杀虫剂对转Bt水稻靶标害虫二化螟和非靶标害虫稻飞虱种群数量的影响

为明确杀虫剂对转Bt水稻品种华恢1号(Huahui 1,HH1)靶标害虫二化螟Chilo suppressalis及其非靶标害虫白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera和褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens种群数量的影响,于2014—2015年在江西省南昌市南昌县莲塘镇的广福试验基地进行田间试验,种植转Bt水稻和对照亲本水稻,分别对其进行施用杀虫剂和未施用杀虫剂处理,然后对经2种处理后转Bt水稻和对照亲本水稻田中靶标害虫二化螟幼虫数量及非靶标害虫白背飞虱、褐飞虱的若虫数量、成虫数量、总虫量(若虫数量和成虫数量之和)进行调查,并对这3种害虫田间种群数量的年份、水稻品种、杀虫剂影响因子进行方差分析。结果显示,转Bt水稻种植对二化螟幼虫数量影响显著,而施用杀虫剂处理未显著影响二化螟幼虫数量。转Bt水稻种植对白背飞虱和褐飞虱的若虫数量、成虫数量和总虫量无显著影响;而施用杀虫剂处理显著降低转Bt水稻及其对照亲本水稻稻田内白背飞虱和褐飞虱的若虫数量及总虫量,并显著降低白背飞虱成虫数量。2014年和2015年,施用杀虫剂和未施用杀虫剂转Bt水稻田内二化螟幼虫数量极低或未调查到;未施用杀虫剂转Bt水稻上二化螟幼虫数量仅在2014年显著低于未施用杀虫剂对照亲本水稻。2014年,未施用杀虫剂转Bt水稻和对照亲本水稻上白背飞虱总虫量最大值分别为1 037、1 376头/百丛,施用杀虫剂后分别降低至233、253头/百丛;未施用杀虫剂转Bt水稻上和对照亲本水稻上褐飞虱总虫量最大值分别为4 120、2 413头/百丛,施用杀虫剂后降低至367、410头/百丛;2015年白背飞虱和褐飞虱的发生规律与2014年相同。表明转Bt水稻可显著降低二化螟幼虫数量,但褐飞虱及白背飞虱数量没有降低,而施用杀虫剂可有效降低褐飞虱及白背飞虱数量。     

不同地理种群二化螟对诱集植物香根草的选择趋性比较

为明确不同地理种群二化螟Chilo suppressalis对香根草选择趋性的差异,通过室内盆栽试验测定了3个省份共8个地理种群二化螟成虫对水稻和香根草的选择趋性及产卵选择性。结果表明:8个地理种群中,选择香根草栖息的二化螟雌、雄蛾比例分别为50%~70%和50%~80%。接入二化螟成虫后第1天,除温岭、乐清、萧山种群外,其它种群雌成虫对香根草和水稻的选择性存在显著差异。金华、衡阳、温岭、衢州种群雄成虫对香根草和水稻的选择性存在显著差异。接入二化螟成虫后第2天和第3天,所有种群雌成虫对香根草的选择性均显著高于对水稻的选择性。除乐清和萧山种群外,其它种群雄成虫对香根草的选择性也显著高于对水稻的选择性。8个不同地理种群二化螟在香根草上的产卵量比例为35%~70%,是水稻上产卵量的1.17(温岭)~2.33(衡阳)倍,均显著高于在水稻上的产卵量。结果表明,香根草对不同地理种群二化螟成虫均具有较好的诱集效果。     

溴虫氟苯双酰胺对水稻主要害虫的毒性及对稻田天敌的影响

为探究新型双酰胺类杀虫剂溴虫氟苯双酰胺对水稻主要害虫的毒性及对稻田天敌的影响,采用点滴法在室内测定了溴虫氟苯双酰胺对水稻主要害虫二化螟Chilo suppressalis、稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis和褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens的毒力,采用叶面喷雾法在大田测定了溴虫氟苯双酰胺对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟的防效,对褐飞虱和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera发生及稻田主要天敌蜘蛛、黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis消长的影响。结果表明,药后48 h溴虫氟苯双酰胺对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟的LD_(50)分别为0.88 ng/头和0.31 ng/头,其毒力分别是对照药剂氟苯虫酰胺的1.49倍和1.61倍;而对褐飞虱的毒力较低,其LD_(50)12.50 ng/头。5%溴虫氟苯双酰胺SC对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟具有较好的田间防效,2016年和2017年经有效成分含量为22.50～30.00 g/hm~2的处理防治二化螟后的保苗效果和杀虫效果均在70.84%以上,经有效成分含量为26.25～30.00 g/hm~2的处理防治稻纵卷叶螟后的保叶效果和杀虫效果均在72.97%以上,高于或显著高于有效成分含量为25.50 g/hm~2的对照药剂20%氟苯虫酰胺WDG。有效成分含量为18.75～30.00 g/hm~2的5%溴虫氟苯双酰胺SC对稻飞虱发生无显著影响,药后3～7 d对稻田天敌蜘蛛消长有一定抑制作用,对黑肩绿盲蝽影响较小,药后14 d不同处理的蜘蛛和黑肩绿盲蝽数量均能恢复到空白对照水平。     

Development of insect‐resistant transgenic rice with Cry1C*‐free endosperm

BACKGROUND: Yellow stem borer (Tryporyza incertulas Walker), striped stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker) and leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenec) are three lepidopteran pests that cause severe damage to rice in many areas of the world. In this study, novel insect‐resistant transgenic rice was developed in which Bt protein expression was nearly absent in the endosperm. The resistant gene, cry1C*, driven by the rice rbcS promoter (small subunit of ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase), was introduced into Zhonghua 11 (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica) by Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation. RESULTS: A total of 83 independent transformants were obtained, 19 of which were characterised as single‐copy foreign gene insertion. After preliminary screening of the T₁ families of these 19 transformants in the field, six highly insect‐resistant homozygous lines were selected. These six homozygous transgenic lines were field tested for resistance to leaf folders and stem borers, and for their agronomic performance. The Cry1C* protein levels in leaves and endosperm were measured by ELISA. Subsequently, the elite transgenic line RJ5 was selected; this line not only possessed high resistance to leaf folders and stem borers, normal agronomic performance, but also Cry1C* expression was only 2.6 ng g^?1 in the endosperm. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that RJ5 has the potential for widespread utility in rice production. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

三种水稻钻心害虫防治标准的商榷

为探求害虫防治时期,和发生数量方面的防治标准,以三化螟(Tryporyza incertulas (Wlk.)、二化螟(Chilo suppressalis Wlk.)和稻瘿蚊(Pachydiplosis oryzae Wood-mason)三种水稻钻心害虫为材料,探討钻心类害虫防治标准的規律,提出如下意見: 1.关于防治时期的标准,認为可将施药时虫态的发育进度百分率数字,换算为概率单位,在概率单位为4—6时,相当于15.87—84.13％时的害虫相对发生数量,占全世代总发生数量的68.268％,可見在該段短时間(一般約十数天)的虫数,代表了虫羣的大半数,可看作标准的盛发期,在此时間数列范围內,似可作为防治时期的标准。 2.关于发生数量的防治标准,以三化螟及稻瘿蚊为例进行討論:認为应以幼虫侵入作物后至老熟(或蛹化)期間,每虫所能造成的被害株数为基础,求出幼虫密度的防治标准,然后根据調查时的不同虫态,再伸算各該虫态的防治标准。本文列举了各虫态密度防治标准的計算公式,并以广州及南京两地的三化螟和广东信宜的稻瘿蚊为例,作出在各种具体条件下,虫口密度防治标准检索表。     

稻田杀虫双大粒剂施药技术的研究

杀虫双大粒剂系中国农科院植保所研制的新剂型,含有效成分5％,扁圆形颗粒,粒径8毫米,粒重0.3—0.6克。经1982—1985年水泥池及田间试验表明:稻田保水1天以上是杀虫双大粒剂发挥药效的技术关键;它对稻螟类和稻蓟马防效优异;对生态环境(天敌蜘蛛、鱼、蚕、糙米中残留等)的影响小;撒施大粒剂比常量喷雾提高工效约16倍,减经了劳动强度;对稻田有益生物无害;杀虫双大粒剂在稻田的应用,为稻田害虫综合防治提供一种有效的手段。     

高幼虫密度胁迫对二化螟生长发育的影响

为明确二化螟幼虫群集密度对种群增长的影响,在室内用人工饲料饲养比较了不同幼虫密度对二化螟生长发育的影响。结果表明,高幼虫密度800头/盒胁迫下,二化螟雌、雄幼虫和蛹的发育更快,其幼虫+蛹历期分别比低密度100头/盒处理要快8.0 d和6.0 d;化蛹率和羽化率较100头/盒处理分别显著下降了25.7和25.0个百分点,且雌、雄蛹重分别减少了9.4 mg和4.8 mg;但对二化螟成虫性比、寿命、产卵量和卵孵化率无显著影响。低密度100头/盒处理下二化螟幼虫发育最好,其种群增长指数为56.9,化蛹率达61.4%,羽化率达57.7%,雌、雄蛹重分别为58.3 mg和43.0 mg,但其幼虫+蛹历期较长,雌虫为58.5 d,雄虫为53.9 d。高密度800头/盒胁迫下二化螟幼虫发育最差,其种群增长指数仅为24.1,化蛹率仅为35.7%,羽化率为32.7%,雌、雄蛹重分别为48.9 mg和38.2 mg,但其幼虫+蛹历期较短,雌虫为50.5 d,雄虫为47.9 d。表明在恒定的空间和有限的食物中,幼虫密度过大会导致种内竞争加剧,使得幼虫可能倾向以更快的速度化蛹,确保其存活率以更好地繁殖后代。     

Impact of seed blend and structured maize refuge on Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) potential phenological resistance development parameters in pupae and adults

BACKGROUND

Helicoverpa zea, an economic pest in the south-eastern United States, has evolved practical resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry toxins in maize and cotton. Insect resistance management (IRM) programs have historically required planting of structured non-Bt maize, but because of its low adoption, the use of seed blends has been considered. To generate knowledge on target pest biology and ecology to help improve IRM strategies, nine field trials were conducted in 2019 and 2020 in Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina to evaluate the impact of Bt (Cry1Ab + Cry1F or Cry1Ab + Cry1F + Vip3A) and non-Bt maize plants in blended and structured refuge treatments on H. zea pupal survival, weight, soil pupation depth, adult flight parameters, and adult time to eclosion.

RESULTS

From a very large sample size and geography, we found a significant difference in pupal mortality and weight among treatments in seed blends with Vip3A, implying that cross-pollination occurred between Bt and non-Bt maize ears. There was no treatment effect for pupation depth, adult flight distance, and eclosion time.

CONCLUSION

Results of this study demonstrate the potential impact of different refuge strategies on phenological development and survival of an important pest species of regulatory concern. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Bt蛋白在水稻不同遗传背景下的含量及对抗虫性的影响

为明确Bt基因在水稻杂交转育过程中抗虫作用的稳定性,以分别转入cry1C和cry2A基因的抗虫水稻品系T1C-19和T2A-1为供体亲本,与10个恢复系杂交并回交,筛选BC1F3代转基因纯合株系,用ELISA法测定水稻叶片和茎秆中Bt蛋白含量。结果表明,4个转cry1C株系和5个转cry2A株系叶片和茎秆的蛋白含量显著低于亲本,且降低了16.62%~62.03%;相同遗传背景下,叶片和茎秆中的Bt蛋白含量之间呈显著正相关;在室内转cry1C株系和转cry2A株系上二化螟幼虫的校正死亡率分别为62.50%~95.83%和37.50%~83.33%,其中在cry2A株系上的校正死亡率与茎秆中的Cry2A蛋白含量呈极显著正相关;在田间自然发虫条件下,纯合株系的单株卷叶数和枯心率最高仅为3.97和9.37%,受害程度与相应组织中Bt蛋白含量之间存在相关性。表明Bt蛋白含量会受到水稻遗传背景的影响,但杂交后代株系在田间仍能表现出很好的抗性。     

水稻二化螟耐寒性研究进展

二化螟[Chilo suppressalis(Walker)]是我国水稻上的一种重要害虫。季节性的环境温度变化对二化螟种群消长影响明显,因此该越冬幼虫耐寒性强弱已成为制约其种群生存和繁衍的重要因素。本文对有关二化螟耐寒性的研究现状进行了综述,从其耐寒性与过冷却点、耐寒对策、环境变化和自身耐寒物质调节之间的关系等方面进行了分析,同时对该虫今后耐寒性研究重点提出了相应的建议。     

Sex ratio and mating status ofSpodoptera Littoralis females collected from light traps in Israel

Spodoptera littoralis moths were collected from two mercury vapor light traps in Israel, sexed, and the females dissected to establish the number of times each had mated. The sex ratio was in favor of males. The higher the percentage of males in the trap, the higher was the corresponding percentage of mated females and number of matings per female. MostS. littoralis females mated more than once. The mating status varied with location and season.     

草地贪夜蛾对国产Bt玉米的抗性风险评估

为评估草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda对国产Bt玉米的抗性风险,基于抗性风险分析模型对草地贪夜蛾在3种Bt玉米和2种庇护所条件下的抗性时间进行预测分析。结果显示,无论是采用种子混合庇护所还是结构化庇护所,草地贪夜蛾对Cry1Ab+Vip3Aa-玉米的抗性时间均远长于对Vip3Aa-玉米和Cry1Ab-玉米的抗性时间。在Bt与非Bt植株之间存在异花授粉和幼虫转移的条件下,采用种子混合庇护所的抗性时间较采用结构化庇护所的抗性时间大大缩短。以采用Cry1Ab+Vip3Aa-玉米和比例为0.20的庇护所为例,当异花授粉Bt显性度为0.5、幼虫转移概率为0.95时,采用结构化庇护所的抗性时间超过200代,而采用种子混合庇护所的抗性时间只有59代。结果表明,草地贪夜蛾对Cry1Ab-玉米的抗性风险远大于对Cry1Ab+Vip3Aa-玉米的抗性风险,而种子混合庇护所条件下的抗性风险远大于结构化庇护所条件下的抗性风险。     

转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因水稻赣绿1号对田间稻纵卷叶螟和二化螟及其捕食性天敌的影响

为研究转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因水稻赣绿1号对稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis和二化螟Chilo suppressalis及其捕食性天敌的影响,采用剥查法和吸虫法,于2012—2013年在江西省南昌县调查了赣绿1号田间稻纵卷叶螟与二化螟的发生为害情况及其捕食性天敌拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata和拟水狼蛛Pirata subpiraricus的种群动态。结果表明,与非转基因亲本9311水稻相比,在2012和2013年螟虫为害高峰期,赣绿1号田间稻纵卷叶螟百株虫量分别减少57.78头和27.78头,卷叶率分别降低20.46%和6.50%;二化螟百株虫量分别减少24.44头和152.22头,枯心/白穗率分别降低13.02%和14.20%。此外,赣绿1号与9311水稻田间拟环纹豹蛛和拟水狼蛛的种群动态趋势基本一致。研究表明,转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因水稻赣绿1号能有效控制稻纵卷叶螟和二化螟,而对其捕食性天敌拟环纹豹蛛和拟水狼蛛无显著影响。     

转cry1Ab基因粳稻对稻纵卷叶螟成虫产卵行为的影响

为评价转cry1Ab基因粳稻(KMD1和KMD2)对稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Guenée)成虫产卵行为的影响,采用"Y"型嗅觉仪和笼罩以及田间试验等方法对稻纵卷叶螟成虫对转基因水稻的趋性以及其产卵选择性进行了研究,并利用固相微萃取和GC-MS技术测定了这2种Bt水稻及其对照亲本秀水11挥发物的组成及其相对含量。结果表明,稻纵卷叶螟成虫在"Y"型嗅觉仪和小型笼罩内对Bt水稻和对照亲本的选择性差异不显著,而在大型笼罩和田间条件下均显著趋向于在非转基因水稻上产卵,其中大田中稻纵卷叶螟在KMD1、KMD2和对照中的百叶卵量分别为2.20±1.28、1.00±0.77和5.60±2.16粒。水稻挥发物的组成及其相对含量在Bt水稻及其对照亲本之间差异不显著。表明相对于Bt水稻,在田间条件下稻纵卷叶螟成虫趋向于在非转基因水稻产卵,而水稻挥发物可能不是引起这种行为趋性的直接原因。     

Effects of reservoir dispenser height on efficacy of mating disruption of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple

BACKGROUND: The effect of varying the height of reservoir dispensers for mating disruption of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), was investigated. The goal was to improve the effectiveness of C. pomonella mating disruption through improved understanding of adult distribution within the tree canopy and the impact of pheromone dispenser placement on disruption. Two dispensers per tree were placed at 2 m and 4 m and/or one dispenser at each height on the tree at a label rate of 1000 units ha^?1. Monitoring traps and tethered female moths were deployed in plots at 2 and 4 m heights to assess treatment effects by catches or matings respectively. RESULTS: Fewest male moths were captured with all dispensers placed at 4 m. Female mating was lowest, and with least variation between females tethered at 2 and 4 m, when dispensers were placed simultaneously at 2 and 4 m (28% mated). Mating was 32% with both dispensers at 4 m, 38% with both dispensers at 2 m and 46% in the no disruption control. Mating was highest across treatments when females were tethered at 2 m and dispensers placed at 4 m (40%), and when females were tethered at 4 m with dispensers placed at 2 m (46%). CONCLUSION: Traps at 4 m in trees captured more male moths than traps at 2 m, regardless of disruption dispenser positioning. Female mating was lowest when dispensers were placed simultaneously at 2 and 4 m, suggesting that current recommendations for placement of reservoir dispensers in tree crowns may be suboptimal. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

大螟幼虫田间扩散及成虫飞行能力研究

大螟的抗性演化将成为制约Bt水稻产业化发展的关键因素,为实施预防性的害虫抗性治理策略,明确大螟成、幼虫的运动习性具有非常重要的意义,本文通过田间调查和飞行磨测试的方法研究了大螟幼虫在田间的迁移扩散行为和成虫的飞行能力。结果表明,大螟幼虫在不同水稻穴之间及同一水稻穴内的不同分蘖间均存在频繁的迁移扩散,且其在分蘖期水稻上的迁移扩散能力显著高于孕穗期水稻。在整个幼虫发育过程中,大螟在分蘖期和孕穗期水稻上的平均迁移扩散距离分别为62.29cm和51.02cm,最大扩散距离为120cm。吊飞结果表明,大螟的有效飞行时间为4～5d,能多次飞行,约有75.5%的个体累计飞行距离≤5km。因此,对于幼虫扩散能力相对较强、成虫飞行能力相对较弱、求偶前期相对较短的大螟来说,建议其抗性治理策略应设置为分区种植的庇护所,且庇护所与Bt稻田的距离最好不超过5.0km。     

Insect Pests of Rice in Laos

Abstract

The insect species feeding on rice in Laos were investigated during 1973–75. Populations were usually small but the most common species were Patanga succincta (L.), Leptocorisa spp. and Nezara viridula (L.) on the upland rice; Oxya and Euscyrtus spp. in the seedbeds and Chilo polychrysus (Meyr.), C. suppressalis Wlk. and Sesamia inferens (Wlk.) in the transplanted paddy rice of the lowlands. The natural enemies of these species were recorded.     

新型杀虫剂氯氟氰虫酰胺对不同鳞翅目害虫的毒力和田间防效

氯氟氰虫酰胺(ZJ4042){3-氯-N1-(2-甲基-4-七氟异丙基苯基)-N2-(1-甲基-1-氰基乙基)邻苯二甲酰胺}是由浙江省化工研究院有限公司自主开发的邻苯二甲酰胺类新型杀虫剂。采用浸渍法测定了氯氟氰虫酰胺对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella、甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua、斜纹夜蛾Prodenia litura和二化螟Chilo suppressalis的室内杀虫毒力,并进行了田间药效试验。结果表明:氯氟氰虫酰胺对小菜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾和二化螟的LC50值分别为0.046、0.072、0.071和1.95 mg/L,与氟虫双酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺的杀虫毒力相当。在田间用20%氯氟氰虫酰胺悬浮剂处理(有效剂量30 g/hm2),对小菜蛾、斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾及菜青虫Pieris rapae药后7 d的防效为90.1%～96.3%;对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis药后15 d的防效为82.9%～90.5%;在试验剂量下,未观察到其对作物产生药害。     

不同食料对人工饲养的二化螟生长发育和产卵量的影响

以浙江省 3种主栽水稻品种浙辐 910、杂交稻 (Ⅱ优 3027)、秀水 11的稻苗为供试食料喂饲二化螟 ,研究了 3种食料对二化螟生长发育和产卵量的影响。结果发现 ,3种食料对二化螟的存活率及性比影响较显著 ,对其发育历期的影响仅在低龄时有显著差异。不同的食料对二化螟蛹和成虫大小及产卵量的影响不大 ;在同样的食料条件下 ,不同性别间的发育历期差别不大 ,但二化螟蛹及成虫的大小在两性间差异显著 ,初蛹体重、体长以及成虫体重、体长 ,都是雌性极显著大于雄性     

转Cry1Ab-ma基因玉米CM8101对草地贪夜蛾1龄和2龄幼虫的抗性

为明确转Bt基因玉米对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的抗性,采用室内玉米离体组织生测法测定取食转Cry1Ab-ma基因抗虫玉米CM8101心叶、花丝和籽粒后草地贪夜蛾1龄和2龄幼虫存活数量、存活幼虫的体重、蛹重、化蛹和羽化等参数,分析转Cry1Ab-ma基因抗虫玉米CM8101三种组织对草地贪夜蛾1龄和2龄幼虫的抗性。结果显示,转Cry1Ab-ma基因玉米CM8101心叶可完全杀死草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫,2龄幼虫有存活,存活率为10.0%,但不能化蛹与羽化;花丝可杀死大部分草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫,存活率为3.3%,并阻断其生活史,但对2龄幼虫杀伤力弱,存活率为73.3%,存活幼虫化蛹率和羽化率分别为20.0%和13.3%;籽粒可完全杀死草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫,2龄幼虫有存活,存活率为13.3%,有少量可化蛹,化蛹率为3.3%、有少量羽化,羽化率为3.3%。表明转Cry1Ab-ma基因玉米CM8101在短期内对草地贪夜蛾1龄和2龄幼虫有良好的控制作用。