同仁县“黄果梨”花粉直感效应试验初报

近年来,随着农村产业结构的调整,地方特色林果业有了长足发展,黄果梨作为黄南州特色地方梨品种,种植面积得到不断扩大。黄果梨为自花不结实品种,通过研究不同授粉品种对黄果梨着果率、外观品质及内在品质的影响,明确其适宜授粉品种。试验以4个梨品种身不知、早酥梨、巴梨和软儿梨为授粉品种,自然授粉为对照,测定黄果梨不同父本授粉下的着果率及内在、外在品质指标。结果表明,以软儿梨和早酥梨为授粉品种的黄果梨着果率分别达到85.56%和63.33%,花粉直感效应明显;4个授粉品种对黄果梨单果重、果形指数、果梗长和果梗粗表现出的花粉直感效应不明显;以身不知为授粉品种的黄果梨的可溶性固形物和有机酸含量均明显高于其他授粉组合,分别达13.03%和0.15%,比对照高1.93%和0.03%,花粉直感效应明显;以早酥梨为授粉品种的可溶性糖含量达13.12%,比对照高4.35%。     

翠冠梨在重庆市合川区的表现及栽培技术要点

翠冠梨系浙江省农业科学院园艺研究所以幸水×(新世纪×杭青)杂交育成。该品种从1999年开始在重庆市合川区推广种植,到现在已有20余万株,133 hm2左右。经多年观察,该品种在合川区种植具有熟期早(成熟期7月上中旬)、果心小、果汁多、酸甜可口等优点,但在一些地方由于管理不当,出现了产量不稳或裂果等现象。从"建园,肥水管理,整形修剪,花果管理,病虫害防治"5个方面对栽培技术作了总结介绍。     

红早酥梨在甘肃景泰的引种试验初报

2009 — 2016年,在甘肃省景泰县进行了红早酥梨引种试验。结果表明,该品种在试区表现果果实早熟、红色、外观美丽、肉质酥脆、汁多味美。耐旱抗寒,对梨腐烂病、梨黑胫病抗性强。早果性强,树势中庸,以短果枝结果为主。6年生树平均产量在32 000 kg/hm2以上,丰产性好。该品种综合品质评价上等,优质丰产、适应性强、耐贮运,可作为新优品种推广应用。     

新疆地方品种梨果实品质性状综合评价

为了优良品种的筛选、选育及推广应用提供科学理论依据,建立8个新疆地方品种梨的果实品质综合评价体系。以‘鄯善红梨’‘鄯善句句梨’‘鄯善黄麻梨’‘晚熟塔西梨’‘鄯善早熟句句梨’‘诺尕依梨’‘雅格丽克梨’和‘库车句句梨’为试材,测定其14项果实内外品质指标,对14项指标进行相关性分析和因子分析,建立基于因子分析的综合品质评价模型,并根据综合品质得分进行优良度排序。结果表明:8个新疆地方品种梨14项果实品质性状变异系数有所不同,其中色差值a~*(红绿差异)的变异系数较大,其变异系数为225.40%,单果质量、果实纵径、果心质量、色差值L~*、果实硬度、总酸含量和糖酸比的变异系数均中等,在20.0%～45.0%范围之内,其余果实品质指标的变异系数均相对较小(小于20.0%),且各果实品质指标间均存在不同程度的相关性。经因子分析提取出特征根值均大于1的4个公因子,其累计方差贡献率达88.90%,其中第1公因子的贡献率为31.15%,主要由果实纵径、单果质量、果心质量、果实横径和果形指数5个因子决定,主要反映了果实大小、果心大小和果实形状。第2公因子的贡献率为23.31%,由糖酸比、果实硬度、含糖量和总酸含量4个因子决定,主要反映了果实酸甜口感品质和耐运强度的高低。第3公因子的贡献率为18.29%,由色差值L~*、色差值a~*和色差值b~*3个因子决定,主要反映了果实表面颜色色差程度。第4公因子的贡献率为16.15%,由可食率和果柄长度2个因子决定,主要反映了果实可食部分大小和果实抗风能力强度的高低。经综合品质评价模型得出,新疆梨8个地方品种果实综合品质得分的优良度排序依次为‘诺尕依梨’‘雅格丽克梨’‘库车句句梨’‘鄯善黄麻梨’‘鄯善句句梨’‘鄯善红梨’‘鄯善早熟句句梨’‘晚熟塔西梨’,研究结果为新疆地方梨品种的合理应用及科学推广提供参考。     

蜂蜜梨、早香蜜梨的优良特性与栽培技术

铜梁县梨树栽培历史悠久,本地梨树资源十分丰富,尤其是庆隆三村果园场主杨尔善先生于1932年起,先后引进培育的梨树品种达40多个,并对苍溪梨、蜂蜜梨、早熟糖梨(因另有品种冒此名称,现更名为:早香蜜梨)等品种特别看重,他在解放前就对这些品种进行过筛选培育工作.解放后该果园收归国有,为县国营园艺场庆隆分场.     

影响南方早熟梨种植的主要因素分析探讨

南方早熟梨是南方种植的早熟梨类群,在福建指7月中旬前成熟的梨,浙江指8月初前成熟的梨,四川、重庆指7月底前成熟的梨.分析探讨了气候、土壤,早熟梨品种,种植规模、梨鲜果市场,栽培技术几方面因素对南方早熟梨种植效益的影响,其中栽培技术包括:配植适量的授粉树,花期人工授粉;严格疏花疏果;对部分品种实施果实套袋;解决早期落叶与二次开花问题.     

NaOH对梨种子萌发及生长的影响

对早熟梨品种早酥和中熟梨品种黄冠种子进行不同质量浓度的NaOH和时间处理结果表明,NaOH浸种+5 ℃沙藏层积60 d处理的梨种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数较蒸馏水浸种及NaOH浸种处理明显高,能促进种子的正常生长,且早酥梨种子要比黄冠梨种子对NaOH敏感,说明梨种子的休眠为复合休眠,不同品种对NaOH质量浓度及处理时间的响应不同。经NaOH浸种+60 d低温沙藏层积处理,明显能提高种子发芽率,以早酥梨4 g/L NaOH浸种1 h和黄冠梨4 g/L NaOH浸种6 h为佳。随NaOH质量浓度和浸种时间的增加,梨种子生长呈先增强后减弱的趋势,且早酥梨快于黄冠梨。     

早红珠油桃引种与丰产栽培技术初探

早红珠油桃是我国农林科学保护中心培育出的早熟油桃品种,父本为A369杂交选育的早中熟油桃,母本为极早熟油桃品种早红珠,该品种不但成品大,品质优良,而且在产量方面具有较高的经济收益。基于此,对早红珠油桃的引种案例和栽培技术的进行相关阐述,提出引种和栽培早红珠油桃的最佳方案。     

三十一个茄子品种田间灰霉病调查及抗病性初步鉴定

在温室自然发病的条件下,调查了31个茄子品种的灰霉病发生情况,并鉴定了其抗病性。结果表明:31个品种茄子均有植株感染灰霉病,发病率最高的为黑长茄,发病率为77.8%,最低为早乌棒墨茄,发病率为10%。崖城红茄、TG黑美女和京茄A号为高感品种;茄杂2号等6个品种为中感品种;德都线长茄等10个品种为中抗品种;早乌棒墨茄、渡口茄等11个品种为高抗品种,为自然发病圃中筛选出的较抗病品种。     

早期疏花对梨果实早期发育影响

以金花梨、早酥梨、线穗梨、金秋梨四个大果型梨品种为试材,在不同时期,采用不同距离疏花,研究了它们的果实早期发育的特点。结果表明:早期疏花幼果细胞数增多;果实体积与细胞数、细胞大小呈正相关。疏花时期与疏花距离的最佳组合为:花序分离期,间距25～30cm。     

Chemical Composition and Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Eight Pear Cultivars

The contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids, total anthocyanins, and total triterpenes of eight pear samples were determined, and the monomeric compounds were identified and quantitated using high-performance liquid chromatography. The in vitro antioxidant and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of the different pear cultivars were compared. Arbutin and catechin were the dominant polyphenol compounds in the eight pear varieties, followed by chlorogenic acid, quercetin, and rutin. In addition, Xuehua pear and Nanguo pear had significantly higher total phenolics and flavonoids contents, while Dangshansu pear had the largest total triterpenes value (209.2 mg/100 g). Xuehua pear and Nanguo pear also were the highest in total anthocyanins. The pears with high total phenolics and total flavonoids contents had significantly higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities than those of other species. Anthocyanins were correlated to antioxidant capacity in pears, whereas total triterpenoids were strongly correlated to anti-inflammatory activity.     

Quality protein maize: a biochemical study of enzymes involved in lysine metabolism.

Quality protein maize (QPM) varieties have been produced by the introduction of opaque-2 modifier genes. Two QPM varieties, BR451 and BR473, a wild type and an opaque-2 variety, have been used to study key enzymes controlling lysine metabolism in the endosperm during development. Aspartate kinase and homoserine dehydrogenase enzymes, which are involved in lysine and threonine biosynthesis, respectively, exhibited identical activity patterns during endosperm development, with a maximum specific activity at 16 days after pollination. The QPM varieties exhibited higher levels of aspartate kinase activity in the endosperm, suggesting an increased rate of lysine biosynthesis when compared to the opaque-2 and wild-type genotypes. Similar results were observed for the lysine ketoglutarate reductase and saccharopine dehydrogenase enzymes, which form a single bifunctional polypetide involved in endosperm lysine degradation. Both enzyme activities were strongly reduced in the opaque-2 maize variety when compared to the wild-type maize, whereas the QPM varieties exhibited even lower levels of lysine ketoglutarate reductase-saccharopine dehydrogenase activities when compared to the opaque-2 variety. The developmental pattern of enzyme activity showed a different profile when compared to the enzymes involved in lysine biosynthesis, with activity being detected only 12-16 days after pollination (DAP) and maximum activities approximately 24 DAP. These results also suggest that the modifier genes have intensified the effect of the opaque-2 mutation on lysine ketoglutarate reductase-saccharopine dehydrogenase. These alterations lead to an increase in soluble lysine in the endosperm of the QPM varieties when compared to the opaque-2 and wild type.     

Effects of Heat Stress During Grain Filling on the Functional Properties of Flour from Fresh Waxy Maize

The effects of temperature during grain filling on the quality of fresh waxy maize grain were investigated using three varieties. Plants of the selected varieties were subjected to two temperature treatments, namely, control (mean daily air temperature, 30°C) and heat stress (35°C), after artificial pollination (1–23 days after pollination). Heat stress decreased starch content and crystallinity and increased the contents of protein and protein fractions (albumin, globulin, zein, and glutenin), but it did not affect soluble sugar content in general. The effects of heat stress on grain textural characteristics were variety dependent, except for springiness, which was similar between treatments. Pasting and thermal properties were also affected by heat stress. The results suggest that heat stress during grain filling changes the composition of flour and crystalline structure of starch, thereby decreasing viscosities and enthalpies of gelatinization as well as increasing the pasting and gelatinization temperature of fresh waxy maize.     

品种和坐果对厚皮甜瓜光合特性及果实品质的影响

以2个网纹甜瓜品种和2个哈密瓜品种为材料,研究了叶片光合特性的品种间差异以及坐果对厚皮甜瓜叶片光合速率、果实质量及可溶性固形物含量的影响。结果表明,4个厚皮甜瓜品种的光合日变化均为双峰型曲线,第1个高峰在上午11：00点前后,第2个高峰在下午14：00前后,第2个峰值低于第1个高峰。授粉后,植株光合速率逐渐上升,至授粉...     

辐照小麦雌雄配子克服远缘杂交不亲和性的研究

用六倍体小黑麦“黑杂266”作母本,3个春小麦品种“龙辐30138”、“龙麦11号”、“龙辐10271”为父本进行远缘杂交,杂交前用~(60)Coγ射线600—1600rad活体慢照射雄配子或雌配子。通过对受精过程的切片观察,授粉后6小时,辐照雄配子的有61.70％的胚囊解体,辐照雌配子的为70.00％,未经辐照的为59.38％。辐照处理明显提高了杂种的结实率,但是,结实率随剂量的增加而下降。试验表明,辐照雌配子和雄配子的适宜剂量分别为600rad和800rad,但不同品种间辐射敏感性有很大差别。辐照对杂种籽粒的完好率有明显提高。应用组织培养技术进行胚挽救,可使有胚无胚乳杂种种子获得幼苗。     

Yield potential of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) varieties,and soil properties under organic and integrated nutrient management systems

The identification of suitable crop varieties that respond best to organic management is the key to achieving better crop yields. A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 at Almora (Indian Himalayas) to evaluate the performance of five varieties of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) and changes in the soil properties under organic and integrated nutrient management (INM) systems. The yield reduction under organic management was 14.4% in 2005–2006 and 10.1% in 2006–2007 compared with INM. Among the garden pea varieties ‘Vivek Matar 9’, ‘Vivek Matar 8’ and ‘Azad pea 1’ produced similar but significantly higher pod yield compared to other varieties. The soil pH, organic carbon, and microbial activities in terms of dehydrogenase and phosphatase (acid and alkaline) were higher in the plots under organic management compared to INM. The latter, however, had higher activity of urease, and N, P, and K contents in soil. We conclude that at least 15–20% price premium for organic garden pea may be required to offset the higher cost of cultivation and low yields under organic production system. Among the garden pea varieties, ‘Azad pea 1’, ‘Vivek Matar 8’ and ‘Vivek Matar 9’ were found suitable for organic cultivation.     

热胁迫对不同小麦品种灌浆速率的影响

为了给小麦高产稳产和耐热新品种选育提供依据,对北部冬麦区和黄淮冬麦区的12个推广小麦品种在正常及热胁迫下的产量、千粒重及灌浆过程进行了研究。试验于2014—2015年度在河北省辛集马兰农场进行,用大棚升温作为热胁迫处理,在小麦灌浆期对不同品种在正常及热胁迫处理下的灌浆速率进行测定,收获后测定产量和千粒重,并计算热感指数。结果表明,‘中麦175’、‘衡4399’、‘衡4444’、‘CA0816’和‘中麦875’在自然生长及热胁迫处理下有较高的产量。在小麦灌浆中后期的籽粒快增期及缓增期发生的热胁迫会通过影响灌浆速率显著影响小麦的千粒重及产量。根据千粒重热感指数对不同小麦品种的耐热性进行评估,发现‘京冬8号’、‘CA0816’、‘CA1062’、‘中麦875’、‘中麦895’及‘衡4444’的千粒重热感指数1,是耐热性较好的品种;其他品种的千粒重热感指数≥1,是热敏感品种。对不同品种在正常及热胁迫条件下的灌浆速率进行分析,发现热胁迫对不同耐热性品种灌浆速率产生影响的起始时间不同,耐热性好的品种的灌浆速率在灌浆后期才会受到热胁迫的影响,热敏感品种在灌浆中期即受到热胁迫的影响。总之,‘CA0816’、‘中麦875’和‘衡4444’是丰产性和耐热性都较好的品种;‘衡4399’和‘中麦175’的千粒重热感指数一般,但产量在自然生长及热胁迫下均较高;‘京冬8号’耐热性好,丰产性略差。以上品种均可作为优异的耐热资源在育种中加以利用,在育种实践中需联合使用品种的产量数据和千粒重热感指数来评估该品种在耐热性育种中的价值。     

手持式风送授粉机工作参数优化与试验

针对果树授粉作业普遍存在授粉量大、授粉作业不均匀等现象,采用Box-Benhnken的中心组合试验设计理论对风送式授粉作业工作参数作优化研究。以手持式风送授粉机为研究对象,以喷管直径、收缩管直径、电机电压等工作参数为影响因素,以花粉授粉量、喷管出口固相质量浓度、花粉覆盖率为目标函数,建立两者之间的多元数学回归模型,探索各因素之间的影响规律及最佳水平组合。利用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件的回归分析法和响应面分析法对模型进行优化分析,得到风送式授粉机最优工作参数。性能试验结果表明:喷粉量、固相质量浓度影响因素显著顺序依次为喷管直径、电机电压、收缩管直径;覆盖率影响因素显著顺序依次为电机电压、收缩管直径、喷管直径;最优参数组合为喷管直径为5 mm、收缩管直径为7.5 mm、电机电压为8.0 V,对应的花粉喷粉量、固相质量浓度、覆盖率分别为1.70 g/min、17.28 g/m3、77.71%,且各性能指标与理论优化值相对误差均小于6%。田间试验结果表明:猕猴桃花朵柱头的覆盖率为67.11%,与性能试验结果相比相对误差小于16%。研究结果可为进一步完善风送授粉机的结构设计和作业参数优化提供参考。     

硅对大葱矿质元素吸收、 分配特性及产量和品质的影响

【目的】大葱因含有机硫化合物等功效成分而具有重要的保健和药用价值,为此,前人曾就氮、 磷、 钾、 硫等矿质元素与大葱产量、 品质及风味物质的关系进行了一些研究。硅作为一种公认的有益元素,在提高作物产量、 改善品质等方面具有重要作用,本试验研究了硅对大葱矿质元素吸收、 分配特性和产量及品质的影响,以期为大葱高效施肥提供科学依据。【方法】本研究以‘天光’和‘章丘’两个不同类型大葱品种为试材,供试硅源均为Na2SiO3·9H2O,通过盆栽Hoagland营养液培养和大田土壤栽培相结合的方法,分别研究了营养液不同硅水平(SiO2 0、 0.6、 1.2、 1.8 mmol/L)和土壤不同施硅量(SiO2 0、 150、 300、 450 kg/hm2)对大葱生长、 产量、 品质及硅、 氮、 磷、 钾含量、 吸收量的影响。【结果】营养液硅水平在1.8 mmol/L范围内,‘天光’和‘章丘’两品种大葱株高、 假茎长、 假茎粗、 植株干重以及单株产量均随硅浓度升高呈先上升后下降的趋势,且均以1.2 mmol/L的处理表现最好,其单株产量分别较不施硅提高了19.4%和30.9%; 适量施硅还显著提高了大葱游离氨基酸、 可溶性糖、 丙酮酸等含量,表明施硅有利于改善大葱品质。随营养液硅水平的升高,两大葱品种各器官硅含量均显著增加,在1.8 mmol/L处理时达最高,而钾含量则与之相反,氮、 磷含量则呈先上升后下降的趋势,均以1.2 mmol/L处理含量较高; 由于施硅促进了大葱生长,所以大葱对硅及氮、 磷、 钾的吸收量则均随硅水平的升高呈增加趋势。大田施硅试验表明,‘天光’和‘章丘’两品种大葱均以施硅量(SiO2)300 kg/hm2时产量较高,分别比对照增产15.4%和25.6%。【结论】大葱增施硅可显著增加大葱对硅及氮、 磷、 钾的吸收量,促进植株生长,提高产量和品质,但同一硅水平的增产率以‘章丘’品种显著高于‘天光’,且二者随硅水平变化的幅度也不相同,表明不同大葱品种对硅的反应敏感性存在显著差异。本试验条件下,以营养液硅水平1.2 mmol/L、 土壤施硅300 kg/hm2时较有利于大葱的生长及产量和品质的提高。     

The influence of the form of nitrogen nutrition on uptake and distribution of cadmium in lettuce varieties

Four lettuce (Lactuca saliva L.) varieties ('Benita’, ‘Wendy’, ‘Mirena’, and ‘Jacky') were grown for 43 days in a pH‐controlled complete nutrient solution without cadmium (Cd) or with either 0.01 or 0.03 mg Cd/1 and with NH₄ or NO₃ as the form of nitrogen nutrition. Cadmium did not affect dry matter yield. ‘Wendy’ had a significantly higher total dry matter production when grown on NO₃ compared to NH₄, whereas growth of ‘Mirena’ was best on NH₄ (P<0.05). Dry weights of ‘Benita’ and ‘Jacky’ were not affected by the N source. Cadmium concentrations in shoots (and roots) of plants grown on NH₄ were significantly higher than in plants grown on NO₃. The Zn concentrations in the shoots were also enhanced. The distribution of Cd in the lettuce varieties was independent of the form of N nutrition. It is concluded that the N source directly affects the amount of Cd taken up, without influencing the Cd distribution.