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1.
P. I. A. Kinnell 《Soil & Tillage Research》1998,45(3-4):349-357
Changing the basis of the R factor in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) to one based on the QREI30 index results in the need to calculate new soil erodibilities for use in the modified version (MUSLE-II). This paper provides a formula for calculating first approximations for the new soil erodibilities from known USLE soil erodibilities when data from runoff and soil loss plots associated with the determination of these USLE soil erodibilities are available. 相似文献
2.
土壤团聚体是土壤结构的基本单元,土壤表层团聚体的粒径分布变化对土壤结构和侵蚀过程发育具有重要意义。为探究细沟间侵蚀过程中土壤团聚体周转和泥沙迁移路径过程,本研究基于微型土槽,设置90 mm·h-1雨强,10°坡度的条件,进行室内模拟降雨试验。利用稀土元素示踪技术标记土壤团聚体,通过ICP-MS测定稀土元素浓度,对不同粒径土壤团聚体（5～2 mm、2～0.2 5 mm、0.25～0.053 mm、<0.053 mm）的破碎和形成过程进行定量分析,同时量化侵蚀泥沙的来源特征。结果表明,细沟间侵蚀过程中,侵蚀泥沙颗粒主要由同等粒径大小的团聚体受径流搬运形成,且该粒径泥沙含量随降雨时间增加而减少;残留团聚体呈明显的周转过程,<0.25 mm的团聚体更易粘结或吸附至大粒径团聚体上,而>0.25 mm团聚体倾向于发生破碎（破碎率分别为45.8%和43.3%）,且破碎程度不断增加;<0.053 mm和2～0.25 mm 大小的泥沙含量及相应粒径的团聚体在泥沙中的贡献率对径流系数和泥沙粒径分形维数具有重要作用。所以,细沟间侵蚀过程中土壤表土结构变化、泥沙迁移与团聚体粒径密切相关,该成果进一步为土壤侵蚀过程模型和水土保持措施提供理论依据。 相似文献
3.
不同粒径红壤团聚体坡面溅蚀特征 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
为揭示不同粒径团聚体坡面溅蚀规律,以第四纪粘土发育红壤为研究对象,通过室内人工模拟降雨试验(雨强75mm/h,历时45min)研究0.25,0.25~0.5,0.5~1,1~2,2~5mm粒径团聚体溅蚀规律,系统分析了降雨条件下各粒径团聚体破碎、溅蚀率变化、溅蚀搬运量以及溅蚀搬运后的空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)降雨条件下团聚体粒径越大越容易破碎,除2~5mm团聚体破碎量高达96.06%外,2mm团聚体破碎量均小于50.00%。(2)0.25mm团聚体溅蚀率具有陡涨陡落特点,表土结皮发育迅速;0.25~0.5mm团聚体溅蚀率陡涨缓落,表土泥浆化过程明显;0.5~5mm团聚体溅蚀率则能保持较长时间增长,随后降低。(3)不同粒径团聚体溅蚀总量、上下坡溅蚀量与净搬运量变化趋势一致,一次降雨过程中,溅蚀搬运量峰值出现在粒径0.25~0.5mm范围内,而后随着粒径的增大逐渐降低。(4)团聚体粒径越小,溅蚀搬运后的平均重量距离越大,各粒径团聚体溅蚀量基本全部分布在半径60cm范围内。研究结果能为降雨侵蚀防治及侵蚀过程模型提供理论参考。 相似文献
4.
Soil erosion is commonly measured as the quantity of sediment leaving a plot or watershed. The techniques for measuring soil erosion patterns and sediment redistribution within plots or watersheds by direct monitoring are very limited. The objective of this study was to develop a direct and non-intrusive tracer method to study the sources, patterns and rates of erosion and deposition of sediments in erosion plots. The magnetic tracer developed in this study consisted of polystyrene plastic beads embedded with a magnetic powder (magnetite). The “magnetized” beads, with a mean weight diameter of 3.2 mm and particle density of about 1.2 g cm−3, were uniformly mixed with soil and tested in the laboratory using simulated rainfall and inflow studies to simulate the interrill and rill components of soil erosion, respectively. In the interrill and rill experiments, the tracer was transported in the same proportion it was initially mixed with the soil. Given this fact, a magnetometer, which measures the soil's magnetic susceptibility, could be used to identify areas of deposition or detachment. The magnetic susceptibility would be increased or reduced depending on whether deposition or detachment occurs. To simulate detachment and deposition, a magnetometer was tested for different tracer concentrations and different thickness of soil containing the tracer. The magnetometer promises to be a sensitive, accurate, and useful tool to study the spatial variation of soil erosion when magnetic tracers are used. 相似文献
5.
通过野外人工模拟降雨试验,研究了第四纪红粘土、泥质页岩和花岗岩三种母质发育的红壤团聚体稳定性对土壤坡面侵蚀和侵蚀泥沙特性的影响.结果表明：坡面土壤侵蚀量和径流强度与土壤团聚体稳定性存在显著负相关关系,且不同团聚体稳定性指标与二者相关程度存在差异,其中湿筛团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）和》0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量（WSA0.25）与侵蚀量和径流强度相关程度最高,快速湿润中1～0.5 mm团聚体和湿润振荡中2～1 mm团聚体标准化平均重量直径（NMWD）与二者的相关性也达到了显著;泥沙粒径与湿筛MWD和WSA0.25之间相关关系（偏相关分析）呈显著正相关（r=0.8283^＊,r=0.8209^＊）;快速湿润中1～0.5 mm团聚体和湿润振荡中2～1 mm团聚体的NMWD与泥沙粒径也存在较好正相关关系（r=0.7458,r=0.6859）.泥沙粒径和水流功率在本研究中未表现出较好相关性（r=-0.1852）. 相似文献
6.
A mechanistic model was used to simulate the downstream movement of particles travelling in suspension, by raindrop induced saltation and flow driven saltation on planar surfaces ranging from 2 m to 30 m in length. Results were produced for two rainfall events, one of high intensity, the other of moderate intensity, and a mixture of particle sizes ranging from fine material to 0.9 mm sand. Initially, the composition of the sediment discharge was controlled by the composition of the soil matrix and the rate the raindrop driven transport systems were capable of transporting the particles from zones near the downstream boundary. As time progressed, material transported from upslope provided a degree of protection in these zones and controlled the composition of the sediment discharge. The protection provided reduced the discharge of fine material but had little effect of the composition of the discharge of the coarser material during a given rainfall event so that it remainder finer than that of the soil matrix. However, in the long term, the slow movement of the coarsest material into the zones controlling sediment discharge led to coarsening of the sediment discharge so that it tended to the composition of the soil matrix at the steady state. The time taken to reach that steady state may be considerable, and increases with plot length, so that many many storms may occur before the steady state condition is reached. 相似文献
7.
为了探究前期含水率对南方红壤团聚体稳定性及溅蚀的影响,选取泥质页岩和第四纪红黏土发育的4个典型红壤为研究对象,就5个前期含水率(3%、5%、10%、15%、20%)条件下3~5 mm团聚体水稳定性特征及其与溅蚀的关系进行了初步的探讨。结果表明,消散作用是团聚体破碎最有效的机制,土壤前期含水率越大,团聚体破碎程度越小。随着前期含水率的升高,泥质页岩发育的2种红壤水稳性团聚体平均质量直径(MWDwa)显著增大;第四纪红黏土发育的2种红壤水稳性团聚体平均质量直径(MWDwa)先增大后减小,拐点出现在含水率为15%条件下。泥质页岩发育2种红壤溅蚀量随前期含水率的升高显著减小;第四纪红黏土发育2种红壤溅蚀量随前期含水率的升高呈现先减小后增大的趋势,在含水率为15%时达到最小。团聚体水稳性较高的土样,溅蚀粒径分布呈双峰曲线分布,主要分布1~0.5和0.05 mm范围内,且前期含水率越高,0.05 mm溅蚀颗粒含量越大;而团聚体水稳定性较差的土样,除前期含水率为20%外,溅蚀粒径分布呈单峰曲线分布,主要分布在0.25~1mm。该结果为红壤区农业水土工程及机侵蚀机理研究提供一定的参考,对完善坡面水蚀模型具有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
8.
H.A. Gr⊘nsten T. B⊘rresen 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(6):567-575
Abstract Soil aggregate stability is a crucial property regarding soil erodibility. However, results from different stability-assessment methods differ. The objective of this study was to compare two such methods on a set of southeast Norwegian agricultural soils. Traditionally, a raindrop-impact method has been used to determine the soil aggregate stability of Norwegian soils. Here, a more common, less destructive method was also used, a wet-sieve method using one sieve. Two soil fractions were studied, aggregates of 0.6–2 mm and 2–6 mm in diameter. The soil samples were chosen to give a wide range in clay content (5.7–68.0%) and soil organic matter (1.7–8.5% SOM). Using the wet-sieve method two different pre-treatments were performed; either using air-dried aggregates or slowly pre-wetted, air-dried aggregates. The aggregate stability found using the wet-sieve method gave generally higher stability values for soil aggregates 2–6 mm in diameter than using the standard raindrop-impact method (21% higher on average). Soils with high contents of silt and very fine sand (0.002–0.2 mm), however, were found to be more susceptible to destruction due to raindrop impact than to wet-sieving. Hence, using the wet-sieve method, the silty soils were ranked as more stable than by using the standard raindrop-impact method. Aggregate stability was positively correlated with the SOM and Al-oxides content and negatively correlated with the silt and the very fine sand content (0.002–0.02 mm). Using slowly, pre-wetted air-dried aggregates, which induce rebonding and reduce the effect of slaking, resulted in distinctively higher stability values than using air-dried aggregates in the wet-sieving method (34% higher on average). The wet-sieve method is less laborious and more widely used elsewhere, but the lower disruptive effect on silty soils should be kept in mind when using this method. 相似文献
9.
利用人工模拟降雨试验,通过在径流小区上覆盖纱网消除雨滴动能和增加雨滴除落高度来增加雨滴功能,并采用翻耕裸露作对照的试验处理,对黄土区坡耕地细沟间侵蚀和细沟侵蚀过程及其机理进行了研究。结果表明,坡面侵蚀产沙过程可明显的分为四个阶段,即溅蚀,细沟间侵蚀、细沟侵蚀和雨后径流侵蚀阶段。 相似文献
10.
Rolled erosion control systems (RECS) reduce detachment and transport of sediment by mitigating the basic processes of run-off and erosion (e.g., splash detachment, interrill transport, run-off velocity, surface crusting). Despite the variety of products available in the market today, only limited research has been conducted on their influence on erosion subprocesses. This study addresses some of the limitations of previous research by using laboratory rainfall simulation to study rainsplash sediment redistribution, run-off, total interrill sediment transport, and aggregate size transport from an erodible Vertisol. Three 3-h rainfall simulations were conducted on a 20° slope at a rainfall intensity of ≈100 mm h−1 on (1) a bare soil control, (2) four predominately natural RECS, and (3) four synthetic RECS. Data indicate that all products significantly reduced run-off (enhanced infiltration), and decreased interrill sediment transport compared to the bare soil control. However, it was observed that several products (C125, Curlex I, Geojute, SC150BN, TB1000, and P300) were statistically more effective than PECMAT and TerraJute. Finally, preferential transport of selected aggregate fractions was examined. Cover percentage, three-dimensionality, and drapability were identified as favorable physical attributes for mitigating erosion processes. 相似文献
11.
Interrill erosion, which is less visible in the landscape than rill and gully erosion, may cause major sediment deposits in the lower part of cultivated fields. It is often associated with runoff resulting from sealing and crusting, and soil properties such as soil detachability or soil aggregate stability have been used to express soil resistance to interrill erosion processes, i.e., interrill erodibility. From a literature review including more than fifteen erosion models, we have identified three main methods used to measure these properties: aggregate stability and splash cup detachability, methods performed in the laboratory using only a few grams of soil, and standard plot methods that are based on field plot measurements. This difference makes the parameters involved in assessing interrill erodibility dependent upon the scale and the hydrological processes involved and difficult to compare. According to the literature, the sensitivity of actual erosion models to interrill erodibility is lower than the sensitivity to hydrological properties and rill erodibility parameters. This numerical study shows that erodibility measurements from the three major assessment methods give different results regarding the contribution of interrill erosion and show that the sensitivity of erosion modeling to interrill erodibility may in fact be greater than shown in the literature on global sensitivity analysis. 相似文献
12.
以三种典型红壤为研究对象,采用室内人工模拟降雨方法,研究了湿润速率对坡面径流和侵蚀的影响以及泥沙特性。实验结果表明:在坡度为15°、降雨强度为60mmh-1条件下,湿润速率越大,产流时间越慢,稳定径流强度越大。供试三种红壤QP1、QP2和QP3快速湿润时稳定径流强度较慢速湿润分别增加60%、37%和21%。同样,坡面侵蚀量也随着湿润速率的增大而增加,供试三种典型红壤在快速湿润条件下侵蚀量较中速湿润分别增加23%、28%和61%,较慢速湿润分别增加112%、85%和159%。侵蚀泥沙的平均质量直径随着湿润速率的增大而减小。研究结果有助于深入理解团聚体破碎机制以及坡面侵蚀机理,为侵蚀模型提供必要的参数。 相似文献
13.
细沟间侵蚀是多种影响因子共同作用形成的复杂过程,不同因子的作用依赖于其他因子的变化而变化。利用前人已发表数据,基于多元线性回归分析,定量分析土壤类型、雨强、坡度和坡长对坡面细沟间侵蚀过程影响及因子间交互作用效应。结果表明：雨强、坡度、细沟间可蚀性及坡长对细沟间侵蚀率的影响具有正向效应,雨强对细沟间侵蚀率的贡献最大（62.93%）。因子间交互作用分析表明,坡长的增加对坡度因子的贡献具有促进作用,对雨强因子的贡献具有抑制作用;坡度增加对坡长因子的贡献具有先促进后抑制的作用,对雨强因子的贡献则相反,20%为坡度对坡长和雨强交互作用方向变化的拐点;雨强增加对坡长因子和坡度因子具有正向交互作用,但是与坡长相比,坡度对雨强的依赖性更强。 相似文献
14.
团聚体稳定性是表征土壤结构稳定性的重要指标,与坡面水文过程及侵蚀过程密切相关,为探明黄土高原团聚体稳定性(aggregatestability,MWD)沿降水梯度的变化特征及其影响因素。该论文在黄土高原沿降水梯度布设了7个采样点,测定每个采样点农地、草地和林地的MWD。结果表明,农地MWD沿降水梯度自南向北呈逐渐减小趋势;草地和林地MWD变化趋势比较相似且无显著差异(P=0.233),最南端宜君的MWD小于稍北富县的MWD,之后向北大体呈减小趋势。农地、草地和林地MWD空间变化特征除受土壤有机质、年均降水量和年均气温的影响以外,农地的MWD与土壤机械组成存在显著相关关系(P0.05),而草地和林地的MWD与根系质量密度存在显著相关关系(P=0.037)。非线性回归表明,农地MWD可以用土壤中值粒径和年均降水量模拟,而草地和林地MWD可用土壤有机质、根系质量密度和年均温模拟。研究成果对于理解黄土高原土壤团聚体稳定性空间变异及其影响因素、分析水文及侵蚀过程的区域变化规律具有理论意义。 相似文献
15.
In order to develop a new formula for assessing interrill erosion rate by incorporating the soil aggregate instability index, β, erosion plots at seven sites in central Greece were used to measure interrill erosion rate under natural rainfall conditions during a 39-month period. Soils classified as Alfisols, Inceptisols and Entisols with slopes 7–21%, moderately well to excessively drained, clay to loamy textured, were studied. Runoff and total sediment were collected after each ponding rainfall event. The equation Ei=0.628 β St1.3 e0.0967I30 was finally proposed (R2=0.939,P<0.001) to describe interrill erosion rate. The term, St represents the tangent of the slope angle, and I30 represents the maximum rainfall intensity in 30 min. The addition of the aggregate instability index to improve existing methodologies provide was considered to provide an easy to determine and reliable measure of soil erodibility. Validation with independent data showed that the model predicted interrill erosion well (R2=0.766, P<0.001). Therefore, the proposed model based on the aggregate instability index, β, has the potential to improved methodology for assessing interrill erosion rate. 相似文献
16.
The magnitude of interrill and rill erosion was determined on the northern slopes of the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania which is representative for larger areas of East African Arch Mountains, where population pressure is high and land degradation is severe. The aim of the study was to develop a database to support soil conservation in the area. The study was done on two distinct geomorphic units with respect to altitude and hence rainfall distribution pattern: mountain ridges with an altitude ranging from 1000 to 1500 masl and mean annual rainfall of 2300 mm and mountain foothills whose altitude and mean annual rainfall are 550 to 900 masl and 900 mm, respectively. Total soil loss was measured on 36 individual bounded plots measuring 1.2 m × 20 m using Gerlarch troughs on each day with rain from July 2000 to June 2001. The plots were located on six different geopedologic units, nine on mountain ridges and the rest on the mountain foothills. The slope gradient on the terrain ranged from 30% to 70%. The plots were put under maize cultivation as the main crop. Soil loss through rill erosion was estimated by volumetric measurements of rills on each soil erosion plot. The soil loss due to interrill erosion was obtained by subtracting soil loss through rill erosion from the total soil loss measured in the Gerlarch troughs. The results indicate that soil loss due to both interrill and rill erosion was very high with mean soil loss of 69 and 163 t/ha/year, respectively. Rill erosion accounted for about 58% of the total soil loss while interrill erosion contributed to the remaining 42%. Both interrill and rill erosion were higher in the mountain ridges with mean soil loss of 88 t/ha/year and 210 t/ha/year compared to 49 and 116 t/ha/year in the mountain foothills, respectively. Rill erosion was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.001) in all geopedologic units with slope gradient above 40% (mean soil loss ranged between 91 and 258 t/ha/year) compared to interrill erosion with mean soil loss varying from 41 to 115 t/ha/year. In geopedologic units with slope gradient above 60% both interrill and rill erosion were highly active while in geopedologic units with slope gradient below 40% the two processes were less active. The results demonstrate that rill erosion is more important than interrill erosion in the study area particularly where the slope gradient exceeds 40%. The results further show that the major part of the studied area has moderate interrill erosion (10–50 t/ha/year) and severe to very severe (> 100 t/ha/year) rill erosion. This study clarifies the magnitude of interrill and rill erosion which is important for designing soil conservation on agricultural fields. 相似文献
17.
Five simulated rainstorms, each with a different rainfall intensity pattern but all delivering the same total kinetic energy to the soil surface, were applied to three different soils in a laboratory flume. The storm patterns were: constant rainfall intensity, increasing intensity, decreasing intensity, increasing then decreasing intensity and decreasing then increasing intensity. The three soils were: a clay loam, a sandy loam and a sandy soil. No differences in total runoff were observed that were consistent across the three soil types. However, consistent differences were observed in the amount and size distribution of the eroded sediment. In particular, the constant-intensity storm yielded an average soil loss of 75% of the varying-intensity storms, and the eroded sediment from the constant-intensity storms had a lower clay content than that from the varying-intensity storms. In contrast to the differences in amount and size distribution of eroded sediment, splashed sediment exhibited much smaller differences. Interrill erosion rates are widely assumed to vary with rainfall intensity to the power 2, but this relationship has been obtained from experiments over a range of rainfall intensities, but in which rainfall intensity has been constant in each experiment. The experiments reported here, undertaken using variable rainfall intensity within each experiment, indicates an exponent of 2.55. The experiments demonstrate that the assumption that a given rainfall intensity falling on a given soil for a given amount of time will result in a given amount of runoff and erosion is unsound. They point to the need for a greater understanding of the processes of interrill sediment detachment and transport in order to model successfully erosion under temporally varying rainfall. 相似文献
18.
细沟间和细沟侵蚀剥离和输移土壤的机制不同导致有机碳输移存在差异,然而因研究手段限制,这两种侵蚀方式对有机碳输移的贡献、影响等研究有待深入。本文利用模拟降雨与7Be示踪技术,在定量化分析细沟间和细沟侵蚀对黄土坡面侵蚀产沙贡献的基础上,进一步分析其对有机碳输移的贡献及影响。结果表明5°小区以细沟间侵蚀为主,其产沙贡献率为86%,大于5°的小区以细沟侵蚀为主,其产沙贡献率介于61%～71%之间,在降雨过程中甚至可达96%。降雨过程中坡面侵蚀泥沙有机碳平均富集比为1.16±0.15,细沟间侵蚀泥沙有机碳平均富集比为1.50±0.50,富集可导致有机碳流失率增加0.008～0.028 g·m-2·min-1。坡度大于5°的小区细沟侵蚀对有机碳流失贡献率介于55%～62%之间,低于对侵蚀产沙的贡献,但仍占主导地位。坡面侵蚀产沙量可解释有机碳流失量变化的97%,细沟间侵蚀产沙可解释细沟间有机碳流失量变化的89%。侵蚀过程中剧烈的细沟侵蚀可导致细沟间侵蚀泥沙有机碳的富集比增大。 相似文献
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During raindrop impact soil, aggregates breakdown and produce finer, more transportable particles and micro-aggregates. These particles and micro-aggregates appreciably affect the processes of infiltration, seal and crust development, runoff, and soil erosion. Aggregate stability is, therefore, an important property that may explain, quantify, and predict these processes. This study was designed to develop improved formulae for assessing interrill erosion rate by incorporating the aggregate stability index (As) in the prediction evaluations for soil erodibilites of Ultisols in subtropical China. Field experiments of simulated rainfall involving rainstorm simulations with medium and high rainfall intensity were conducted on six cultivated soils for which the soil aggregate stability was determined by the LB-method. This study yielded two prediction equations Di = 0.23AsI2(1.05 − 0.85 exp−4sin θ) and Di = 0.34AsqI(1.05 − 0.85 exp−4sin θ) that allowed a comparison of their efficiency in assessing the interrill erosion rate. As is an aggregate stability index, which reflected the main mechanisms of aggregate breakdown in interrill erosion process, θ is the slope angle, I is the rainfall intensity, and q is the runoff rate. Relatively good agreement was obtained between predicted and measured values of erosion rates for each of the prediction models (R2 = 0.86**, and R2 = 0.90**). It was concluded that these formulae based on the stability index, As, have the potential to improve methodology for assessing interrill erosion rates for the subtropical Chinese Ultisols. Considering the time-consuming and costly experimentation of runoff rate measurements, the equation without runoff rate (q) was the more convenient and effective one to predict interrill erosion rates on Ultisols of subtropical China. 相似文献