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1.
The concentration of fluoride in needles, its effects on tree defoliation and on decomposition of needles (litter), and its subsequent accumulation in the upper soil horizons were observed in pine plantations near and far from a new aluminum smelter. Pinus taeda and Pinus palustris stands within 0.8 km of the smelter had significantly higher levels of foliar F than a P. taeda stand 1.8 km from the source. Neither temporal patterns nor amounts of needlefall were altered by airborne F from the smelter. In addition, elevated levels of foliar F did not affect the rate of decomposition of pine needles over a period of 6 mo. Soluble F in soil samples increased significantly in the upper 10 cm of the soils at the sites nearest the F source over a period of 7 yr since the start of F emissions. 相似文献
2.
Surveys conducted from 1987 to 1990 of Norway spruce [Picea abies(L.) Karst.] within 12 plantations across 4 northeastern states revealed symptoms of crown discoloration and defoliation on a site-specific basis. Foliar N. K. and Ca concentrations of most of the sampled trees were above deficiency ranges, while foliar Mg concentrations of most of the symptomatic trees were below the deficiency range within the plantations. Soil pH, exchangeable Mg, K, Ca, and their corresponding percent saturations in soils were lower, while soil Al concentrations were higher for most of the symptomatic trees in comparison to the healthy trees. Foliar concentrations of Mg, Ca, K, P, Al, Mn, Pb, and Zn were positively correlated with concentrations of corresponding soil elements. Knowledge of nutrient deficiency ranges may help diagnose foliar symptoms, but their exclusive use may overly simplify relationships between foliar symptoms and foliar elements. Principal component regression analysis of the data provided assessment of interactions and balances among foliar elements, and among soil elements and their possible influences on crown symptoms. Crown symptoms were not only associated with concentrations of individual elements of foliage and soils, but also associated with interactions and balances between these elements. The influences of individual soil elements on discoloration and defoliation may depend upon other elements in soils. Soil Al may induce crown discoloration and defoliation by interfering with Mg, Ca, and K uptake in acidic soils. 相似文献
3.
Fluorine and B concentrations in foliage and foliar injury symptoms produced by these contaminants closely followed the changing pattern of atmospheric emissions from a fiberglass plant. Typical F injury symptoms on foliage were replaced by B injury symptoms as F emissions were reduced. Foliar concentrations of B in excess of 300 ppm accumulated by plants exposed to atmospheric B emissions produced injury symptoms on sensitive species similar to those produced by toxic concentrations of B absorbed through roots. Water-soluble F and B concentrations in soil decreased with increasing distance from the fiberglass plant. Soluble B concentrations in soil within 150 m of the plant were above levels known to be injurious to many plant species. Water-soluble F in soil in the same area increased the F content of some native plants above 50 ppm by the end of the growing season. Silver maples (Acer saccharinum) growing near the fiberglass plant had delayed growth of new shoots in the spring and had increasingly higher contents of F and B in trunk sap with proximity to the fiberglass plant. Control of F and then B emissions by the company resulted in reduced concentrations of these elements in foliage and a reduction in the degree and extent of vegetation injury around the plant. 相似文献
4.
Saad El Din Hassan Aiguo Liu Shabtai Bittman Thomas A. Forge Derek E. Hunt Mohamed Hijri Marc St-Arnaud 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2013,49(8):1109-1121
The effect of manure and mineral fertilization on the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community structure of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants was studied. Soils were collected from a field experiment treated for 12 years with equivalent nitrogen (N) doses of inorganic N, dairy manure slurry, or without N fertilization. Fresh roots of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) grass collected from the field plots without N fertilization and unfumigated field soils were used as native microbial inoculum sources. Sunflower plants were sown in pots containing these soils, and three different means of manipulating the microbial community were set: unfumigated soil with fresh grass roots, fumigated soil with fresh grass roots, or fumigated soil with sterilized grass roots. Assessing the implications with respect to plant productivity and mycorrhizal community structure was investigated. Twelve AM fungal OTUs were identified from root or soil samples as different taxa of Acaulospora, Claroideoglomus, Funneliformis, Rhizophagus, and uncultured Glomus, using PCR-DGGE and sequencing of an 18S rRNA gene fragment. Sunflower plants grown in manure-fertilized soils had a distinct AMF community structure from plants either fertilized with mineral N or unfertilized, with an abundance of Rhizophagus intraradices-like (B2). The results also showed that AM inoculation increased P and N contents in inorganic N-fertilized or unfertilized plants, but not in manure-fertilized plants. 相似文献
5.
Eva Vike 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2005,160(1-4):145-159
Uptake, deposition and wash off of fluoride and aluminium in/on plant foliage were studied in two experiments near an Al smelter by growing different plant species under cover with free wind-flow underneath, and in the open, and by washing the leaves. With an average ambient air concentration of 2.2 μg F m3, the F and Al contents in leaves varied between species from 138 to 665 mg F kg?1 and from 150 to 1025 mg Al kg?1when grown under cover. An average of about 60% of the F and nearly 70% of the Al could be washed off covered plants. Uncovered plants had 33–51% lower F content, indicating a considerable precipitation wash off. Precipitation wash off varied with species, probably due to different leaf surface properties. The strong effect of precipitation on plant foliage F has to be taken into consideration when comparing differences in F content between years, localities and species. On average about 40–50% of the F and 55% of the Al could be washed off the leaves of uncovered plants. Washed leaves of plants exposed to precipitation had about 20% lower F content, compared to washed leaves of covered plants, thus indicating leaching of F from leaves exposed to rain. In contrast to fluoride, the Al contents in washed leaves of uncovered plants were about 50–80% higher than in covered washed leaves, thus indicating a significant uptake of Al solved in rainwater through the leaf cuticle. 相似文献
6.
Esperanza Álvarez Aurora Romar María Luisa Fernández-Marcos 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2013,13(1):72-81
Purpose
The aluminium smelter located in the northern coast of Galicia (NW Spain) is a source of fluoride pollution. Previous papers Gago et al. (Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 32:2503–2517, 2001, Fluoride 35:110–121, 2002) have identified an area of 3-km radius around the factory being affected by fluoride emissions. This study aims to investigate the influence of fluoride emissions on fluorine concentration and speciation as well as on aluminium speciation in soils in the vicinity of the smelter.Materials and methods
PVC cylinders containing soil material from the A horizon of an unpolluted forest soil, similar to that in the vicinity of the factory, were placed within the A horizon of soils surrounding the smelter. The cylinders were placed at various distances (up to 3 km) from the factory in the direction of predominant winds. The PVC columns were removed after 6 months, and the soil material inside was divided into two slices (0–10 and 10–20 cm) and analysed for pH, total and available fluorine, exchangeable cations, effective cation exchange capacity (CEC) and oxalate-extracted aluminium. The soil solution was mimicked by aqueous extracts and analysed for pH, electrical conductivity, Ca, Mg, Na, K, total and free fluorine, total Al, acid-soluble Al, non-labile Al, labile Al and labile Al species.Results and discussion
In the area closest to the factory (0.5 km), total and available fluorine in the upmost 10 cm soil increased by twofold and eightfold, respectively, while soluble fluoride increased by fourfold. Increases were also observed in exchangeable Ca, Mg, Al and CEC. Noncrystalline Al increased significantly at any distance from the smelter. Fluorine, pH, sulphate, aluminium and organic matter increased in the soil solution of surface (<10 cm) samples closest to the factory. Monomeric Al-organic matter complexes prevailed in the liquid phase at 0.5–1 km from the factory whereas inorganic Al complexes did at distances over 1 km. Among the inorganic Al complexes, fluoride complexes prevailed at distances less than 1 km and hydroxylated complexes at distances greater than 1 km. Al3+ concentration was always very low.Conclusions
Emissions from an aluminium smelter led to increased concentrations of fluorine and various forms of aluminium in the nearby soil. These emissions mobilised aluminium, organic matter and probably sulphate from the soil. In the closest neighbourhood of the smelter, it was found that most soluble aluminium was bound to organic matter, hence having low toxicity, while at distances farther than 1 km Al-F and Al-OH complexes prevailed. 相似文献7.
8.
W. de Vries E. E. J. M. Leeters C. M. A. Hendriks 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1995,85(3):1063-1068
Effects of elevated S and N deposition on the solution chemistry of Dutch forest soils are mainly manifested by increased concentrations of Al associated with increased concentrations of SO4 and NO4. Presumed critical Al/base cation ratios are often exceeded below 20 cm soil depth. There is also evidence that elevated N deposion during the last decades affected the forest nutrient status and caused large changes in forest vegetation. About half of the Dutch forests have absolute shortage of P and relative Mg deficiencies compared to foliar N contents. Evidence from field studies of a relationship between soil acidification and nutrient imbalances in the soil and the foliage on one hand and the vitality of forests on the other hand is, however, lacking. 相似文献
9.
Rod M. Heisey 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1995,82(3-4):675-693
Growth of sugar maple trees and element concentrations of soil and foliage were investigated at 12 stands in north-central Pennsylvania and southern New York. The goal of this exploratory study was to evaluate growth trends since the 1950s and to determine whether element concentrations were within limits conducive for normal growth. Basal area growth of overstory maple trees increased at six sites, declined at five, and remained nearly constant at one. Overall, the growth of overstory sugar maple trees did not change appreciably since the late 1950s, but growth of subcanopy maples decreased markedly, probably because of intensified shading in these maturing stands. Concentrations of Al, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, N, P, and Zn in soil and maple foliage were within the range of values reported for other sugar maple stands in North America. Calcium concentrations appeared adequate for growth, although at some sites they were near the low end of the typical range. Basal area growth of the overstory maples was correlated to the concentrations of Ca, Al, and the Ca∶Al ratio of soil, whereas growth of the subcanopy maples was not. Growth of the overstory trees was also correlated to the Ca concentration of maple foliage, which in turn was correlated to pH, Ca, Al, and the Ca∶Al ratio of soil. Manganese concentrations in soil and foliage were comparatively high, but were not correlated to trends in growth. The results of this investigation do not indicate abnormal changes in growth of sugar maple since the late 1950s. They suggest, however, that Ca availability limits growth at some sites and indicate that Al concentrations in the soil may be inhibiting Ca uptake. 相似文献
10.
Cristina Eimil‐Fraga María J. Fernndez‐Sanjurjo Roque Rodríguez‐Soalleiro Esperanza lvarez‐Rodríguez 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2016,27(7):1731-1739
The influence of bedrock on aluminium toxicity and aluminium speciation in the soil solution was studied in four Pinus pinaster plots. Growth and biomass parameters in the acidic soils were also evaluated in relation to different Al toxicity indices. The plots were developed over slate, biotitic schist, mica schist and granite. Samples of rhizospheric and non‐rhizospheric soil, 1‐year‐old needles and roots were collected in each study plot. Total Al, reactive Al, acid‐soluble Al, non‐labile and labile Al and Al species (Al3+, Al‐OH, Al‐F and Al‐SO4) were determined in soil solution. Reactive Al dominated over the acid‐soluble Al, and the non‐labile Al predominated over the labile Al in all soils, but particularly over mica schist. In the biotitic schist soil, the Al forms and total Al were lower, whereas concentrations were always higher over mica schist. The Al forms considered most toxic were Al3+ and Al‐OH, and Al concentrations were highest over slate and mica schist. Al toxicity indices in soil, needle and roots showed a risk of toxicity in mica schist, slate and granite. The stand site indices over slate and mica schist were lower, consistent with the high labile Al and Al3+ + Al‐OH in soil solution. Despite the high stand site index over granite, the growth efficiency was low, in accordance with very low ratios of Ca/Al in needles or fine roots. This confirmed the adaptation of maritime pine to granitic substrates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
11.
S. Dudka R. Ponce-Hernandez G. Tate T. C. Hutchinson 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1996,90(3-4):531-542
Forms of Cu, Ni, and Zn in the contaminated soils of the Sudbury mining/smelting district were studied to assess metal mobility and plant availability. Soil, tufted grass (Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv.), tickle grass (Agrostis scabra Willd.), dwarf birch (Betula pumila L. var. glandulifera Regel) and white birch (Betula paprifera Marsh.) leaf and twig samples were taken from 20 locations around three Cu-Ni smelters. The sampling sites were collected to cover a wide range of soil pH and soil Cu and Ni concentrations. The water-soluble, exchangeable, sodium acetate-soluble, and total concentrations of the metals in the soils were analyzed. The soils were contaminated with Cu and Ni up to 2000 µg g?1. Zinc concentrations were also elevated in some samples above the normal soil level of 100 µg g?1. The mobility of Cu and Zn, expressed as the proportion of metals in Fl and F2 forms, increased with soil pH decrease. A strong positive correlation was found between the soil exchangeable (F2) Ni and the soil pH. Concentrations of Cu and Ni in birch twigs showed a good linear relationship with exchangeable forms of the metals in soils. A highly significant correlation was also found between total Ni in soils and the metal content of the twigs. No significant correlation was found between Zn concentrations in the soils and plants. Birch twigs are a good indicator (better than leaves) of Cu and Ni contamination of the Sudbury soils. The mobile forms of Cu and Ni and low pH seem to be the main factors that will control the success of revegetation. Strong variability of the soil metal mobility requires any reclamation effort be site-specific. 相似文献
12.
In??s Ahumada Loreto Ascar Cristina Pedraza Viviana V??squez Adriana Carrasco Pablo Richter Sally Brown 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2011,219(1-4):225-237
This study assessed the effect of biosolids applied at rates, 0, 30, 45, and 60?Mg?ha?1 on the chemical associations and bioavailability of Cu and Zn in soils from an important agricultural zone of the Metropolitan Region in Central Chile. Three methods were used to determine the bioavailability of Cu and Zn in soils: ryegrass (Lolium perenne) plants, diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique, and Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction. The DGT effective concentration (C E) and sequential extract acid soluble fraction of the BCR extraction (most labile fraction of the soils, normally associated with bioavailability) were compared with total metal concentration in ryegrass plants as a means to compare the chemical and biological measures of bioavailability. Total Zn was higher in comparison to Cu for all treatments. Concentrations were within the limits set by the Chilean regulations for land-applied biosolids. Metals in the control soil were primarily found in the residual fraction of soils. Biosolids application generally decreased this fraction, with a subsequent increase observed mainly in the acid soluble fraction. The contents of Cu and Zn in ryegrass plants increased with increasing rates of biosolids. Comparison of the Cu and Zn content in ryegrass plants with C E, showed a good correlation for Zn. However, the C E for soil Cu was only related to plant Cu for some of the soils studied. Correlation between Zn in ryegrass plants and the labile fraction of Zn as measured by the sequential extraction was excellent, with correlation coefficients >0.9, while for Cu, correlation coefficients were lower. 相似文献
13.
茶园土壤pH变化对土壤中铝特性的影响 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
土壤中铝的毒性强弱取决于铝的形态。为了解茶园土壤中铝的特性,以江苏省7个长期定位观测茶园为研究对象,采用化学连续提取法测定不同条件下土样中不同形态的铝含量,研究茶园土壤pH升高或降低过程中铝的形态转化及其影响因素。结果表明,茶园土壤在酸化过程中活性铝溶出明显增强,不同形态的铝含量有明显差异,依次为腐殖酸铝(Alh)铝的水合化物和氢氧化物(Aloh)交换态铝(Alex)有机态铝(Alo)水溶态铝(Alw)无机吸附态铝(Alino);土壤pH、有机质和酸容量是影响铝形态的重要因素;茶园土壤酸化过程中铝的水合化物和氢氧化物、无机吸附态铝以及水溶态铝会转化为交换态铝。土壤pH升高,交换态铝转化成羟基铝;有机结合态铝会影响其他铝形态的转化,腐殖酸铝在土壤pH升高时转化为铝的水合化物和氢氧化物。 相似文献
14.
为探讨桃园生草不同条件还田对土壤微生物、酶活性及有效态养分的影响,以清耕为对照,设置生草自然还田、生草刈割还田、生草刈割配施有机物料腐熟剂还田3个处理,连续开展3年定位试验。采集根际和非根际土壤,研究桃园生草不同条件还田对土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性以及土壤不同形态氮、钾含量的影响。结果表明:生草不同条件还田提高了根际土壤微生物的数量,生草刈割配施有机物料腐熟剂还田显著提高了根际和非根际土壤细菌和真菌的数量,较其他处理分别提高21.2%~48.2%和11.7%~17.0%,生草刈割后,配施有机物料腐熟剂能加速秸秆的腐熟与微生物繁殖;与清耕对照相比,桃园生草不同条件还田均能显著提高土壤酶活性,生草刈割配施有机物料腐熟剂的土壤脲酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、蔗糖酶活性较其他处理分别提高10.2%~45.4%,26.8%~56.9%,20.5%~30.7%;桃园生草还田对土壤养分的积累具有正效应,以生草刈割配施有机物料腐熟剂还田效果明显,其不仅增加了土壤无机态氮和有机态氮含量,减少了氮素损失,同时还显著提高土壤速效钾和水溶性钾含量,较其他处理的土壤速效钾和水溶性钾含量分别提高12.6%~15.6%和11.4%~39.1%。综上,桃园生草刈割配施有机物料腐熟剂还田为提高土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性及氮钾养分供应的较好途径,为果园生草精细化管理提供科学依据。 相似文献
15.
The aim was to determine whether the addition of F to an acid soil reduces the concentration of free Al3+ and other forms that have been shown to be toxic to plants. The ability of two different extracts to reflect Al speciation in the soil solution was also investigated. Addition of F (0-5.2μmolg−1 ) to an acid soil (pH 4.15, soil solution) increased the pH and total concentrations of Al and F in the soil solution whereas Al3+ remained constant or decreased. Soil solution pH, total soluble Al and Al extracted by 0.01 m CaCl2 are not good predictors of the likelihood of aluminium toxicity in soils containing soluble fluoride. 相似文献
16.
Abstract Two types of soils (Brown Lowland soil and Ando soil), which were artificially enriched with different amounts of Cu, were incubated with or without pulverized orchard grass for 12 weeks at 25°C. For both soils with and without orchard grass amendment, the amount of CO2 evolved over the 12-week period of incubation decreased by the enrichment with Cu at a concentration exceeding 1,000 mg kg?1 soil. The decrease of the mineralization of added orchard grass in the Cu-enriched soil was conspicuous especially during the initial period of incubation. The amount of microbial biomass C at the end of the incubation was significantly reduced by the Cu enrichment regardless of the amendment with orchard grass. The relative decrease of the soil microbial biomass was much greater than that of the soil respiration. The amount of biomass C was negatively correlated with the amount of 0.1 M CaCl2-extractable Cu as a logarithmic function. On the other hand, the β-glucosidase activity at the end of the incubation was not significantly affected by the presence of Cu in the soils without orchard grass amendment and increased with the increase in the amount of enriched Cu in the orchard grass-amended soils. 相似文献
17.
Uptake of Ca, Mg, K, Mn, Fe, Al, Rb, Ph, Cu, Zn, and Cd in vascular plants from a birch forest area near a Cu smelter in northern Norway was investigated. The primary objective was to study metal uptake in plants growing in a strong local acidification gradient. Decreased levels of Mn, Mg, and Ca found in Betula pubescens, Vaccinum myrtillus, and Deschampsia flexuosa near the smelter corresponded to a decrease in base saturation of the soil. This suggests that appreciable soil acidification has taken place. The level of Rb in Vaccinum myrtillus and Sorbus aucuparia increased significantly towards the smelter, probably due to the higher soil acidity. Elevated levels of Cu, Zn, Ph, and Cd in surface soil were found with values up to 2500 mg kg?1 Cu within 1 km from the smelter. These concentrations decreased significantly with distance, but metal contamination was detectable up to 27 km from the smelter along the prevailing wind direction. A corresponding decrease was detected for Cu in the four plant species analyzed. Elevated levels of Zn, Ph, Fe, and Al were found in some, but not all, species. 相似文献
18.
ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to examine response of mature phosphorus (P) deficient apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees to phosphorus fertilization and liming. The experiment was carried out during 2003–2005 in a commercial orchard in Central Poland on ‘Jonagold’ apple trees/M.26 planted in 1996 on a coarse-textured soil with low both pH (4.6) and organic matter (1.2%). Calcium-lactate soluble phosphorus concentration in the soil was within an optimal range despite appearance of leaf phosphorus deficiency symptoms. Soil and foliar applications of phosphorus, and soil liming were applied. Soil phosphorus fertilization was made in the first year of the experimental at a rate of 100 kg P per ha as triple superphosphate. Foliar sprays of a soluble compound containing organic phosphorus were performed 5 times per season at 2-week intervals, starting 4 weeks after full bloom. Soil liming was applied in the fall 2002 at a rate of 1100 kg Ca ha?1 as hydrated lime. Additional combination as soil phosphorus fertilization plus liming was also applied. Plots unsupplied with phosphorus and lime served as a control. The results showed that liming and liming plus soil P application increased soil pH, and phosphatase activity in the soil, and improved phosphorus nutrition, tree vigor, yield, fruit color, and firmness after storage; effect of these treatments was not found only in the first year of the study. In all years foliar phosphorus sprays improved phosphorus nutrition of apple trees, and fruit color and firmness after storage. In 2 out of 3 years foliar phosphorus application increased yield. The vegetative and reproductive responses of ‘Jonagold’ apple trees did not depend on soil phosphorus fertilization. It was concluded that maintaining an optimal pH of soils for apple trees limits the incidence of orchard phosphorus deficiency and that foliar phosphorus sprays should be applied in phosphorus-deficient apple orchards to improve yield, and fruit appearance and storability. 相似文献
19.
Adequate soil structural stability favours the establishment and viability of a stable plant cover, protecting the soil against water erosion in desertified Mediterranean environments. We studied the effect of soil drying-rewetting, inoculation with a mixture of three exotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith, Glomus deserticola (Trappe, Bloss. & Menge) and Glomus mosseae (Nicol & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe) and addition of a composted organic residue on aggregate stabilisation of the rhizosphere soil of Juniperus oxycedrus. The AM fungi and composted residue produced similar increases in plant growth, independently of the water conditions. Under well-watered conditions, the highest percentages of stable aggregates were recorded in the amended soil, followed by the soil inoculated with AM fungi. Excepting microbial biomass C, the soil drying increased labile C fractions (water soluble C, water soluble and total carbohydrates), whereas the rewetting decreased significantly such C fractions. Desiccation caused a significant increase in aggregate stability of the rhizosphere soil of all plants, particularly in the amended and inoculated plants. In all treatments, the aggregates formed after soil drying were unstable, since, in the rewetting, they disappear, reaching the initial levels before soil drying. Our results suggest that the aggregation mechanisms developed by rhizosphere microbial community of the amended and inoculated plants under water stress can be particularly relevant in desertified soils exposed to long desiccation periods. 相似文献
20.
苹果园生草对土壤微生物多样性、酶活性及碳组分的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1