地表层有机碳储量约占耕地表层土壤有机碳总储量的75.37%,高于其他土壤类型。土壤有机碳含量与年积温呈不显著负相关关系,与年降雨量、土壤阳离子交换量呈显著正相关关系,与pH呈显著负相关关系,在对土壤有机碳进行空间预测和碳库估算时,需要考虑以上四个重要因子。总之,吉林省耕地表层土壤有机碳密度具有高度的空间变异性,整体上呈现自东向西逐渐减小的趋势,年降雨量、年积温、土壤pH及CEC与耕地表层土壤有机碳含量密切相关。     

稻田湿地土壤碳固定研究进展

稻田湿地土壤由于淹水时间长,具有积累更多有机碳潜能,其积累的有机碳呈现明显表层聚集趋势。介绍了稻田湿地土壤有机碳固定现象、原因,并从微团聚体、杂草及微生物多样性等方面对其机制进行了初步探讨及展望。     

农田表土有机碳含量变化特征及其研究进展

农田土壤碳库储量及固碳潜力是评估温室气体减排的重要依据之一.综述主要农田表土有机碳含量变化特征的研究进展,分析中国主要农田类型表土的同碳潜力.认为中国农田表土有机碳含量总体呈上升趋势;水田和旱地有机碳含量均有显著增加,但水田的固碳能力高于旱地,水田和旱地的固碳潜力因环境条件不同各有差异.提出要从固碳土壤学、固碳动力学上...     

红壤丘陵景观土地利用变化对稻田土壤有机碳储量的影响

为研究区域景观尺度土地利用方式变化对稻田土壤有机碳储量的影响,利用野外实地采样中1264个土壤样点有机碳含量的调查,采用遥感和GIS手段,分析红壤丘陵景观1933-2005年的土地利用变化引起的稻田表层土壤有机碳储量的动态变化。结果表明:研究区稻田与林地、茶园呈双向演替机制,以林地转变为稻田为最主要的土地利用变化方式,集中在高程50m-150 m内。稻田表层土壤有机碳含量为14.3 g/kg,显著大于林地(13.0 g/kg)和茶园(9.5 g/kg)(p<0.01);且稻田土壤有机碳的变异系数仅为26.0%,明显低于林地(55.5%)和茶园(50.9%)。1933-2005年间,由稻田转变为其他利用方式(主要为林地和茶园)的面积为1233.53 hm2,共损失碳10015 t,而由其他利用方式转变为稻田的面积为1598.90 hm2,共增加碳15372 t。总体而言,1933-2005年间稻田土壤表层碳库呈增加的趋势,表现为碳增汇;土壤有机碳储量在高程50m-150 m内受土地利用变化影响的方向和程度最为显著。因此,保护和增加50m-150 m高程内的稻田面积对于提升亚热带红壤丘陵区的固碳潜力具有重要的意义。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠公路防护林不同咸水滴灌下土壤有机碳与无机碳垂直分布特征

干旱半干旱荒漠区是一个潜力巨大的碳汇,荒漠植被建设则进一步加速了其固碳过程。探究咸水滴灌条件下塔克拉玛干沙漠公路防护林土壤碳垂直分布特征及其影响因素,可为干旱荒漠区人工林碳储量的估算和可持续管理提供科学依据。选择沙漠公路沿线4.82~28.40g/L的4个高矿化度地下水滴灌的人工防护林,采集并分析了0~5m各层土壤有机碳(SOC)与无机碳(SIC)含量及碳密度的垂直分布特征及其与含水量、pH和土壤电导率(EC)间的相关关系。结果表明,SOC与SIC随土层深度的增加分别呈现“减-增-减”与“增-减-增”趋势,并最终分别在2m和3m以下土层趋于稳定;浅层(0~40cm)土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)和无机碳密度(SICD)分别比流沙地增加了73%~346%和1.5%~14.0%,5m深土层SOCD、SICD和总碳密度分别增加了8.3%~28%、5.4%~58%和8.3%~29.9%,其中SICD为SOCD的13.3倍;人工林SOC分布与含水量和EC呈正相关,SIC与含水量同样呈正相关,同时SOC与SIC间相关关系为正相关。总之,荒漠人工防护林建设显著提高了SOC与SIC储量,且灌溉水矿化度、土壤含水量和EC均对SOC和SIC储量及垂直分布产生不同程度的影响。     

稻田土壤微生物磷变化对土壤有机碳和磷素的响应

 研究了湖南省5个典型稻田长期定位监测点的土壤微生物磷（MB-P）对土壤有机碳和磷素变化的响应。结果表明，各监测点土壤MB-P含量对施肥的反应存在较大差异。大多数监测点的土壤MB-P对化肥的反应不敏感，而施有机肥（物）有利于土壤MB-P的增加。土壤MB-P对土壤有机碳和全磷的变化虽有响应，而其关系并不确定，但土壤MB-P与土壤微生物碳和Olsen法提取磷（Olsen-P）的关系却极为密切。土壤MB-P占土壤全磷的1.16%～3.19%，与Olsen-P占全磷的比例较为接近。在土壤Olsen-P含量低于8 mg·kg-1 的较低水平下，不论施肥与否，土壤MB-P含量均高于Olsen-P，较高的土壤MB-P有利于补充土壤Olsen-P。在不同形态的无机磷中，土壤MB-P与Al-P和Fe-P的相关性最好，Ca-P次之，但与闭蓄态磷（O-P）无显著相关性。微生物对土壤Al-P、Fe-P和Ca-P的利用可能是促进其向Olsen-P方向转化的关键途径。     

Modeling Soil Organic Carbon Storage and Its Dynamics in Croplands of China

Soil organic carbon （SOC） is one of the centre issues related to not only soil fertility but also environmental safety. Assessing SOC dynamics in croplands has been a challenge in China for long due to the lack of appropriate methodologies and data sources. As an alternative approach for studying SOC dynamics, process-based models are adopted to meet the needs. In this paper, a process-based model, DeNitrification-DeComposition （DNDC）, was applied to quantify the SOC storage and the spatial distribution in croplands of China in 2003, with the support of a newly compiled county-level soil/ climate/land use database. The simulated results showed that the total SOC storage in the top layer （0-30 cm） of the 1.18 × 10^8 ha croplands of China is 4.7-5.2 Pg C in 2003 with an average value of 4.95 Pg C. The SOC storage in the northeastern provinces （1.3 Pg C） accounts for about 1/4 of the whole national totals due to their dominantly fertile soils with high organic matter content. SOC density ranges from 3.9 to 4.4 kg C m 2, with an average of 4.2 kg C m^-2, a level is much lower than the world average level. The model results also indicated that high rates of SOC losses occurred in the croplands with the most common cropping patterns in China as like single soybean 〉 maize 〉 paddy 〉 cotton 〉 winter wheat and corn rotation. The results reported in this paper showed that there was still a great potential for improving SOC status in most croplands of China by adopting proper farming practices and land-use pattern. Therefore, long-term policy to protect SOC is urgently needed.     

中国南方水稻土酸化演变特征及影响因素

【目的】明确中国南方水稻土酸化特征及主要影响因素,为防控水稻土酸化提供理论依据。【方法】选择中国南方江苏、湖南、广东、广西、四川和云南6个省份（自治区）的20个水稻土长期定位监测点,统计分析水稻土pH演变特征及阶段性变化规律,并探讨施肥量及土壤氮素含量对水稻土酸化的影响。【结果】1988-2013年25年间中国南方水稻土显著酸化,土壤pH下降0.59个单位,平均每年下降0.023个单位。水稻土酸化具有明显的阶段性特征,起始的14年中水稻土pH急速下降,平均每年可下降0.051个单位;近10年间,土壤pH趋于平稳。增施化肥特别是化学氮肥可导致水稻土酸化,二者与土壤pH均呈显著负相关关系（P＜0.01）,由此推算出化学氮肥每增施100 kg·hm^-2,水稻土pH可下降0.65个单位。减少有机肥的施用也可引起水稻土酸化,有机肥施用量与土壤pH之间呈显著正相关关系,有机肥每减少100 kg·hm^-2,水稻土pH下降0.51个单位。土壤全氮及碱解氮含量与pH间均呈极显著负相关关系,土壤全氮和碱解氮含量每增加100 mg·kg^-1,水稻土pH约下降0.1个单位。【结论】在过去25年间,中国南方水稻土显著酸化,酸化具有明显的阶段性特征,施肥初期土壤pH显著降低。减少化学氮肥的施用和增施有机肥是控制水稻土酸化的重要措施。     

UV-B辐射促进红壤水稻土中碳氮转化

以母质相同而有机质含量不同的两种水稻土(高有机质土,HO;低有机质土,LO)为对象,研究了三种强度的紫外(UV-B)辐射对两种土壤碳、氮转化的影响。结果表明:随着UV-B辐射强度的增加,土壤有机碳(TOC)含量降低,而可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量增加;UV-B辐射促进了土壤有机碳的降解和硝态氮的增加。在高强度的UV-B(2.83 W·m~(-2))辐射处理96 h后,LO和HO土壤的TOC含量分别减少了9.89%和10.16%,而DOC含量分别提高了39.24%和50.50%;同样辐射条件下,LO和HO土壤NO_3~--N含量分别比接受辐射前增加了74.48%和81.87%。因此,在农业生产中为了保护土壤碳库,减少氮素损失,应尽量避免地表裸露以降低UV-B辐射对土壤碳、氮转化的影响。     

余江县水稻土剖面酸缓冲性能与酸化速率

为探明不同母质发育的水稻土在剖面层次上的缓冲性能特征及酸化速率大小,以红砂岩和河流冲积物母质发育的水稻土为对象,测定不同层次（0~20、20~40、40~60、60~80 cm和80~100 cm）土壤的pH、有机质、全氮、阳离子交换量和酸碱缓冲容量,定量比较不同母质和不同土层酸碱缓冲容量的变化及差异。结果表明：以红砂岩和河流冲积物母质发育的水稻土酸碱缓冲容量在0~20 cm土层比80~100 cm土层分别显著升高10.14 mmol·kg^-1和4.18 mmol·kg^-1,且随着水稻土初始pH（不加酸碱的pH）的增加,其酸碱缓冲容量也呈增加趋势。在0~20 cm土层,红砂岩母质发育的水稻土酸碱缓冲容量比河流冲积物母质显著增加7.38mmol·kg^-1;在20~100 cm土层,2种母质发育的水稻土酸碱缓冲容量无显著差异。红砂岩母质发育水稻土表层酸化速率（0.78kmol H⁺·hm^-2·a^-1）大于河流冲积物母质（0.36 kmol H⁺·hm^-2·a^-1）。水稻土酸碱缓冲容量与pH呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,与交换性盐基总量呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,与阳离子交换量、有机质、全氮和交换性酸呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）;水稻土pH与有机质、全氮和交换性酸呈极显著负相关,与交换性盐基总量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与阳离子交换量无相关性。研究表明,酸碱缓冲曲线可以很好地反映不同母质发育的水稻土在不同土层上对加酸、加碱量的敏感程度;随着土层深度的增加,2种母质的酸碱缓冲容量呈下降趋势,其中在0~20 cm土层,红砂岩母质发育的水稻土酸碱缓冲容量和酸化速率最高,其酸碱缓冲容量主要与初始pH、有机质、全氮、阳离子交换量、交换性盐基总量和交换性酸有关,且2种母质发育水稻土均处于铝硅酸盐矿物分解和交换性盐基离子缓冲阶段。     

不同利用方式下土壤矿物结合态有机碳特征与容量分析

【目的】土壤矿物结合态有机碳是土壤有机碳固持的重要机制之一。探讨不同利用方式下土壤有机碳及矿物结合态有机碳（＜53 µm）的含量、分配比例及其差异性特征,对于深刻认识土壤碳的固持状态、固碳潜力及其可持续管理均具有重要意义。【方法】通过从中国知网、万方、Science Direct和Springer link等4个文献数据库,设定检索条件“2000-2014年”、“中国土壤有机碳”和“＜53 µm团聚体分组”3个关键词,筛选出已发表的111篇目标文献,收集901组土壤有机碳和矿物结合态有机碳含量与比例的相关数据集。其中,土地利用方式分为4类：农田（n=580）、草地（n=98）、林地（n=193）和其他（果园、茶园等,n=31）。农田包括黑土、水稻土、棕壤、潮土、红壤和灰漠土等六大土壤类型。不同利用方式及土壤类型中有机碳含量与分配比例的差异性均采用Kruskal-Wallis H单向显著性检验。【结果】不同利用方式下土壤总有机碳和矿物结合态有机碳含量的中值均存在显著差异（P＜0.05）。其中,林地土壤总有机碳含量的中值为18.2 g·kg^-1,显著高于草地（12.0 g·kg^-1）和农田（10.3 g·kg^-1）;且林地矿物结合态有机碳含量（12.0 g·kg^-1 soil）也显著高于农田和草地（8.0-7.6 g·kg^-1 soil）。3种利用方式下土壤矿物结合态有机碳与总有机碳之间均呈现极显著的正相关关系（P＜0.001）,农田土壤矿物结合态有机碳所占比例的中值为74.8%,显著高于林地（70.3%）和草地（67.8%）。农田中不同土壤类型的矿物结合态有机碳占总有机碳的比例也存在显著差异。其中,黑土中矿物结合态有机碳的比例最高,中值为87.4%,其次是水稻土（76.7%）和红壤（74.0%）,而灰漠土最低（62.5%）。相关分析表明,土壤有机碳水平相对较高的黑土、水稻土和棕壤,矿物结合态有机碳分配比例随着土壤有机碳含量的增加而显著降低（P＜0.05）。农田、草地和林地中土壤矿物结合态有机碳含量与土壤细颗粒（＜53 µm）含量均呈极显著的正相关关系,与Six等（2002）的估算结果相比,其饱和程度分别为68.4%、58.7%和91.5%。【结论】农田和草地中,土壤矿物结合态有机碳还未达到饱和,仍有一定的提升空间,土壤细颗粒（＜53 µm）仍具有一定的固碳潜力。     

Long-term spatial and temporal variations of soil organic carbon in the Handan region in Northern China

We carried out a long-term study and a systematic analysis on the spatial and temporal variations of the soil organic carbon contents in the counties of Handan Prefecture in Hebei Province, on the North China Plains. The analysis was based on the data collected in soil surveys conducted in 1980, 1993 and 2003, as well as the data from specific investigations using GIS and GPS receivers. The soil organic carbon content was higher in the western mountainous region than in the eastern plain region in 1980, and the difference in the average values was 17.745 t·hm⁻². The soil organic carbon content was influenced by natural factors, such as climate and rainfall. In 1993, the soil organic carbon content showed an upward trend in the eastern plain region and a downward trend in the western mountainous region. The difference in the average values was 16.641 t·hm⁻². The changing trend reflected the changes in farming practices where traditional farming was changed into modern farming gradually by increasing farming investment and output of grains. In 2003, the soil organic carbon content was high on the whole, and the difference in the average values was 16.984 t·hm⁻², where the influence of human factors played an important role. In Cixian, Linzhang, Wuan and Handan counties, the increased value of soil organic carbon in the cultivated land exceeded 3.915 t·hm⁻² due to the advocated application of straw and farmyard manure in these counties, but in Weixian, Jize and Quzhou counties, the soil organic carbon content was maintained or showed a slight decrease (−0.008-−1.727 t·hm⁻²). To increase carbon sequestration in soil, adoption of conservation tillage to increase soil organic carbon storage in the soil is recommended.     

轮耕对双季稻田耕层土壤有机碳储量的影响

【目的】针对南方稻田连续免耕存在的有机碳表层富集现象,进行土壤轮耕效应的初步研究。【方法】试验选择双季稻区连续免耕7年稻田,研究了轮耕对耕层土壤有机碳含量及其对等质量法计算的耕层土壤有机碳储量影响。【结果】长期免耕后,翻耕、旋耕降低了表层0—5cm土壤有机碳含量,提高了下层5—20cm土壤有机碳含量,进而降低了耕层土壤有机碳层化率;而翻耕、旋耕后免耕土壤有机碳含量相对于翻耕、旋耕分别呈相反的趋势。2006—2009年表层600Mg·hm-2土壤有机碳储量均以长期免耕最高。长期免耕后,翻耕、旋耕秸秆还田会提高下层土壤有机碳储量,进而在一定程度上影响耕层2550Mg·hm-2土壤有机碳的累积;而翻耕、旋耕后免耕耕层土壤有机碳储量较翻耕、旋耕有所降低。【结论】长期免耕后,连续免耕秸秆还田会增加表层600Mg·hm-2土壤有机碳储量;而翻耕、旋耕秸秆还田会提高下层土壤有机碳储量。     

休闲农业旅游背景下浙江省水改旱土壤有机碳的时空分异

  目的  研究休闲农业旅游背景下，浙江省由水田改种花卉、果树和苗圃的土壤有机碳(SOC)的时空分异，掌握利用方式改变后农田土壤固碳情况。  方法  选择浙江省水田及其改旱作后的土壤为研究对象，采用野外调查和室内分析方法，以“空间换时间”研究水田改旱作后1 m深土体内SOC密度和储量的时空变化，对比不同类型水田土壤改旱作后SOC变化的差异，估测浙江省水改旱土壤SOC储量变化。  结果  水田改旱作15~20 a后，潜育、铁渗、铁聚和简育等4类改旱系列土壤1 m深土体内，SOC分别下降了13.9%、34.9%、18.9%和23.9%，SOC密度损失量分别为2.06、2.92、1.14和1.54 t·hm?2·a?1。改旱后，SOC下降速率与地下水位下降深度呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01)。  结论  水田是有利于SOC储存的土地利用方式，水田改旱作会降低SOC储存量，影响区域碳平衡。图3表4参16     

东北黑土区旱田改稻田后土壤有机碳、全氮的变化特征

【目的】分析东北黑土区旱田改稻田后土壤有机碳、全氮含量及其密度和~(13)C、~(15)N自然丰度值的动态变化,探讨旱田改稻田后土壤有机碳(氮)的固定能力及其稳定性,揭示旱田改稻田后土壤有机碳(氮)的演变规律,为东北黑土的合理利用和培肥提供理论依据。【方法】结合野外实地调查,选择典型黑土区旱田土壤(种植大豆年限大于60年)和改种不同年限的稻田土壤(3、5、10、17、20和25年,旱田改稻田前种植历史基本相同,均为大豆),利用稳定同位素分析技术,研究旱田改稻田后土壤有机碳、全氮的动态变化特征。【结果】旱田改稻田25年间,在0—60 cm土层,土壤有机碳和全氮含量的变化趋势均表现为:在改种的前3年迅速下降,降幅分别为13.60%—43.27%和10.40%—40.60%,在3—25年间随改种年限延长呈逐渐增加的趋势,且在20—60 cm土层出现累积,但在3—5年期间增加幅度较大,在5—25年期间增加较为缓慢,在改种17—25年期间,稻田土壤有机碳和全氮含量均高于旱田土壤;0—60 cm土层土壤有机碳和全氮密度的变化趋势与其含量的变化趋势大致相同,在改种的3年间0—60 cm土层土壤有机碳和全氮密度分别降低了26.53%和21.89%,在改种5—25年间0—60 cm土层稻田土壤有机碳和全氮密度均大于旱田土壤,增幅分别为9.87%—21.48%和10.2%—19.3%;旱田改稻田后,土壤全氮与有机碳的变化密切相关,土壤全氮与有机碳的含量、密度之间均呈显著线性正相关关系(P0.01)。在0—60 cm土层,土壤δ~(13)C值在改种的3年间明显上升,在3—25年间随改种年限延长呈逐渐下降趋势,且大于5年的稻田土壤δ~(13)C值均低于旱田土壤,而土壤δ~(15)N值在改种的25年间随改种年限延长呈逐年下降趋势,各年限稻田土壤δ~(15)N值均低于旱田土壤,相同年限土壤的δ~(13)C值和δ~(15)N值均随着土层加深而增大;0—40 cm土层土壤δ~(13)C值与土壤有机碳含量之间呈显著线性负相关关系(P0.01),但各土层土壤δ~(15)N值与土壤全氮含量之间则无显著相关性。【结论】东北黑土区旱田改稻田大于5年后,稻田土壤具有明显的固碳(氮)能力,稳定性碳(氮)在20—60 cm土层累积;改种稻田年限小于5年,应注重有机碳(氮)的补充,以维持和提高土壤有机碳(氮)水平。     

Characteristics of Soil Fertility of Buried Ancient Paddy at Chuodun Site in Yangtze River Delta, China

Field investigation and laboratory analysis of 22 ancient paddy soils excavated at Chuodun site, Kunshan City, Jiangsu Province, China were carried out in 2003 to （1） understand the basic characteristics of ancient paddy soils, （2） compare the difference of soil fertility between ancient paddy soils and recent paddy soils, and （3） inquire into mechanisms of the sustainability of paddy soil. The oldest paddy soils at Chuodun site can be dated back to Neolithic age, around 6000 aBP. These ancient fields were buried in about 1-m deep from the soil surface and their areas ranged from 0.32 to 12.9 m^2 with an average of 5.2 m^2. The paddy soils with 〉 5 000 pellets phytolith g^-1 soil were termed intensively cultivated paddy soils （ICPS） and those with 〈5000 pellets phytolith g^-1 soil were called weakly cultivated soils （WCPS）. The contents of organic carbon （OC）, and total N in the former were significantly higher than that in the latter. Ancient paddy soils had higher soil pH and C/N, total and available P, and lower contents of OC, DOC, total N, S, Cu, Fe, and available K, S, Fe, Mn, and Cu compared with recent paddy soils, which were attributed to application of chemical and manure fertilizers, pollution and acidification in recent paddy soils. The variation coefficients of OC and other nutrients in ancient paddy soils with higher PI were greater than that in ancient paddy soils with low PI, which indicated that human activities had a great impact on the spatial variability of soil nutrients. The contents of OC, total N, P and S in ancient paddy soils were higher than that in ancient moss of the same age, which indicated that planting rice during Majiabang culture period was beneficial to the accumulation of those life elements.     

稻田土壤有机碳固定研究及其展望

土壤有机碳是地球表层系统中最大且最具有活动性的生态系统碳库之一。我国农业土壤尤其是稻田土壤有机碳库的变化及其对陆地生态系统和大气CO2的源汇效应,对水环境质量和土壤肥力的影响,以及其在人类利用和管理与生态环境演变中的动态变化越来越受到重视。讨论了稻田土壤与旱地土壤有机碳固定的差异、有机碳在稻田土壤中分布、碳固定的可能机制及其施肥影响,并为进一步研究提出了展望。     

Changes in Transformation of Soil Organic C and Functional Diversity of Soil Microbial Community Under Different Land Uses

Changes in soil biological and biochemical properties under different land uses in the subtropical region of China were investigated in order to develop rational cultivation and fertilization management. A small watershed of subtropical region of China was selected for this study. Land uses covered paddy fields, vegetable farming, fruit trees, upland crops, bamboo stands, and forestry. Soil biological and biochemical properties included soil organic C and nutrient contents, mineralization of soil organic C, and soil microbial biomass and community functional diversity. Soil organic C and total N contents, microbial biomass C and N, and respiration intensity under different land uses were changed in the following order: paddy fields (and vegetable farming) > bamboo stands > fruit trees (and upland). The top surface (0–15 cm) paddy fields (and vegetable farming) were 76.4 and 80.8% higher in soil organic C and total N contents than fruit trees (and upland) soils, respectively. Subsurface paddy soils (15–30 cm) were 59.8 and 67.3% higher in organic C and total N than upland soils, respectively. Soil microbial C, N and respiration intensity in paddy soils (0–15 cm) were 6.36, 3.63 and 3.20 times those in fruit tree (and upland) soils respectively. Soil microbial metabolic quotient was in the order: fruit trees (and upland) > forestry > paddy fields. Metabolic quotient in paddy soils was only 47.7% of that in fruit tree (and upland) soils. Rates of soil organic C mineralization during incubation changed in the order: paddy fields > bamboo stands > fruit trees (and upland) and soil bacteria population: paddy fields > fruit trees (and upland) > forestry. No significant difference was found for fungi and actinomycetes populations. BIOLOG analysis indicated a changing order of paddy fields > fruit trees (and upland) > forestry in values of the average well cell development (AWCD) and functional diversity indexes of microbial community. Results also showed that the conversion from paddy fields to vegetable farming for 5 years resulted in a dramatic increase in soil available phosphorus content while insignificant changes in soil organic C and total N content due to a large inputs of phosphate fertilizers. This conversion caused 53, 41.5, and 41.3% decreases in soil microbial biomass C, N, and respiration intensity, respectively, while 23.6% increase in metabolic quotient and a decrease in soil organic C mineralization rate. Moreover, soil bacteria and actinomycetes populations were increased slightly, while fungi population increased dramatically. Functional diversity indexes of soil microbial community decreased significantly. It was concluded that land uses in the subtropical region of China strongly affected soil biological and biochemical properties. Soil organic C and nutrient contents, mineralization of organic C and functional diversity of microbial community in paddy fields were higher than those in upland and forestry. Overuse of chemical fertilizers in paddy fields with high fertility might degrade soil biological properties and biochemical function, resulting in deterioration of soil biological quality.