温度对木薯单爪螨生长发育与繁殖的影响

为了解木薯单爪螨的生态适应性,解析其入侵、扩散机制,研究了温度对木薯单爪螨生长发育与繁殖的影响。结果表明,温度对木薯单爪螨生长发育及繁殖存在显著影响。在21~42℃温度范围内,木薯单爪螨的发育历期在21℃条件下最长,为(370±12)h,39℃下最短,仅为(224±24)h;42℃高温下,木薯单爪螨卵不能孵化,是木薯单爪螨生长发育的极端高温,在此极端高温下,木薯单爪螨各龄螨最多仅存活66 h,不能进一步发育;在36℃和39℃高温下,木薯单爪螨发育历期较短,发育速率较快,但产卵量低,卵的孵化率显著降低,仅分别为32.1%和13.4%;24～27℃为木薯单爪螨生长发育与繁殖的最适应温度范围。     

不同橡胶品种对比哈小爪螨生长发育和繁殖的影响

为明确比哈小爪螨在不同主栽橡胶品种上的适应性,室内采用生物学方法观察比哈小爪螨在‘热研73397’‘热研72059’‘热垦628’‘大丰95’‘PR107’和‘RRIM600’6个橡胶品种上的发育和繁殖情况,并组建实验种群生命表。结果表明,不同橡胶品种对比哈小爪螨的发育和繁殖存在显著影响。比哈小爪螨的世代历期在‘RRIM600’品种上最短,在‘PR107’上最长,分别为11.40 d和12.07 d;在‘热垦628’上各螨态存活率均达100%,在‘PR107’上的幼期存活率最低,为75%;在‘热垦628’和‘RRIM600’上,雌成螨寿命较长和单雌产卵量较大,分别为12.23 d和28.66粒、10.31d和29.56粒;橡胶品种对比哈小爪螨F1代性比无显著影响。根据种群生命表参数分析结果,比哈小爪螨在‘RRIM600’和‘热垦628’上的净增殖率最大,分别为29.570和28.640;而在‘PR107’上,内禀增长率和周限增长率最小,分别为0.257和1.292,平均世代历期和种群倍增时间最长,分别为9.539和2.702。综合分析表明,比哈小爪螨种群在‘RRIM600’和‘热垦62...     

温度对加州新小绥螨捕食比哈小爪螨功能反应的影响

为明确加州新小绥螨对橡胶重要害螨比哈小爪螨的控害潜能,系统研究 5 个不同温度 21、24、27、30、33 ℃ 条件下加州新小绥螨对比哈小爪螨各螨态的捕食作用。结果表明：不同温度条件下加州新小绥螨对比哈小爪螨各螨态 的功能反应均能很好的拟合 Holling-II 型圆盘方程。在 21~33 ℃时,加州新小绥螨对比哈小爪各螨态的瞬时攻击率（a） 和捕食效能（a/Th）随温度的升高而增加,处理时间（Th）则缩短;当 30 ℃时,加州新小绥螨对比哈小爪螨成螨、若 螨、幼螨和卵的瞬时攻击率最大,分别为 1.119 0、1.336 5、1.241 8、1.233 5,a/Th 最强,分别为 18.90、56.39、141.11、 31.38 头（粒）/d,处置时间（Th）最短,分别为 0.059 2、0.023 7、0.008 8、0.039 3;当温度高于 30 ℃时,a 和 a/Th 开始下降,Th 延长。     

温度对东方真叶螨的发育与繁殖的影响

根据东方真叶螨在２０℃、２５℃、３０℃、３５℃，ＲＨ７５％－９５％条件下，以橡胶叶片为食料的发育与繁殖情况，分析了温度对东方真叶螨发育与繁殖的影响，卵、幼螨、前若螨、后若螨、全世代的发育历期及成螨寿命与温度的关系分别为：ｙ卵＝１／０．０１１１ｔ－０．１２８３ ｙ幼＝１／０．０２３９ｔ－０．１８８１ ｙ前若＝１８．１２５５－１．１８３７ｔ＋０．０２０９ｔ＾２（Ｒ＝０．９９８７） ｙ后若＝１９．４２８     

木薯单爪螨的寄主选择性研究

在温度(25±2)℃、RH(75±5)％、光照周期14(L)∶10(D)的条件下,研究以木薯(Manihot esculenta)、橡胶(Hevea auyanensis)、木瓜(Chaenomeles sinensis)、变叶木(Codiaeum variegatum)和芒果(Mangifera indica)5种植物叶片饲养木薯单爪螨(Mononychellus mcgregori)对其生长发育及繁殖的影响.结果表明:不同植物对木薯单爪螨生长发育及繁殖存在显著影响.木薯单爪螨取食木薯和橡胶叶片能完成世代发育,以木薯饲养,其F0代发育历期8.10d,F1代发育历期8.45 d;以橡胶饲养,其F0代发育历期8.45 d,F1代发育历期10.95 d.木薯单爪螨取食木瓜、变叶木和杧果新鲜叶片不能完成世代发育,F0代仅发育至幼螨期,分别为3.70、1.80和1.60 d;后代性比以木薯最大,F0和F1代分别为80.80％和88.50％,橡胶分别为80.20％和80.60％.木薯单爪螨在不同寄主上的单雌产卵量以橡胶最高,F0和F1代分别为25.8和29.8粒,木薯次之,分别为18.6和26.2粒,在木瓜、变叶木和芒果上只有木薯单爪螨F0代产卵,分别为1.2、0.98和0.6粒;成螨寿命以橡胶上成活最长,F0和F1代分别为19和20d,木薯分别为17和18d居次;在木瓜、变叶木和芒果上,木薯单爪螨成螨仅分别成活5.5、5和5d.综上所述,木薯单爪螨不仅对木薯产生危害,且极有可能转移为害热带经济作物橡胶,对橡胶产业的发展存在一定的安全隐患.     

茶树种质资源对咖啡小爪螨的抗性鉴定

咖啡小爪满〔Oligonychus Coffeae(Nietner)〕又名红蜘蛛,是我国茶区主要害螨之一.该螨多分布于茶丛上部叶片正面为害,致使叶片局部变成暗红色,失去光泽,且叶面上留有许多卵壳和脱皮壳,最后致使叶片硬化、干枯、脱落,茶园则呈一片枯黄色,严重影响茶树生机及茶叶产量和质量.为筛选出高抗优质的种质,为抗病虫育种提供亲本,笔者对34份茶树种质资源对咖啡小爪螨的抗性进行了鉴定.     

咖啡小爪螨初步研究

咖啡小爪螨又名茶红蜘蛛，是一种体形小、刺吸为害茶树叶片的螨类害虫。该虫一般在茶园中成群聚居在茶树的成叶和老叶上，在茶丛中、上部叶片上分布较多，刺吸茶树汁液。受害叶片初期出现绿色小斑点，以后随着危害程度的不断加深，斑点逐渐扩大连成大斑，整片叶子呈黄褐色、铁锈状，叶片略卷，最后导致叶片干枯、脱落，茶芽萎缩不长，茶树生长势严重衰退，严重影响茶叶产量和质量。     

光照对木薯单爪螨发育与繁殖的影响

为探讨木薯单爪螨的生态适应性机理,揭示其种群扩散蔓延机制,进行了不同光照对木薯单爪螨生长发育及繁殖的影响研究.结果表明,木薯单爪螨需要光照时间长于10h才可正常完成发育与繁殖,其中12～14h为木薯单爪螨发育与繁殖的适宜光照时长.光照主要通过影响卵和前若螨的发育历期影响木薯单爪螨总发育历期,对幼螨和后若螨的发育历期无显著影响.随着光照时间的延长,木薯单爪螨总发育历期呈逐渐缩短趋势.光照时间为12h和14h时,后代卵孵化率可达100％,光照小于1Oh木薯单爪螨后代卵的孵化率显著降低,成螨寿命显著缩短;随光照时间从6h延长至14h,木薯单爪螨平均每雌产卵量逐渐增加,随后开始缓慢降低.光照对木薯单爪螨后代性比无显著影响.     

橡胶品种对东方真叶螨实验种群发育及繁殖的影响

为探明不同橡胶品种对东方真叶螨发育及繁殖的影响,在温度(27±1)℃、相对湿度(70±5)%、光周期L∶D=12 h∶12 h的室内条件下,观察了东方真叶螨在IAN873、热研7-33-97、PR107、热研7-20-59、云研77-4、GT1、RRIM600等7个橡胶品种上的发育历期、存活率和产卵量,并组建了其种群生命表。结果表明:世代发育历期以GT1最长,为10.69 d,以云研77-4最短,为10.29 d;世代存活率主要由卵期的存活率决定,除PR107上的存活率为89.09%外,其余均在93.00%以上;产卵量以GT1上最多(45.47粒),而RRIM600上最少,仅为22.56粒;净生殖率R0、内禀增长率rm和周限增长率λ均以GT1上的为最高,分别为27.021 1、0.224 5、1.251 7,在RRIM600上的最低,分别为16.616 8、0.203 8、1.226 0。初步认为GT1是最适宜东方真叶螨的发育与繁殖的品种,而RRIM600是最不适合该螨发育与繁殖的品种。     

六点始叶螨[Eotetranychus sexmaculatus (Riley)]对7种寄主植物的选择性研究

用室内离体叶片饲养方法,研究了分别取食橡胶(Hevea brasiliensis)和7种目前常见的与橡胶间套种的作物[木薯(Manihot esculenta)、甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum)、菠萝(Ananas como sus)、椰子(Cocos nucifera)、杧果(Mangifera indica)、木瓜(Chaenomeles speciosa)和变叶木(Codiaeum variegatum)]后,六点始叶螨(Eotetranychus sexmaculatus)的存活、发育与繁殖情况差异。结果表明,取食木薯、甘蔗、菠萝、椰子和杧果后,六点始叶螨各龄均不能存活;而取食橡胶、木瓜和变叶木叶片后,其幼螨、前若螨、后若螨及卵到成螨的存活率均表现为橡胶(均为100%)变叶木(68%、69%、77%和71%)木瓜(53%、65%、54%和57%),存在显著差异(p0.05);从卵到成螨的发育历期表现为橡胶(12.05 d)变叶木(14.67 d)木瓜(15.61 d),但三者间没有显著差异(p0.05);平均每雌产卵量为橡胶(32.20粒)木瓜(8.00粒)变叶木(7.00粒),橡胶与木瓜和变叶木间存在极显著差异(p0.01);F1代卵孵化率为橡胶(100%)变叶木(97.53%)木瓜(94.42%),仅橡胶与木瓜间存在显著差异(p0.05);后代雌性百分率为橡胶(88.20%)变叶木(75.40%)木瓜(66.30%),三者间存在显著差异(p0.05);成螨寿命为橡胶(19.58 d)木瓜(19.33 d)变叶木(17.00 d),仅橡胶与变叶木间存在显著差异(p0.05)。研究结果表明,木薯、椰子、杧果、菠萝和甘蔗不适于六点始叶螨生存、发育与繁殖,因此为预防六点始叶螨的发生与危害,这5类作物可作为橡胶的间作套种作物;而变叶木和木瓜虽然影响六点始叶螨的发育与繁殖,但六点始叶螨仍可完成世代发育和繁殖,因此其亦为六点始叶螨的嗜好寄主,不适宜与橡胶间作套种。     

不同温度下豇豆花粉对卵圆真绥螨发育及繁殖的影响

为探讨不同温度下豇豆花粉对卵圆真绥螨[Euseius ovalis(Evans)]发育及繁殖的影响,在温度条件为25、30、35 ℃下,用豇豆花粉饲喂卵圆真绥螨,观察雌成螨繁殖,记录卵至成螨的发育历期,分析各螨态存活率及各生命参数。结果表明,用豇豆花粉饲喂卵圆真绥螨在3种温度下均可正常发育和繁殖,单雌总产卵量分别为(32.33±2.17)、(19.29±2.85)、(10.40±1.92)粒。卵-成螨30 ℃时发育历期最短,为(3.71±0.12) d。卵-成螨在25、30 ℃下存在较高的存活率,分别为93.75%±4.35%、90.63%±5.24%,35 ℃时存活率最低,为68.75%±8.30%。说明豇豆花粉可作为卵圆真绥螨的交替食物。35 ℃时,卵圆真绥螨的净增殖率、内禀增长率和周限增长率均为最低,分别为1.45±0.13、0.04±0.03和1.04±0.02,与25、30 ℃时存在显著差异,说明高温对卵圆真绥螨存在抑制作用。30 ℃种群加倍时间最短,为(3.73±0.56)d。     

Effects of Marine Toxins on the Reproduction and Early Stages Development of Aquatic Organisms

Marine organisms, and specially phytoplankton species, are able to produce a diverse array of toxic compounds that are not yet fully understood in terms of their main targets and biological function. Toxins such as saxitoxins, tetrodotoxin, palytoxin, nodularin, okadaic acid, domoic acid, may be produced in large amounts by dinoflagellates, cyanobacteria, bacteria and diatoms and accumulate in vectors that transfer the toxin along food chains. These may affect top predator organisms, including human populations, leading in some cases to death. Nevertheless, these toxins may also affect the reproduction of aquatic organisms that may be in contact with the toxins, either by decreasing the amount or quality of gametes or by affecting embryonic development. Adults of some species may be insensitive to toxins but early stages are more prone to intoxication because they lack effective enzymatic systems to detoxify the toxins and are more exposed to the toxins due to a higher metabolic growth rate. In this paper we review the current knowledge on the effects of some of the most common marine toxins on the reproduction and development of early stages of some organisms.     

Thermal Biology of Liorhyssus hyalinus (Hemiptera: Rhopalidae) and Nysius simulans (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), Fed on the Milky Stage of Maize Grains

When quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa Willd., is cultivated in South America outside of its Andean origin, the heteropterans Liorhyssus hyalinus (Fabricius) and Nysius simulans Stål may emerge as important pests. Here we studied the development and reproduction of both species at different constant temperatures in the laboratory. Egg and nymphal development were investigated at 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, and 36°C. For both species, egg incubation time significantly decreased as the temperature increased. Nymphs did not successfully develop at 18°C and the total nymphal time significantly decreased as the temperature increased from 22 to 36°C. Based on a linear day-degree (DD) model, the lower developmental threshold (LDT) temperatures for eggs and nymphs were estimated to be 16.0 and 17.9°C for L. hyalinus, and 16.1 and 19.7°C for N. simulans, respectively. Thermal requirements for egg and nymphal development were 68.6 and 114.8 DD for L. hyalinus, and 77.7 and 190.3 DD for N. simulans, respectively. Reproduction and adult longevity were studied at 22, 26, 30, and 34°C. For both species preoviposition time decreased as temperature increased, and the oviposition period was longest at 26°C. The highest fecundity and egg viability were observed at 30°C, whereas longevities were higher at 22–26°C than at 30–34°C. As the lowest tested temperatures were not suitable to both heteropterans and 30°C was found to be the optimal temperature for development and reproduction, peak densities are expected in warm areas and seasons.     

Effects of the invasive tomato red spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) on growth and leaf yield of African nightshades

The tomato red spider mite, Tetranychus evansi Baker and Pritchard, is one of the most serious pests of solanaceous crops in Africa. Field experiments were conducted to investigate its effects on the growth and leaf yield of five African nightshade species viz. Solanum americanum, S. sarrachoides, S. scabrum, S. tarderemotum and S. villosum during the 2008 and 2009 growing seasons. Plants were infested with 2–4 day-old female spider mites which were allowed to multiply. The number of mite motiles increased throughout the growing season in unsprayed plots and this number varied significantly between the African nightshade species. Except for S. sarrachoides, leaf damage was high on the other four Solanum species irrespective of the spraying regime during both seasons. However, S. scabrum had a significantly greater leaf area ratio (ratio of leaf area to total plant weight) and specific leaf area (ratio of leaf area to total leaf dry weight) during both seasons. Overall yields were 1.5 times more in S. scabrum and S. sarrachoides compared to S. americanum, S. tarderemotum and S. villosum. Our results show that T. evansi infestation affects the leaf area ratio and specific leaf area of African nightshade species differentially which eventually determines the plant's overall leaf yield. These findings present an opportunity for evaluation and selection of African nightshade species that can withstand spider mite infestation in small holder farms for increased vegetable production in Africa.     

Association of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) feeding and gold fleck damage on tomato fruit

The twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch has been established as an indirect pest of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) by reducing yields through plant feeding. Field observations suggested that T. urticae feeding on fruit may have resulted in discoloration known as gold fleck. A series of experiments were undertaken in the field and laboratory to evaluate T. urticae feeding as a cause of gold fleck on the fruit. Field experiments showed that, as cumulative mite days increased, so did the percentage of fruit affected by gold fleck. Results from laboratory experiments showed that T. urticae feeding on tomato fruit did cause gold fleck. This study clearly demonstrated that T. urticae can damage tomato fruit directly in the form of gold fleck, which may impact marketability of that fruit.     

不同寄主植物对橡副珠蜡蚧发育和繁殖的影响

研究橡副珠蜡蚧(Parasaissetia nigra Nietner)在香蕉、美人蕉、橡胶树、小叶枇杷、芒果、柑橘、蓖麻、木薯、柠檬、扶桑、木瓜、荔枝、番石榴、垂叶榕等寄主植物上的发育、存活和繁殖情况.结果表明,橡副珠蜡蚧的世代发育时间以在香蕉上的最短(为62.81 d),在垂叶榕上的最长(为120.58 d);世代存活率以在橡胶树上的最高(为67.30%),在垂叶榕上的最低(为6.51%);平均产卵量以在橡胶树上的最多(为801.34粒),在垂叶榕上的最少(为121.86粒);内禀增长率以在橡胶树上的最大(为0.068 1),在垂叶榕上的最小(为0.0146).综合比较橡副珠蜡蚧在14种不同寄主植物上的发育历期、存活率、产卵量及种群特征参数,发现橡胶树、香蕉和美人蕉是橡副珠蜡蚧种群生长发育和繁殖特性最适宜的寄主植物,垂叶榕、番石榴、荔枝和番木瓜是橡副珠蜡蚧的最不适宜寄主植物.     

人工饲料条件下茶尺蠖的饲养与繁殖

利用生命表法研究一种人工饲料条件下茶尺蠖的生长发育和繁殖。结果表明：人工饲料饲养条件下茶尺蠖能够正常生长发育,幼虫存活率、蛹羽化率和卵孵化率分别为90.50%、86.29%和91.03%,与茶树嫩梢饲养比较差异不显著。人工饲料饲养幼虫化蛹率为85.52%,低于茶树嫩梢饲养87.50%的化蛹率。取食人工饲料的茶尺蠖幼虫历期和世代历期分别为20βd和39.62βd,较茶树嫩梢饲养历期分别增加了1.44βd和2.41βd,但两者无显著差异。人工饲料饲养茶尺蠖雌成虫寿命显著高于对照,单雌产卵286.9粒,较茶树嫩梢饲养增加14.82%。幼虫种群存活率曲线呈死亡率-年龄增函数,死亡主要发生在后期（化蛹）个体中,与茶树嫩梢饲养差异不显著;实验种群生命表参数种群内禀增长力和周限增长率分别为0.113和1.119,平均世代周期和种群加倍时间较茶树嫩梢饲养增加了2.43βd和0.265βd,种群趋势指数87.21,表明采用人工饲料饲养的茶尺蠖种群数量呈显著上升趋势。