Spatial Variation of Soil Urease Activity Around Irrigated Date Palms

The inhibition of soil urease activity by the accumulation of soluble salts in a coastal region of the Sultanate of Oman susceptible to salinization was investigated . Soil transects around six individual date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.) growing on commercially managed farms were intensively sampled and assayed for soil urease activity . Activities ranged from 0 . 10 to 39 . 85 mu g NH + 4 released g 1 soil h 1 at 37 C . Soil collected from within 70 cm of the palms h ad a higher urease activity than soil from a distance 1 . 5 m . Multiple regression analysis showed that more than 75 % of the variance in soil urease activity was accounted for by soil physi cochemical properties , except in sandy soils low in organic carbon ( C ). The soil properties most closely associated with urease activity were soil organic C , salinity , and texture . A scattergram of urease activity against salinity showed high variabil ity in activity at low salinities ( 0 . 5 dS m 1 in 1 :5 soil to water extracts ) and severe inhibition at salinity values 12 dS m 1. In nonsaline soils , variation in urease activity was closely associated with variations in organic C and clay con tents , whereas at saline conditions , only soil salinity was significantly associated with urease activity .     

生物炭与腐殖酸配施对盐碱土理化性质的影响

为探索新型盐碱化土壤改良剂，选取玉米秸秆、葵花秸秆制成生物炭与腐殖酸配合，研究玉米秸秆生物炭（A）、混合秸秆生物炭（A₂1）、腐殖酸（B）、玉米秸秆生物炭+腐殖酸（AB）、混合秸秆生物炭+腐殖酸（A₂1B）5种改良剂与土壤混合后较对照组原土（CK）中盐碱指标、肥力指标的改善情况。结果表明：生物炭和腐殖酸都具有改良土壤盐碱性、提高土壤肥力的作用，二者联合配施对降低土壤pH、电导率（EC）、碱化度（ESP）及提高土壤养分的效果更明显，其中混合生物炭与腐殖酸配施（A₁B）效果最好，A₁B组处理的土壤pH较CK组显著降低10.8%，EC下降55%，ESP降低9.8%；速效钾、有效磷、速效氮及有机质的平均增幅较其他4个处理分别提升59.77%、210%、178%、180%。综上所述，混合施用生物炭及腐殖酸对于改良盐碱土效果明显。     

施用7%草甘膦水剂对土壤盐化和碱化的影响

通过室内盆栽模拟实验,研究了5种浓度的7%草甘膦水剂对土壤盐化和碱化的影响。结果表明,施药后土壤盐度(用电导率表示)、钠碱化度(ESP)、钠吸附比(SAR)、总碱度及pH值都明显增大,且随施药次数的增加,上述各项盐化和碱化指标不断增大;每次施药后,土壤的各项盐化和碱化指标都随施药浓度的升高呈增大趋势。6次施用0.352 g/L的7%草甘膦水剂后,土壤的电导率由施药前的1 010增加为2 460 μS/cm,ESP由2.247％增加为7.983％,SAR由1.576增加为4.305,总碱度由1.443 mmol/L增加为4.485 mmol/L,pH值由6.92变为7.89。虽然土壤各项盐化和碱化指标的变化都还在非盐化和非碱化土范围内,但有盐化和碱化的趋势。     

Using sequential Gaussian simulation to assess the uncertainty of the spatial distribution of soil salinity in arid regions of Northwest China

Accurately mapping and monitoring the spatial distribution pattern of soil salinity is essential for sustainable soil management and decision-making. The kriging-based interpolation technique is generally used to map the spatial distribution of soil salinity; however, this technique neglects the variation caused by interpolation for each unsampled location. The sequential gaussian simulation (SGS) is an effective tool to collect mapping uncertainties at several locations simultaneously, which is not possible in the kriging-based technique. Soil electrical conductivity has been widely used as an index for soil salinity. Based on 0–100?cm soil profile from 117 locations in the Manas River basin, Northwest China, the SGS algorithm was used to assess the uncertainty of the spatial distribution of soil electrical conductivity. It was found that the SGS algorithm was reliable in reproducing the spatial distribution of soil electrical conductivity. The SGS algorithm reproduced the sample statistics reasonably well. The standard deviations of the samples generated by the SGS algorithm (0.463–0.508 (dS m^?1)) were closer to the actual samples (0.675 (dS m^?1)) than those generated by kriging (0.454 (dS m^?1)). Most of the study area was lightly affected by salinity. Around 30% of the study area was moderately affected, and the heavily affected areas were sporadically scattered across the study area. The spatial uncertainty at multiple point presented a declining trend as the critical probability at a single point increased. The spatial estimation of the soil electrical conductivity in multiple point was more robust than that in the local location because of the low uncertainty.     

The Impact of Long-Term Irrigation on Changes of Ground Water Level and Soil Salinity in Northern Tunisia

The irrigated area of Kalaat Landelous in northern Tunisia is an example of the successful reclamation of 3000 ha of soils affected by shallow ground water levels and salinization. Examination of soil conditions at three key periods during reclamation reveals the reasons for this success. Aspects of irrigation management define these periods, during which measurements were taken of the depth and salinity of ground water over 43 years. An overall salt balance for the irrigated areas was made in order to estimate the risk of salinization. The results reveal a lowering of the ground water level (average depth was 1 m and will be 1.6 m), desalinization of the soils (average electrolytic conductivity of the soil was 0.8 Sm -1 and will be 0.55 m -1 ), and dilution of the salt content of the ground water (average electrolytic conductivity of ground water was 3 Sm -1 and will be 1.4 Sm -1 ). A reduction in the variability of saline conditions was also observed. The salt balance shows a large amount of salt exported from the area, between 22,000 and 66,000 Mg, and only small areas of new salinization have appeared as a result of irrigation. Ultimately, the sustainability of the project depends upon the performance of the drainage network and on the abundance of the rainfall. If drainage is efficient, soil salinity will be maintained below wheat, corn, tomato, pepper, and alfalfa tolerance limits.     

Soil water and salt distribution under furrow irrigation of saline water with plastic mulch on ridge

Furrow irrigation when combined with plastic mulch on ridge is one of the current uppermost water-saving irrigation technologies for arid regions.The present paper studies the dynamics of soil water-salt transportation and its spatial distribution characteristics under irrigation with saline water in a maize field experiment.The mathematical relationships for soil salinity,irrigation amount and water salinity are also established to evaluate the contribution of the irrigation amount and the salinity of saline water to soil salt accumulation.The result showed that irrigation with water of high salinity could effectively increase soil water content,but the increment is limited comparing with the influence from irrigation amount.The soil water content in furrows was higher than that in ridges at the same soil layers,with increments of 12.87% and 13.70% for MMF9(the treatment with the highest water salinity and the largest amount of irrigation water) and MMF1(the treatment with the lowest water salinity and the least amount of irrigation water) on 27 June,respectively.The increment for MMF9 was gradually reduced while that for MMF1 increased along with growth stages,the values for 17 August being 2.40% and 19.92%,respectively.Soil water content in the ridge for MMF9 reduced gradually from the surface layer to deeper layers while the surface soil water content for MMF1 was smaller than the contents below 20 cm at the early growing stage.Soil salinities for the treatments with the same amount of irrigation water but different water salinity increased with the water salinity.When water salinity was 6.04 dS/m,the less water resulted in more salt accumulation in topsoil and less in deep layers.When water salinity was 2.89 dS/m,however,the less water resulted in less salt accumulation in topsoil and salinity remained basically stable in deep layers.The salt accumulation in the ridge surface was much smaller than that in the furrow bottom under this technology,which was quite different from traditional furrow irrigation.The soil salinities for MMF7,MMF8 and MMF9 in the ridge surface were 0.191,0.355 and 0.427 dS/m,respectively,whereas those in the furrow bottom were 0.316,0.521 and 0.631 dS/m,respectively.The result of correlation analysis indicated that compared with irrigation amount,the irrigation water salinity was still the main factor influencing soil salinity in furrow irrigation with plastic mulch on ridge.     

人工控制潜水位下苏打盐渍土水盐动态分析

土壤盐渍化是松嫩平原的主要生态环境问题之一。潜水埋深及矿化度对盐渍化的发生和盐渍土的水盐运移有着重要的影响。本文通过在"中国大安碱地生态试验站"进行野外定位实验,研究了人工控制潜水位下的土壤水盐动态,进一步探讨了不同潜水位下的苏打盐渍土水盐运移规律。通过对人工控制不同潜水位(1.0m、1.4m、1.8m、2.2m、2.5m)下苏打盐渍土土壤含水量和盐分在剖面深度和试验期间内的变化进行分析,发现:试验期间的土壤盐碱化程度较重;基本上地下水埋深越浅,土壤体积含水量在剖面中的变化越小;受降水和蒸发等因素的影响,深度80cm以上土壤体积含水量随深度变化幅度较大,深度40cm以上土壤含水量在整个试验期间(7月~10月)变化比较明显;土壤盐分和主要离子含量(Na+、HCO3-)在深度60或100cm处表现为最大值;且在降水和蒸发的共同作用下,试验期间(7、8、9月)土壤盐分和主要离子含量表现出高-低-高的变化趋势。     

Use of organic amendments to reclaim saline and sodic soils: a review

Soil salinity and sodicity are land degradation processes that strongly alter soil quality and consequently plant productivity. The reclamation of soils affected by salinity and/or sodicity is an important goal to maintain the sustainability of production. The objectives of this review were (1) to investigate the effectiveness of different organic amendments to reclaim saline/sodic soils and improve environmental quality and productivity of agro-ecosystems and (2) to provide useful information on the most appropriate waste management for minimizing any potential risks. To achieve these aims, recently published literature, related to field and laboratory studies, considering the effects of a wide range of organic amendments on main soil properties, was collected. Results of these studies underline that input of exogenous organic matter (manure, plant residues, by-product of farming or municipal activities, etc.) can be a feasible way to reclaim soils with serious problems of salinity and sodicity. Optimal rates (not greater than 50 t ha^?1) of different organic amendments can improve physical (soil structure, permeability, water holding capacity, etc.) and chemical (pH, cation exchangeable capacity, etc.) soil properties, favoring plant growth and microbial activity, without any risks for the environment (subsoil and groundwater contamination). Of course, it is very important to characterize carefully the organic wastes before their use in agriculture and optimize their management, for avoiding further land degradation.     

Development of crown and root rot disease of tomato under irrigation with saline water

ABSTRACT We studied the effect of water salinity on the incidence and severity of crown and root rot disease of tomato, as well as on the pathogen and on the plant's response to the pathogen. Irrigation with saline water significantly increased disease severity in tomato transplants inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, and mineral fertilization further increased it. In one field experiment, disease incidence in plots irrigated with saline water (electrical conductivity [EC] = 3.2 +/- 0.1 dS m(-1)) and in those irrigated with fresh water (EC = 0.4 +/- 0.1 dS m(-1)) was 75 and 38%, respectively. Disease onset was earlier and yield was lower in plots irrigated with saline water. In a second field experiment, final disease incidence 250 days after planting, was 12% in plants which had been irrigated with saline water (EC = 4.6 +/- 0.1 dS m(-1)) and 4% in those irrigated with fresh water (EC = 1.2 +/- 0.1 dS m(-1)). Irrigation of tomato transplants with 20 mM NaCl did not inhibit plant development, but partial inhibition was observed at higher NaCl concentrations. Growth of the pathogen in culture or survival of conidia added to soil were not affected by saline water. Plants which were preirrigated with saline water were more severely diseased than those preirrigated with tap water. It was concluded that disease increases effected by saline water are associated with the latter's effect on plant response.     

Seeding and Mulching Treatments as Conservation Measures of Two Burned Soils in the Central Ebro Valley,NE Spain

The effectiveness of seeding introduced species, with or without straw mulching, was tested as a measure of post-fire erosion control in gypsiferous (Xeric Haplogypsid) and calcareous soils (Xeric Torriorthent) in Central Ebro Valley (NE-Spain). Paired control, seeding, and combined seeding and mulching plots were established in four replicated plots for each soil tested. Seeding rate was 30 g m -2 and straw mulch was applied at 100 g m -2 in each plot. Plant projective cover (total and specific), plant biomass, bare soil cover and sediment yield were determined over a 2-year period. During the first year of sampling, species introduced by seeding increased plant cover (about 30%) without significant differences observed between soils. Plant cover was similar in seeding-only and seeding-mulching treatments, although the latter treatment significantly enhanced plant weight. During the second year these differences disappeared because species introduced by seeding practically did not survive. So, the introduced herbs did not interfere with native plants. Bare soil cover remained significantly lower in treated plots than on the control plots for both soils during both years of sampling. In the second year, the reduction of bare soil was attributed to both the straw mulch and litter from the seeding species. Soil protection was significantly higher in calcareous soils than in gypsiferous soils which is related to their physical and chemical properties. Cumulative sediment yield decreased significantly over time with both treatments on both soils. Soil losses from control plots were three times higher than seeding plots and 3.3 times higher than from seeding and mulching plots in gypsiferous soils. Soil losses from control plots were two times higher than from seeding plots and 2.7 times higher than the combined seeding and mulching plots in the calcareous soils. Cumulative soil loss was higher from the gypsiferous soils than from the calcareous soils due to the lower plant cover.     

长期秸秆和地膜覆盖对旱作冬小麦农田土壤碳组分的影响

地表覆盖秸秆和地膜是我国西北旱作农田土壤固碳的重要田间管理措施,但其对土壤碳组分的长期影响尚不明确。基于田间定位试验,设生育期高量秸秆覆盖(9 000 kg·hm^-2,HSM)、生育期低量秸秆覆盖(4 500 kg·hm^-2,LSM)、夏闲期秸秆覆盖(9 000 kg·hm^-2,FSM)、生育期地膜覆盖(PM)和无覆盖对照(CK)共5个处理,研究了秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖12 a和13 a后旱作冬小麦农田土壤总有机碳(SOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、潜在矿化碳(PCM)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量的变化规律。2 a平均结果表明：与CK相比,HSM和LSM处理均显著提高了0～10 cm土层各碳组分含量以及10～20 cm土层SOC、POC、MBC含量,同时还显著提高了0～20 cm土层POC和MBC占SOC的比例;而FSM和PM处理对各土层土壤碳组分含量及其占SOC的比例均无显著影响。土壤碳组分含量相互之间均存在极显著正相关关系。综上可知,长期生育期秸秆覆盖能有效提高旱作冬小麦农田耕层土壤有机碳及其组分含量,且提高覆盖量有助于促进...     

秸秆还田对东北黑土水分特征及物理性质的影响

为明确秸秆还田对东北黑土水分特征及物理性质的影响,设置秸秆覆盖还田（FG）、秸秆翻埋还田（FM）和秸秆不还田翻耕(FD)3个处理,测定土壤含水量、水分特征曲线、容重、硬度、土壤三相比及结构稳定性等参数。结果表明：（1）秸秆覆盖还田可显著提高春季耕层（0~30 cm）土壤含水量,较秸秆不还田翻耕处理增幅为11.17%~150.84%;不同处理耕层土壤在水吸力中吸力段土壤含水量变化曲线平滑,秸秆覆盖还田处理具有较高的土壤持水性。（2）秸秆还田能显著提高土壤水分有效性,与秸秆不还田翻耕处理相比,秸秆覆盖还田处理0~10 cm土层土壤田间持水量提高4.85%~11.03%,土壤凋萎系数提高10.85%~18.00%;秸秆翻埋还田处理0~10 cm土层土壤重力水增加9.65%~80.73%。秸秆翻埋还田提升了土壤供水能力,土壤比水容量较秸秆不还田翻耕处理增加4.8%~10.0%。（3）与秸秆不还田翻耕处理相比,秸秆还田降低了收获后土壤紧实度,降低幅度为0.18~0.31 MPa;秸秆覆盖还田增加表层土壤容重,降低土壤孔隙度,促进三相结构趋于合理,显著增加土壤结构稳定性。（4）皮尔森相关分析表明,三相比R值与结构距离（r=0.73^*）、土壤容重（r=0.70^*）相关性显著,在一定范围内三相比R值的增加有利于改善并促进土壤结构稳定。综上可知,东北黑土农田实施秸秆还田是提高春季土壤含水量、增强土壤持水性、提升土壤供水能力、调节土壤紧实性、调控土壤三相比、改善土壤结构和提高土壤宜耕性的有效措施。     

Integrating multiple electromagnetic data to map spatiotemporal variability of soil salinity in Kairouan region,Central Tunisia

Soil salinization is a major problem affecting soils and threatening agricultural sustainability in arid and semi-arid regions,which makes it necessary to establish an efficient strategy to manage soil salinity and confront economic challenges that arise from it.Saline soil recovery involving drainage of shallow saline groundwater and the removal of soil salts by natural rainfall or by irrigation are good strategies for the reclamation of salty soil.To develop suitable management strategies for salty soil reclamation,it is essential to improve soil salinity assessment pro cess/mechanism and to adopt new approaches and techniques.T his study mapped a recovered area of 7200 m2 to assess and verify variations in soil salinity in space and time in K airouan region in Central Tunisia,taking into account the thickness of soil materials.Two electromagnetic conductivity meters(EM38 and EM31)were used to measure the electrical conductivity of saturated soil-paste extract(ECe)and apparent electrical conductivity(E Ca).Multiple linear regression was established between ECe and ECa,and it was revealed that ECa-EM38 is optimal for E Ce prediction in the surface soils.Salinity maps demonstrated that the spatial structure of soil salinity in the region of interest was relatively unchanged but varied temporally.Variation in salinity at the soil surface was greater than that at a depth.These findings can not only be used to track soil salinity variations and their significance in the field but also help to identify the spatial and temporal features of soil salinity,thus improving the efficiency of soil management.     

不同培肥方式对黑土供磷能力的影响

利用采自海伦农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站长期定位试验地的三个施肥处理:无肥(CK)、化肥(NP)、化肥配施有机肥(NPM)的土壤进行框栽试验,研究了不同培肥方式对黑土供磷能力的影响。结果表明:CK、NP、NPM土壤中的有机磷都能自然矿化,其中CK土壤有机磷矿化能力较弱,而NP、NPM土壤有机磷矿化能力较强,并且种植作物有利于土壤磷的矿化;CK土壤基础供磷能力较弱,施用磷肥可提高CK土壤的供磷能力,而NP、NPM土壤基础供磷能力较强,施用磷肥对土壤供磷能力影响不大;长期种植作物不施磷肥土壤中的磷处于耗竭状态,施NK肥种植作物处理能加剧土壤中磷的消耗;CK土壤供磷能力较弱,作物对土壤磷的依存率较低,对磷肥的利用率高,施用磷肥增产效果明显;NP、NPM土壤供磷能力较强,作物对土壤磷的依存率较高,对磷肥的利用率低,施用磷肥增产效果不大。     

长期咸水滴灌对灰漠土理化性质及棉花生长的影响

为揭示长期咸水滴灌对灰漠土物理化学特性及棉花生长的影响,研究了咸水灌溉11 a后土壤盐分、容重、水力特性、棉花耐盐生理特征及产量。试验设置3个灌溉水盐度水平:0.35 dS·m~(-1)(淡水)、4.61 dS·m~(-1)(微咸水)和8.04 dS·m~(-1)(咸水)。研究表明:与淡水灌溉相比,微咸水和咸水灌溉显著增加土壤容重、盐分、pH值和土壤含水量,显著降低土壤孔隙度、全氮和有机质含量;土壤饱和导水率在微咸水和咸水灌溉处理下分别较淡水处理降低45%和60%,体积含水率随着灌溉水盐度的增加而增大;与淡水灌溉相比,微咸水和咸水灌溉显著降低棉花叶面积、叶水势、气孔导度、叶绿素含量和干鲜质量比,其中叶水势分别较淡水处理下降43.34%和63.46%;微咸水和咸水灌溉显著增加棉花叶片相对电导率和丙二醛含量,同时SOD、POD和CAT活性也显著增加,脯氨酸含量分别较淡水灌溉增加69.52%和212%;棉花总生物量在微咸水和咸水灌溉处理下分别较淡水灌溉处理降低14.15%和32.88%;籽棉产量分别较淡水灌溉降低12.6%和25.7%。综上所述,长期的微咸水和咸水灌溉显著增加土壤盐分含量、降低土壤养分含量,土壤水分的可利用性也显著下降,导致棉花生物量和产量降低。     

Impact of maize mucilage on atrazine mineralization and atzC abundance

Soil was amended with maize mucilage, a major rhizodeposit, to study its role on the number of culturable soil micro-organisms, the structure of the bacterial community, atrazine mineralization and atzC abundance. The maximal percentage of atrazine mineralization was lower for mucilage-amended than for water-amended soil. Total culturable soil bacteria and 16S rDNA copy number, measured by RT-PCR, presented similar values and were not significantly (P < 0.05) different among treatments. Mucilage applied at a rate of 70 microg C g(-1) dry soil day(-1) over two weeks did not modify the abundance of the total soil microflora. Global structure of soil bacterial communities revealed by RISA analysis was not modified by maize mucilage amendment. Abundance of atzC sequence was only augmented by mucilage addition at the beginning of the experiment. However, this increase was not sustainable in time, as atzC copy number increased in water-amended soil which, in turn, corresponded with the higher percentage of atrazine mineralization observed in this soil. Maize mucilage amendment alone contributed only to minor changes in the atrazine-degrading community in the studied soil.     

Effects of water salinity and N application rate on water- and N-use efficiency of cotton under drip irrigation

In arid and semi-arid regions, freshwater scarcity and high water salinity are serious and chronic problems for crop production and sustainable agriculture development. We conducted a field experiment to evaluate the effect of irrigation water salinity and nitrogen（N） application rate on soil salinity and cotton yield under drip irrigation during the 2011 and 2012 growing seasons. The experimental design was a 3×4 factorial with three irrigation water salinity levels（0.35, 4.61 and 8.04 dS/m） and four N application rates（0, 240, 360 and 480 kg N/hm2）. Results showed that soil water content increased as the salinity of the irrigation water increased, but decreased as the N application rate increased. Soil salinity increased as the salinity of the irrigation water increased. Specifically, soil salinity measured in 1：5 soil：water extracts was 218% higher in the 4.61 dS/m treatment and 347% higher in the 8.04 dS/m treatment than in the 0.35 dS/m treatment. Nitrogen fertilizer application had relatively little effect on soil salinity, increasing salinity by only 3%–9% compared with the unfertilized treatment. Cotton biomass, cotton yield and evapotranspiration（ET） decreased significantly in both years as the salinity of irrigation water increased, and increased as the N application rate increased regardless of irrigation water salinity; however, the positive effects of N application were reduced when the salinity of the irrigation water was 8.04 dS/m. Water use efficiency（WUE） was significantly higher by 11% in the 0.35 dS/m treatment than in the 8.04 dS/m treatment. There was no significant difference in WUE between the 0.35 dS/m treatment and the 4.61 dS/m treatment. The WUE was also significantly affected by the N application rate. The WUE was highest in the 480 kg N/hm2 treatment, being 31% higher than that in the 0 kg N/hm2 treatment and 12% higher than that in the 240 kg N/hm2 treatment. There was no significant difference between the 360 and 480 kg N/hm2 treatments. The N use efficien     

Effect of salinity on pythium damping-off of cucumber and on the tolerance of Pythium aphanidermatum

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of salinity on pythium damping-off and tolerance to salinity among Pythium aphanidermatum isolates from different geographical origins, genetic backgrounds and saline/non-saline soils. Increasing irrigation-water salinity from 0·01 to 5 dS m⁻¹ significantly increased mortality in cucumber seedlings inoculated with P. aphanidermatum and reduced dry weight of non-inoculated seedlings. In vitro tests in culture media amended with different concentrations of NaCl showed that growth of P. aphanidermatum, P. spinosum and P. splendens isolates was stimulated or unaffected at salinity levels stressful for cucumber (electrical conductivity = 5 dS m⁻¹). Significant differences were found in tolerance to salinity among 47 P. aphanidermatum isolates obtained from different greenhouses. The concentration of NaCl required to reduce growth of P. aphanidermatum isolates by 50% varied from 23 to 62 dS m⁻¹, with an average of 46 dS m⁻¹, however, oospore production was more sensitive to salinity and no oospores were produced above 20 dS m⁻¹. Analysis of tolerance of P. aphanidermatum isolates to salinity showed no relationship between tolerance to salinity and geographical origins or genetic data. Isolates of P. aphanidermatum from greenhouses with no salinity problems were as tolerant to salinity as isolates obtained from salinity-affected greenhouses, suggesting lack of evidence for ecological adaptation within P. aphanidermatum in Oman. Increased mortality in cucumber seedlings at higher salinity levels may imply a synergistic interaction between salinity stress and salinity-tolerant Pythium species on cucumber seedlings, resulting in greater seedling losses.     

Characterization of the sorption of an anthranilate fungicide in soil using thermal analytical and mineralogical techniques

The sorption of pesticides to soil particles has implications for their distribution and fate in the soil environment. A batch equilibrium technique was used to investigate sorption of the fungicide AEC623892 to intact and hydrogen-peroxide-treated whole soils and several particle-size fractions isolated from them. Sorption of AEC623892 to the soil as a whole was low. K(f oc) values measured in the whole soils were 169.2 and 41.9 ml g(-1) for Soil A and Soil B respectively. The highest values of K(f oc) were measured in soil particle-size fractions <53 microm (266.5 ml g(-1) in the 2-20 microm fraction of Soil A; 471.9 ml g(-1) in the 20-53 microm fraction of Soil B). Sorption was most irreversible in the 2-20 microm fractions. Overall, treatment of soil particle-size fractions with hydrogen peroxide resulted in lower values of K(f oc) (112.3 ml g(-1) in Soil A whole soil and 30.9 ml g(-1) in Soil B whole soil). In both soils, the maximum sorption among hydrogen-peroxide-treated samples was observed in the <2 microm fraction (166.6 and 311.0 ml g(-1) for Soil A and Soil B, respectively). Investigation of the mineralogical composition of the soils suggested that the clay mineralogy (dominated by kaolinite and illite) is less likely to account for the differences in sorption observed than differences in the characteristics of the soil organic matter. Thermal analysis of the different soil fractions indicated that hydrogen peroxide treatment preferentially removed aliphatic fractions of organic matter, but had less effect on lignin-like, aromatic fractions.     

Effects of Irrigation Water in Different Salinity on Yield and Quality Parameters of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Plant

Salinity affects many areas in our country and around the world, resulting in dramatic reductions in plant yields. In this study, the plant yield, some plant quality parameters, and soil salinity in the plant root area were investigated by irrigating tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) with different salinity irrigation waters. The experiment was carried out in pots in 4 replicates according to the randomized plot design. Six different salinity of irrigation water applications were applied in the experiment (S0?=?0.38 dS m^?1, S1?=?2 dS m^?1, S2?=?5 dS m^?1, S3?=?8 dS m^?1, S4?=?11 dS m^?1, S5?=?15 dS m^?1). According to the data obtained at the end of the research, as the salinity of irrigation water increased, plant length, leaf width, leaf length, leaf dry weight and leaf number decreased. It was determined that there was a certain increase in nicotine content in the face of the decrease of all examined physical parameters in irrigation water increase. In addition, the salinity values in the plant root zone soils and the salinity values in the outlet (drainage) water have also increased. Salinity threshold value of the tobacco plant was determined to be 2.04 dS m^?1. With an increase in salinity by one unit, there was a 7.1% decrease in leaf dry weight. It was determined that the tobacco plant is vulnerable to salinity based on the data collected.