豆野螟对寄主的选择性及豇豆品种抗螟性比较

研究了豆野螟(Maruca testulalisGeyer)对豇豆、扁豆、普通菜豆3种寄主植物的选择性,以及30个豇豆品种对豆野螟的抗性。结果表明普通菜豆的花与荚的虫量均为零,豆野螟对普通菜豆表现出明显的不选择性,对豇豆和扁豆表现出明显的嗜食性,但对扁豆则更偏食,扁豆与豇豆在豆荚中的幼虫虫量存在极显著差异。豇豆不同品种的抗螟性也存在一定差异,高产4号等5个品种较为感虫,而云优油青、惠丰8号、8月冬求3个品种对豆野螟有较高的抗性且与其他品种存在极显著差异。     

豆野螟对寄主的选择陛及豇豆品种抗螟性比较

研究了豆野螟（Maruca testulalisGeyer）对豇豆、扁豆、普通菜豆3种寄主植物的选择性,以及30个豇豆品种对豆野螟的抗性。结果表明普通菜豆的花与荚的虫量均为零,豆野螟对普通菜豆表现出明显的不选择性,对豇豆和扁豆表现出明显的嗜食性,但对扁豆则更偏食,扁豆与豇豆在豆英中的幼虫虫量存在极显著差异。豇豆不同品种的抗螟性也存在一定差异,高产4号等5个品种较为感虫,而云优油青、惠丰8号、8月冬求3个品种对豆野螟有较高的抗性且与其他品种存在极显著差异。     

不同温度及寄主植物对豆野螟发育历期和种群动态的影响

研究20、25、30℃3个不同温度及豇豆、扁豆、菜豆3种寄主植物对豆野螟发育历期和种群动态的影响.结果表明,在25℃和30℃条件下,产于3种寄主植物上卵的历期无显著差异;对整个幼虫期而言,20℃和25℃下,取食3种寄主植物后的幼虫历期均存在显著差异,但在30℃下均无显著差异.其中取食菜豆的幼虫历期显著短于豇豆和扁豆(P<0.05).对于蛹期,3个温度条件下均以菜豆上的蛹历期最短,且存在显著性差异(P<0.05).在25℃和30℃条件下,相对扁豆和豇豆而言,幼虫取食菜豆后,其世代平均周期、未成熟期和种群倍增时间均为最短,且其内禀增长率和周限增长率最高.结果显示菜豆是豆野螟野外的主要寄主植物.     

如何防治豇豆豆野螟

豆野螟是豆科蔬菜上的重要害虫 ,主要危害豇豆、菜豆等豆科作物 ,它以幼虫蛀食豆荚、花瓣、造成落花落荚 ,对产量和品质影响极大。今夏以来 ,由于天气持续高温干旱 ,使豆野螟的危害加重。据我站在东西湖吴家山农场、慈惠农场、洪山区和平乡等调查点的系统调查 ,目前豆野螟在豇豆上危害最盛 ,一般田块株被害率 85 %～ 95 % ,花被害率 80 %以上 ,果荚被害率 2 5 %～ 30 %。豆野螟在我市一年发生 5代 ,以 2、 3、 4代发生量大、为害重。该虫有转移为害习性 ,花、荚受害不久便脱落 ,幼虫又能重返植株为害 ,老熟幼虫在植株附近浅土层内作土茧化蛹…     

10种农药防治豇豆豆野螟田间药效试验

豆野螟又名豇豆荚螟、豆荚野螟、豇豆螟等,是湖北省豇豆夏秋季主要害虫,以幼虫蛀食豇豆花与果荚,造成落花与烂荚,还能吐丝卷叶在内蚕食叶片,严重影响豇豆的产量和品质,一般年份豇豆豆荚受害率达30％,严重时达50％以上,连作豇豆田生长后期豆荚受害率可达70％以上。目前豇豆豆野螟的防治仍然以化学防治为主,为有效地控制豆野螟为害,同时降低豇豆农药残毒,选择7种低毒化学农药和3种生物农药对豆野螟进行了田间药效试验。     

豇豆豆野螟的发生规律与防治技术

豆野螟是苏州地区豇豆上的1种主要害虫。近年来,随着种植结构的调整,豇豆种植面积不断扩大,该虫发生有逐年加重的趋势。由于豆野螟是1种钻蛀性害虫,用药防治的时间性很强,一旦错过防治适期,即使连续多次用药,也达不到理想效果。为提高防治效果,特对豆野螟的发生规律与防治技术进行了调查和试     

铜仁地区豆野螟发生及防治技术

豆野螟别名豇豆荚螟 (MarucatestulalisGeyer) ,俗称豇豆钻心虫。目前发现有 6种钻蛀性害虫危害豇豆 ,且以豆野螟危害重 ,损失率高 ,是豇豆上的主要害虫之一 ,约占豇豆害虫种类 30 %～ 5 0 % ,常造成豇豆的产量和品质严重下降。近几年来 ,随着蔬菜产业结构的调整 ,品种的调优补缺 ,大棚蔬菜业的迅猛发展 ,一大批春播、夏播和秋播豇豆基地的形成 ,大大丰富了城乡人民的菜篮子。同时由于种植方式的改变 ,病虫种类也相继发生变化 ,主要体现在 2个方面 :一是常发病虫继续危害 ,新的病虫不断出现。二是主要病虫变为次要病虫 ,次要病虫上升为主要…     

豆荚野螟对豇豆不同器官的产卵选择性研究

豆荚野螟对寄主不同器官具有产卵选择行为,已有的产卵选择性研究尚未明确豆荚野螟对寄主花、蕾以及其他器官的产卵选择性差异。本研究调查了盛花初期和盛花期豇豆花、蕾、茎尖、叶片和豆荚上豆荚野螟的卵粒分布情况,在此基础上设计室内豆荚野螟对盛花期豇豆器官的产卵选择性试验。结果表明,有54.1%的卵粒分布在盛花期的豇豆蕾上,并且蕾上的平均卵量显著高于花、茎尖、豆荚和叶片上的卵量。本研究结果证实了豆荚野螟对寄主不同器官具有显著的产卵选择性,进一步明确了豆荚野螟偏好于在寄主蕾上产卵的特性,为豆荚野螟的综合治理提供了理论指导。     

美洲斑潜蝇寄主植物抗虫性初步研究

为了确定美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae Blanchard对主要寄主植物的抗虫性强增、本课题选择了黄瓜、丝瓜、苦瓜、菜豆、豇豆等属及葫芦科中的16个品种进行抗虫性鉴定。通过自由选择和非自由选择试验以及田间初步调查表明：同属植物不同品种的抗虫性存在很大差异，以黄瓜津杂4号、特长架豆（菜豆）、之豇28－2抗虫性最强，黄瓜津春4号、菜豆玉豆35、豇豆无架豆抗性较差；不同种植物的抗虫性差异极为显著，抗虫性强弱依次为苦瓜、葫芦、丝瓜、黄瓜、豇豆、菜豆。同时，本课题对美洲斑潜蝇寄主植物的抗虫机制作了初步研究。     

3种白木香叶片对黄野螟幼虫生长发育和保护酶活性的影响

为了揭示白木香不同品种(感虫植株、抗1植株、抗2植株)对黄野螟幼虫的抗虫性,分别测定了黄野螟幼虫取食白木香叶片的差异和对其酶活性的影响及白木香抗性植株的抗虫性。结果表明,取食抗性白木香叶片的黄野螟幼虫虫体干重、取食率、近似消化率均显著下降,但其幼虫的粪便干重提高。抗性白木香显著影响了黄野螟幼虫体内解毒酶的活性。羧酸酯酶活力顺序:抗2抗1感虫,抗性白木香对羧酸酯酶有明显的激活作用。取食抗1、抗2白木香叶片后,幼虫体内乙酰胆碱酯酶活性较取食感虫白木香叶片分别降低45.91%和38.07%,抗性白木香对幼虫体内乙酰胆碱酯酶有明显的抑制作用。取食不同抗性白木香对幼虫体内谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活力无显著影响。     

豆野螟发生为害及综合防治研究进展

从豆野螟分布、发生为害及综合防治等几方面综述了该虫的研究进展。气候因子、豆类品种、栽培耕作制度及天敌是影响豆野螟发生的主要因素。在防治方面，主要是化学防治，生物防治开始受到重视。在综述基础上，探讨了豆野螟今后研究的内容和重点。     

Resistance to Root-knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Vegetable Crops

Abstract

The development of root-knot nematode resistant vegetable varieties has provided an alternative control method to chemical and crop rotation. The term resistance is discussed. Work on 18 vegetables is reviewed.

Thirty tomato strains resistant to one or more Meloidogyne sp. are listed, there was a marked absence of reports on varieties resistant to M. hapla. Several workers have observed resistance in some cultivated and wild Solanum spp. The resistance could be increased by further sib and backcrossing experiments. Eggplant varieties tested for resistance to Meloidogyne spp. showed varying degrees of resistance in about 14 varieties. Further backcrossing studies between Solanum melongena and S. sysimbrifolium could provide useful results. Tests on resistance to nematodes in pepper have revealed many resistant varieties. All the pepper varieties tested were susceptible to M. hapla. The nature of resistance in sweet potato has been studied. Some varieties of Cucumis spp. have been found to be resistant to Meloidogyne spp. Since no resistance was found in C. melo, these wild species could be used in the development of a commercial muskmelon variety. Tests with 83 watermelon varieties indicated that all varieties were resistant to M. hapla. It was difficult to find resistance to Meloidogyne spp. in Cucurbita, but tests on wild species have yet to be carried out. Work on lima bean, snap bean, pea, soyabean, cowpea and broadbean has produced a limited number of resistant vegetable varieties, which are described. Since resistance patterns in plants may change under different environmental or biological conditions, it is essential to test varieties under these conditions for a long period before they are released for commercial cultivation. The advantages of using resistant vegetable varieties, as compared with other methods of pest control, are outlined.     

不同寄主植物对美洲斑潜蝇种群参数的影响

在温度为25℃的实验条件下,测定了四季豆(红花架豆和红花地豆)、长豇豆和黄瓜等寄主对美洲斑潜蝇种群参数的影响。结果表明,除卵历期外,美洲斑潜蝇幼虫、蛹、卵-蛹历期、雌成虫寿命和生殖力在四季豆、长豇豆和黄瓜3种寄主植物上均存在极显著的差异(p<0.01),而在四季豆的两个不同品种上差异不显著(p>0.05)。美洲斑潜蝇在选择性强的四季豆上发育历期最短,化蛹率最高,雌成虫寿命最长、生殖力最高;在选择性差的黄瓜上发育历期最长,化蛹率最低,雌成虫寿命最短,生殖力最低。孵化率、羽化率和成虫性比在供试寄主间差异很小。     

Electrophoretic and serological comparisons of pathogenesis-related (b) proteins from different plant species

Preparations of pathogenesis-related (b) proteins (PRs) from differentNicotiana species, tomato,Gynura aurantiaca, bean, and cowpea were compared to each other and to bean chitinase and a constitutive apple agglutinin by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels both in the absence and in the presence of SDS, and by serological double diffusion analysis using antisera against tobacco PRs and bean chitinase. PRs from different plant genera displayed a similar but not identical range of relative mobilities in both native and SDS gels, whereas bean chitinase and apple agglutinin were clearly different. None of the antisera reacted with any of the PR preparations from plant genera other than the one from which the antigen(s) had been derived. Whilst PRs within the genusNicotiana are serologically related and can be identical, PRs from different plant genera seem to be sufficiently different to be considered as genus-specific.     

不同抗旱性小豆根系对干旱-复水的生理生态响应

为了探究不同抗旱性的小豆品种根系对于干旱-复水的生理生态响应规律,以京农2号、遵化红和B1783为试验材料,研究了干旱胁迫和复水处理对根系形态、根系活力、根系抗氧化酶活性、根系的丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量的影响。结果表明：干旱胁迫对小豆的根系造成了不同程度的损害,引起了小豆根干重、主根长、根系活力、根系可溶性蛋白质含量显著下降,3个品种中京农2号的下降幅度最小,重度干旱胁迫(SS)下降幅分别是8.82%、12.15%、18.83%和15.80%,复水后,各指标值存在不同程度的回升,但仍低于对照;根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高,京农2号的增幅最大,SS处理下增幅分别是15.02%、86.76%、37.70%;根系MDA、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量随着干旱胁迫程度的加深而升高,且品种的抗旱性越强,增加量越大,复水后有所恢复但未达到对照水平。不同抗旱性小豆的干旱-复水后的恢复能力存在较大差异,整体表现为抗旱能力越强的小豆品种,干旱-复水后的恢复能力也越强。     

灰豆象生物学研究初报

本文就灰豆象生物学进行了试验研究。以白扁豆为饲料饲料观察结果，灰豆象在温州市室内条件下每年发生6代。以幼虫在豆粒内越冬，越冬幼虫于翌年5月上旬羽化为成虫。灰虫象危害各种扁豆、各种豇豆、蚕豆、绿豆、赤豆、大豆等。以嗜食的白扁豆作饲料，饲养2－3月，繁殖倍数分别为62．7与108．7倍；饲养3个月的饲料损失率为55．58％。     

Identification of resistance to Cercospora leaf spot of cowpea

Twelve selected cowpea cultivars were screened for resistance to Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) disease caused by Pseudocercospora cruenta and Cercospora apii s. lat. under artificial epiphytotic conditions in a replicated field trial, with the objective of developing a quantitative measure of disease resistance. CLS incidence, leaf spotting score, lesion density, lesion size, proportion of nodes infected, diseased leaf area, conidia number mg⁻¹ and fascicle density were assessed in 12 cowpea genotypes at crop maturity. Proportion of nodes infected and leaf spotting score were best able to quantitatively differentiate between the levels of resistance, and allow the exploitation of quantitative resistance to the disease. Both lesion density and lesion size were important in determining the final leaf spotting score but the former was epidemiologically more important than the latter, indicated by its correlation to most of the CLS symptom measures. There was differential resistance to the P. cruenta and C. apii s. lat. among the cowpea varieties screened. Among the cowpea lines screened, resistance to P. cruenta was more common than resistance to C. apii s. lat. Nevertheless, P. cruenta was considered the more aggressive and epidemiologically more important than C. apii s. lat. on the varieties tested evidenced by the strong correlation of P. cruenta incidence with acropetal spread of CLS, intensity of leaf spotting, conidia number mg⁻¹ and fascicle density. The highly susceptible varieties namely VRB7, Los Banos Bush Sitao no.1 and CB27 were susceptible to both Cercospora pathogens. The cowpea variety VRB-10 was completely resistant to both pathogens and is a useful source of resistance in CLS breeding programmes.     

蚕豆抗锈病鉴定方法的改进及资源筛选

 蚕豆锈病是由蚕豆单胞锈菌 [Uromyces viciae-fabae (Pers.) Schroet ] 引起的蚕豆最重要的病害之一。为提高蚕豆锈病抗性种质筛选的效率及准确性,本文采用混合菌株在温室条件下苗期接种、成株期评价的方法进行抗性鉴定。以抗病材料K0772和感病材料K90315为对照,对1416份材料(3个年度鉴定材料数量分别为290、517和609份)进行鉴定试验,其中重复鉴定材料77份。抗病对照K0772历年均表现为抗病(R);感病对照K90315分别表现为感病(S)、感病(S)和高感(HS)。不同年份间的病情指数T检验结果显示,对照品种K0772和K90315及重复鉴定材料的3年重复鉴定结果间差异并不显著,具有较好的稳定性。同时,重复鉴定材料组间分别呈极显著、显著、极显著正相关。研究结果表明年度间的重复鉴定结果高度一致,具有较好的稳定性和重复性。通过3年重复鉴定,获得高抗(HR)材料12份,抗病(R)材料47份,中抗(MR)材料18份。因此,利用混合菌源进行苗期接种和在成株期对蚕豆品种锈病抗性进行评价的方法具有较好的稳定性和准确性,该方法可以用于蚕豆锈病综合抗性材料的筛选和抗病育种研究。