小麦-偃麦草杂种后代及小麦种质资源对纹枯病的抗性

为鉴定小麦-偃麦草杂种后代以及我国小麦品种和育种中间品系对纹枯病的抗性,并且解析偃麦草染色体与纹枯病抗性的关系,在徐州和南京两个试点,采用田间病圃法对321份普通小麦品种或品系和56份小麦-偃麦草杂种后代材料进行了纹枯病抗性鉴定。在徐州试点没有发现高抗纹枯病的种质,但是有52份材料表现中抗反应型,包括34份普通小麦材料,其中萧农8506-1、小偃81、冀植4001、农大195、徐州8913和京东3066A-3的相对抗病指数高于0.7。在南京试点,全部普通小麦材料都不抗纹枯病,只有5份小麦-偃麦草种质表现中抗反应型。部分小麦-偃麦草种质的病情指数不但显著低于感病对照品种苏麦3号和扬麦158,而且还低于抗病对照品种安农8455和宁麦9号,如小麦-中间偃麦草4Ai#2或4Ai#2S附加系、代换系和易位系材料TA3513、TA3516、TA3517和TA3519及小麦-长穗偃麦草第4部分同源群染色体代换系SS767,说明中间偃麦草4Ai#2染色体和长穗偃麦草4J染色体可能与纹枯病病情指数降低有关。基因组原位杂交分析结果表明,4Ai#2染色体属中间偃麦草的J^s基因组,而长穗偃麦草与纹枯病抗性相关的第4部分同源群染色体属J基因组。虽然纹枯病与眼斑病的发病部位和症状非常相似,但抗眼斑病基因Pch1 (Madsen)和Pch2 (Cappelle-Desprez)对纹枯病无效。     

Rapid introduction of disease resistance from rye into common wheat by anther culture of a 6x triticale × nulli-tetrasomic wheat

Powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe graminis) and yellow rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis) are the two most serious wheat diseases found in China. Rye chromosomes, carrying genes for resistance to these diseases, were introduced into common wheat in two generations using chromosome engineering and anther culture. The F₁ hybrids from a cross involving a hexaploid triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) בChinese Spring’ nulli‐tetrasomic N6DT6A wheat aneuploid line were anther cultured and doubled‐haploid plants were regenerated. Using genomic in situ hybridization, C‐banding and biochemical marker analyses, one of the anther‐cultured lines (ZH‐1)studied in detail, proved to be a doubled‐haploid with one rye chromosome pair added (1R) and a homozygous 6R/6D substitution (2n= 44). The line was tested for expression of disease resistance and found to be highly resistant to powdery mildew and moderately resistant to yellow rust.     

Chromosome location of genes affecting polyphenol oxidase activity in seeds of common and durum wheat

This study used cytogenetic stocks to investigate the chromosomal location of genes responsible for polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in common and durum wheat seeds. Substitution lines of chromosome 2A of hexaploid varieties ‘Cheyenne’, ‘Thatcher’ and ‘Timstein’ in ‘Chinese Spring’ showed significantly higher PPO activity than all other substitution lines of the same variety, with the exception of substitutions of ‘Cheyenne’ chromosome 3A and ‘Thatcher’ chromosome 4B. Substitution lines of chromosome 2A of Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides and of chromosome 2D of ‘Chinese Spring’ into the tetraploid variety ‘Langdon’ showed a significant increase in PPO activity relative to all other substitution lines in Langdon. The gene(s) responsible for high PPO activity in chromosome 2D from ‘Chinese Spring’ was mapped on the long arm within a deletion that represents 24% of the distal part of the arm. This study shows that genes located in homoeologous group 2 play a major role in the activity of PPO in wheat.     

Molecular cytogenetic identification of wheat-Elymus tsukushiense introgression lines

Elymus tsukushiense Honda (syn. Roegneria kamoji C. Koch) (2n = 6x = 42, S^tsS^tsH^tsH^tsY^tsY^ts) is a hexaploid species, distantly related to bread wheat Triticum aestivum L. em Thell (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD). Apart from the delineation of evolutionary relationships, this species is a potential source of resistance to scab, a devastating disease of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum Schw. A standard C-banded karyotype was established identifying all 21 chromosome pairs of E. tsukushiense. By using C-banding and genomic in situ hybridization analyses, three wheat-E. tsukushiense chromosome addition lines, one ditelosomic addition line, and one disomic substitution line were identified in BC₂ progenies from wheat × E. tsukushiense hybrids. Twenty DNA markers specific for the seven homoeologous groups of the Triticeae were used to determine the homoeology of the added E. tsukushiense chromosomes. The E. tsukushiense chromosomes in the addition lines NAU702, NAU703, and NAU701 were identified as belonging to homoeologous groups 1, 3, and 5, and thus, were designated as 1Ets#1, 3Ets#1, and 5Ets#1, respectively. NAU751 was identified as a disomic substitution line with chromosome 3A of wheat replaced by chromosome 3Ets#1. Line NAU702 has a high level of resistance to scab and will be used in chromosomal engineering and development of improved wheat germplasm for scab resistance breeding. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

抗白粉病小麦-黑麦染色体异附加系的选育

本研究以白黑麦和六倍体小黑麦WOH45为抗源,综合应用白粉病抗性鉴定,细胞遗传学、花药培养等技术选育出抗白粉病单体,单端体、单等臂染色体,二体,双端体异附加系。单体(单端体)异附加系的遗传极不稳定．在其自交后代中抗病株的频率为13．4％-34．6％,其白粉病抗性的配子传递宰特别是橇配子传递率较低,致使在其自交后代     

Chromosomal location of genes for resistance to powdery mildew in cultivated oat (Avena sativa L.). 1. Gene Eg-3 in the cultivar 'Mostyn'

The cultivar 'Mostyn' of hexaploid oat ( Avena sativa L.) possesses a dominant gene conferring resistance to powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe graminis avenae. The resistance gene, designated Eg -3, was derived from the wild oat Avena sterilis L. var. ludoviciana. Monosomic analysis revealed that this gene was located on chromosome 17, which corresponds to the missing chromosome in the 'Kanota' monosomic line Kl1. This chromosome is associated with the homoeologous group 1 of the Triticeae.     

一粒系小麦的微卫星分析

利用普通小麦A基因组含有微卫星位点的引物对在3种一粒系小麦的部分同源微卫星位点进行了检测。结果发现,59％的小麦A基因组微卫星位点的引物对可在3种一粒系小麦的多个种质中检测到部分同源微卫星位点,表明A基因组含有的微卫星位点在普通小麦和一粒系小麦间并不完全保守。一粒系小麦的微卫星位点之间在扩增条带数目以及扩增条带长度上均存在广泛差异。同一微卫星位点在不同一粒系小麦种质中的扩增条带数目以及扩增条带长度上也表现明显差异。     

Chromosomal Location of Genes for Gibberellic Acid Insensitivity in 'Chinese Spring' Wheat by Tetrasomic Analysis

The tetrasomics of the homoeologous groups 2, 5 and 7 of‘Chinese Spring’wheat were, together with the euploid standard, screened at the seedling stage for sensitivity to exogenously applied gibberellic acid (GA³). Whilst the seedling length of lines tetrasomic for group 2 chromosomes were taller and those for chromosomes 5A, 5D and 7D shorter in both treatments (with and without GA³) compared to the euploid control, the remaining tetrasomics — 5B, 7A and 7B — were significantly shorter than the euploids in the GA variant only. These results suggest the presence of additional genetic factors for GA insensitivity on chromosomes of the groups 5 and 7 of hexaploid wheat. This corresponds with the localization of GA insensitive dwarfing genes on the homoeologous chromosomes 5R and 7R in diploid rye.     

小麦新种质N95175抗白粉病基因的染色体定位

白粉病是影响小麦生产的病害之一。小麦种质N95175对小麦白粉病免疫,为了定位它所携带的抗白粉病基因的染色体位置,对其苗期白粉病抗性进行了遗传分析。4个感白粉病普通小麦品种与N95175杂交,F1对白粉病均表现高抗,F2抗感分离比例均符合期望比例3 1;21个感白粉病普通小麦缺(单)体系与N95175杂交,F1对白粉病均表现高抗,F2白粉病抗感比例除阿勃6AN×N95175组合偏离期望比例3 1外,其余组合均符合期望比例3 1。结果表明,N95175苗期白粉病抗性由位于小麦6A染色体上的1对完全显性基因控制。     

The introduction into bread wheat of a major gene for resistance to powdery mildew from wild emmer wheat

Summary A new source of resistance to wheat powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe graminis has been transferred to hexaploid bread wheat, Triticum aestivum, from the wild tetraploid wheat, Triticum dicoccoides. The donor was crossed to bread wheat and the pentaploid progeny was then self-pollinated. Plants having a near stable hexaploid chromosome complement were selected in the F₃ progeny and topcrossing and backcrossing of these to a second wheat cultivar to improve the phenotype was undertaken. Monosomic analysis of early backcross lines showed the transferred gene to be located on chromosome 4A. The gene has been designated Pm16.     

簇毛麦6VS上4个新分子标记的鉴定及与抗白粉病基因Pm21的连锁分析

Pm21具有强抗白粉病特性，位于簇毛麦6V染色体短臂（6VS）上。染色体分析和白粉病抗性检测表明，Pm21在受体小麦内是稳定遗传的。筛选与Pm21相连锁分子标记，在小麦抗白粉病辅助选择育种上有重要意义。利用RAPD和AFLP分子标记方法，对簇毛麦6V染色体和含有6V的小麦-簇毛麦代换系、6VS的易位系6AL/6VS、6DL/6VS进行分子标记筛选，以分析位于6VS上的分子标记及其与Pm21的关系。RAPD检测表明，OPK08910特异片段存在于含簇毛麦6V染色体的代换系（6A/6V）、易位系（6AL/6VS，6DL/6VS）和簇毛麦中。AFLP检测显示，PstⅠ+AGG / MseⅠ+CAC、PstⅠ+ACC / MseⅠ+CCT和PstⅠ+ AAG / MseⅠ+CGC 共3对引物分别可以在6A/6V、6AL/6VS、6DL/6VS和VV中扩增出264 bp、218 bp和232 bp特异带，并与抗白粉病基因Pm21共分离，因此，上述来源于6VS上的4个新的分子标记，可作为源自簇毛麦Pm21基因的选择标记，用于小麦抗病育种。     

应用GISH与STS标记鉴定小麦-中间偃麦草抗黄矮病端体系

由大麦黄矮病毒引起的小麦黄矮病毒病是一个严重病害,至今在小麦属内还没有发现抗源。中间偃麦草2Ai-2染色体携带一个高抗黄矮病基因,对该基因的染色体臂定位将为制定抗病基因向小麦转移策略,筛选、开发特定的、与抗性连锁的分子标记的研究提供重要信息。本文对由小麦-中间偃麦草二体附加系Z6衍生的3个抗黄矮病端体系进行鉴定,通过分析端体的遗传构成、筛选与端体共分离的STS标记以确定端体在遗传上的染色体臂归属,从而明确BYDV抗病基因的染色体位置。以拟鹅冠草基因组[Pseudoroegneria strigosa (M. Bieb.) Löve,St]DNA为探针,中国春基因组(Triticum aestivum L., ABD) DNA作封阻分别对抗病亲本Z6及抗病端体系N530的根尖体细胞染色体进行原位杂交,结果表明,N530体细胞中有2个端体显示出与Z6中外源染色体2Ai-2短臂相似, 而与长臂不同的杂交信号。以小麦第2同源群的5个RFLP探针的DNA序列为基础,设计了6对PCR引物,对小麦-中间偃麦草二体异附加系、二体代换系和端体系进行扩增,结果表明,基于短臂探针psr126,psr131序列设计的2对引物,可在含有2Ai-2染色体及端体的抗黄矮病材料中特异扩增,而基于长臂探针psr112序列设计的1对引物,可在含有2Ai-2染色体的抗黄矮病材料中特异扩增,但不能在端体系进行特异扩增,证明外源端体为2Ai-2染色体的短臂。本研究不仅将黄矮病抗性基因定位于2Ai-2染色体的短臂上, 而且由RFLP探针psr126、psr131和psr112序列转化的标记STS₁₂₆ (sequence tagged site) STS₁₃₁和STS₁₁₂还可分别作为追踪2Ai-2染色体短臂和长臂的分子标记,用于抗病易位系辅助选择。     

利用SNP芯片和BSA分析规模化定位小麦抗白粉病基因

规模化定位小麦品种携带的抗白粉病基因对于抗病性种质创新和新品种选育具有重要的意义。本研究采用Illumina Infinium iSelect 90k SNP芯片结合集群分离分析法(bulked segregate analysis,BSA)对36个河南省小麦新品系携带的抗白粉病基因进行了定位。SNP芯片检测表明,在24个小麦品系构建的抗、感池DNA间可检测到一个明显富集的SNP峰,表明其可能携带单一主效抗白粉病基因;在其他12个小麦品系构建的抗、感池DNA间可检测到多个SNP峰,推测其可能含多个抗白粉病基因。有26个小麦品系在2AL染色体上检测到的SNP数目最多,推测其携带位于2AL染色体上的Pm4b抗白粉病基因。开发出与2AL染色体上抗白粉病基因紧密连锁的分子标记Xwggc116,可用于这些小麦品系中抗白粉病基因的分子检测。研究结果表明高通量SNP分析技术平台可以用来规模化定位小麦品种中的抗白粉病基因,明确了河南省抗白粉病小麦品系中携带Pm2、Pm4b、Pm21和新1BL/1RS易位等有限的抗白粉病基因,抗病基因资源非常狭窄,亟需引进新的多样化抗病基因资源,拓宽遗传基础,培育抗病小麦新品种。     

Transfer of the Glu-D1 Gene from Chromosome 1D of Breadwheat to Chromosome 1R in Hexaploid Triticale

The use of hexaploid triticale as a crop for human consumption has been limited by its inferior bread-making quality. To ameliorate this problem, a segment of chromosome ID of breadwheat with the Glu-D1d allele encoding for high molecular weight glutenin subunits 5 7plus; 10 was translocated to chromosome 1R of the hexaploid triticale ‘Rhino’ through a combination of a centric break-fusion translocation followed by 5D(5B)-induced homoeologous pairing. The resulting recombinant chromosome 1R has a small interstitial segment of ID with the Glu-D1d allele. The maximum physical length of the translocated segment is estimated at about 16.5 % of 1DL. Frequency of translocations involving the long arms of homoeologous group-1 chromosomes in the analyzed progeny suggested that homoeologous recombination in triticale was substantially higher than that previously reported in hexaploid wheat.     

甘肃省主要小麦生产品种(系)及抗源材料抗白粉病基因推导分析

选用17个致病力不同的小麦白粉病菌菌系,对64个甘肃省主要生产品种(系)及抗源材料进行了苗期白粉病抗性鉴定,并结合系谱分析推导这些品种(系)所含抗病基因。初步判断陇原932含有Pm5及未知抗病基因;西峰20含有Pm6及未知抗病基因;98保1-2含有Pm8及未知抗病基因;863-13和石7816含有Pm19;天选43等6个品种(系)含有Pm21;兰天13等18个品种(系)对所有供试菌系均表现感病,与其他35个供试品种(系)一致,可能含有未知抗病基因或基因组合。聚类分析支持基因推导结果。     

Transfer of high kernel weight and high protein from wild tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum dicoccoides) to bread wheat (T. aestivum) using homologous and homoeologous recombination

Summary Wheat pentaploids were produced by hybridizing a high kernel weight (1000 grain wt=56 g), high protein (25.4%) line of wild tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum dicoccoides) as male parent, with the three hexaploids (T. aestivum) — normal Chinese Spring and its two homoeologous pairing mutants, ph _1b and ph ₂. The pentaploids were crossed as female parents to the two commercial hexaploid cultivars Warigal and Barkaee and 42-chromosome stable plants selected from the F₁ of the pentaploid x hexaploid crosses.Mean protein content of certain F₃ lines from all six pentaploid x hexaploid crosses was significantly higher than Chinese Spring and the respective commercial hexaploid parent (p<0.005) indicating high protein had been transferred from the tetraploid to the hexaploid level.Kernel weight amongst certain F₃ lines of the three pentaploids x Barkaee was significantly (p<0.0005) higher than either Chinese Spring or Barkaee, indicating the transfer also of high kernel weight from the tetraploid to the hexaploid level. However kernel weight was not significantly increased over Warigal in any F₃ lines of its crosses with the three pentaploids.High levels of homoeologous chromosome pairing in the ph-mutant pentaploids, plus evidence for significant modification of the composition of high-molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits of grain protein in certain F₃ derivatives of the ph-mutant pentaploid x hexaploid, crosses indicates that the ph-mutant-derived lines may possess novel (intergenome) genetic recombination, at least for high protein, and possibly kernel weight.     

Substituting Ability of Individual Barley Chromosomes for Wheat Chromosomes 1. Substitutions Involving Barley Chromosomes 1, 3 and 6

In order to determine the genetic relatedness of individual barley chromosomes to wheat chromosomes, ‘Betzes’ barley chromosomes 1, 3 and 6 were substituted for individual ‘Chinese Spring’ wheat chromosomes of homoeologous groups 7, 3 and 6, respectively. The substitution status of these lines has been confirmed using isozyme selective markers, chromosome pairing behaviour in F₁ hybrids between the substitution lines and the appropriate double ditelocentric stocks of wheat, and hybridization of cDNA probes to the genomic DNA digests of these substitution lines. Each of the three barley chromosomes provided genetic compensation for the wheat chromosomes they replaced in the substitution plants. From the basis of this compensation with respect to plant vigour and fertility, barley chromosomes 1, 3 and 6 have been designated 7H, 3H and 6H.     

小麦近等基因系与白粉病菌互作的生理指标研究

小麦品种百农3217感白粉病,它的一个近等基因系(Xbd/百农3217(BC7F6))含抗病基因xbd,具有抗白粉病功能。以这两个品系为试验材料,接种白粉菌,分析了0~6 d两个品系叶片中过氧化氢(H2O2)的含量和7种代谢酶的活性,这些代谢酶包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽转硫酶(GST)等。目的是探讨在白粉菌和小麦植物的互作过程中,感病、抗病植物生理指标之间的差异。试验结果表明:接种白粉病菌后,H2O2含量在感病品系中显著下降,在抗病品系中显著上升;在白粉菌侵染进程中,CAT酶活性,感病与抗病品系无明显差异;感病品系叶片内SOD、GR、GPX、APX和GST活性在接种后期显著上升,高于抗病品系;DHAR活性变化则无明显规律。在白粉病侵染小麦植株过程中,H2O2具有重要作用,多种代谢机制共同参与,各种酶的总体表现影响了H2O2含量的变化。     

Genetic analysis of the Aegilops longissima 3S chromosome carrying the Pm13 resistance gene

The distal region of the short arm of chromosome 3S from Aegilopslongissima, which carries the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm13, was introgressed into common wheat. Due to suppression of recombination between this region and corresponding wheat homoeologous segments, a possible strategy to construct a genetic map around the Pm13 gene was based on crosses between a wheat addition line carrying the Ae.longissima 3S chromosome and the corresponding 3S addition lines of Ae.searsii and Ae. variabilis. The efficiency of this strategy was evaluated by scoring recombination frequencies inprogenies derived from these crosses. Recombination between 3S chromosomes fromAe. searsii and Ae. longissimawas very low, whereas 26.5% recombinant alien chromosomes were obtained from the cross involving the Ae. variabilisand Ae. longissima 3S addition lines. These data were used to construct a3S chromosome map that resulted largely colinear to the consensus map of the homoeologous group 3 of wheat. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

含6X小黑麦血缘的抗病小麦新材料的种子储藏蛋白分析

６Ｘ小黑麦品种Ｖｅｎｕｓ和２个普通小麦品种杂交回交,选育出ＮＲ９８４９等８个系群９４个系,其中大部份抗条锈病或（和）白粉病。应用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电脉（ＡＰＡＧＥ）分析了ＮＲ９８４９等系群的６４个株及其亲本Ｖｅｎｕｓ、小偃６号和川育１２号的醇溶蛋白,结果表明,５０．００％的株系具有１ＲＳ／１ＢＬ所特有的Ｇ１ｄ１Ｂ３位点,２０．３１％的株系在Ｇｌｉ－２位点发生了普通小麦与６Ｘ小黑麦遗传物质重组;６４个株系中出现了１种亲本类型,３种重组类型和３种突变重组类型,突变率１５．６２％。ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ）指出,大多数株系Ｇｌｕ－１位点与普通小麦亲本相同,即由Ｇｌｕ－Ａ１编码的亚基１,Ｇｌｕ－Ｂ１编码的亚基７＋８、１４＋１５,Ｇｌｕ－Ｄ１编码的亚基５＋１０、２＋１２。文中还讨论了６Ｘ小黑麦向普通小