基于不同标准的郑州市农产品产地土壤环境质量评价

以郑州市耕地土壤为例,对其表层重金属Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg、As含量进行了测定分析,按照单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法,分别根据有机农业生产基地环境质量标准、绿色食品产地环境质量标准、无公害食品蔬菜产地环境条件标准进行了评价,同时应用克里格插值方法进行空间特征分析.结果表明,研究区表层土壤重金属变异程度由大到小为:Hg、Cr、Pb、As、Cd;全区土壤环境质量完全满足无公害蔬菜产地环境条件的要求,北部和东南部大部分满足绿色食品产地环境质量的要求,而仅约半数的土壤适宜发展有机农业生产.可为农业生产发展规划和相关管理部门提供科学依据和辅助决策.     

吉林省无公害中药材种植基地土壤环境质量评价

对吉林省7个无公害中药材规范化种植示范基地土壤环境质量现状评价结果显示,这7个基地各项污染指标均符合国家标准规定,单项污染指数和综合污染指数均<1,土壤环境质量为2级,适宜建立无公害中药材种植基地。     

无公害农产品基地环境质量评价指标体系与评价方法

根据我国的实际情况,提出了无公害农产品基地建设的优化评价指标体系,评价方法和评价程序。提出了重点污染指标,污染指数控制法以及减少大气和水质污染的方法,这种方法既能科学判断基地的环境质量,又简化了监测评价程序。     

无公害农产品产地土壤质量描述性指标体系刍议

土壤质量是影响农产品质量安全的源头因素。基于国内外土壤质量评价指标及评价方法的研究文献,将产地土壤质量评价与无公害农产品产地认定相结合,从保障农产品质量安全的角度出发,筛选出27个便于进行土壤质量现场评价的描述性指标,并提出了各项指标的量化方法,以便能够快速地、相对量化地了解产地土壤质量状况,为保障农产品质量安全提供一种源头技术手段。     

烟台市主要无公害农产品生产基地土壤质量评价

随着人民生活水平的不断提高,消费者对食品的需求也逐步升档,尤其是与人民身体健康息息相关的农产品,已经超越了满足数量和品种的阶段,在营养卫生和食用安全保障方面提出了更高的要求,农业部在全国范围内实施了“无公害食品行动计划”,并在2002年4月颁     

基于GIS技术的耕地土壤环境质量综合评价研究——以山西省永济市为例

以山西省永济市耕地为研究区域,通过收集整理土壤环境质量样点数据,运用GIS技术建立了土壤环境质量数据库,依据国家土壤环境质量评价标准进行分析评价,获得了永济市耕地土壤环境质量评价结果.土壤面源污染水、土综合评价结果表明:18个样点中有3个为无污染,11个为轻度污染,4个为中度污染.点源污染土壤综合评价结果表明:该区主要污染物为F、Cl、Pb、Cd、As及DDT.蔬菜地样点综合评价表明:大部分蔬菜生产符合绿色食品种植要求(NY/T391-2000)和无公害食品蔬菜地种植要求(NY5010-2001);在不符合要求的样点中,超标物主要是Cd、Pb、Hg、As及DDT.该研究为进一步加强土壤环境质量管理与修复决策奠定了基础.     

北京市房山区绿色食品产地土壤环境质量评价

在对北京市房山地区采集的50个土壤样品的综合分析和测试评价的基础上,采用模糊数学法,尝试分析在该地发展绿色食品的可行性。研究结果表明,房山地区土壤环境质量虽然符合发展绿色食品基地的标准,但各个地区发展绿色食品基地的潜力差异较大。     

三峡库区土壤环境质量评价

三峡移民工程中土地资源的合理规划利用需要建立在查清区域土壤环境质量的基础之上。利用多目标地球化学调查方法,通过野外实地调查、大面积系统性采集土壤表层样品、测试分析、数理统计,采用标准对比法及地质累积指数法,探讨了三峡库区表层土壤重金属污染程度,评价了土壤环境质量。结果表明:三峡库区区域土壤环境质量总体上较好,除巫山、奉节地区Cr、N i自然高背景导致存在一定量的区域性二类土外,表层土壤中As、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn等元素一类土占全区面积均在90%以上,仅存在局部性人为污染,如Hg在城镇、厂矿等地的点状污染;不存在区域性的人为污染。采用两种方法评价均发现在三峡库区存在大量Cd二类土,主要分布在万州至涪陵一带,这种大面积分布的二类土是自然背景引起还是人为活动引起,有待于进一步研究,也值得引起高度关注。     

恩施地区玉米土壤环境质量评价

根据我国农业行业标准(NY5020-2001)规定的污染物控制指标及控制值,采用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数法,对恩施州八个县市玉米产区土壤的8项污染指标进行了环境质量评价。结果表明,全州玉米土壤环境质量总体状况良好,达到\"安全\"等级,符合国家规定的无公害产品基地土壤环境质量的要求。     

苏南某市农田土壤环境质量评价及其分级

以苏南工业化与城市化水平较高的某市为试验区,在对该市农田土壤环境质量和污染状况进行较为系统的调研之后,对试区农田土壤的环境质量按照国家有关标准进行综合评价并分类。结果表明:单因子污染指数最小的是六六六,其次为Pb和Cr,均无超标样点;少数传统菜地和大棚菜地土壤中DDT的污染指数接近或超过1,表明其中DDT残留量已超标,单因子污染指数最为严重的是Cd。就综合污染指数而言,除水稻土均值为0.57,低于0.7,属安全外,其他3类土壤的综合污染指数均值在0.72~0.95之间,处于警戒值。试区内约有20%以上土壤综合污染指数超过1,表明土壤受到轻度污染,这是需要引起关注的。     

健全无公害农产品生产保障体系

文章简述了无公害农业生产过程中的主要环节及制约要素,提出建立健全相应的保障体系促进无公害农产品生产发展.     

上海典型新建绿地的土壤质量评价

本文对上海近年来新建的典型绿地─延中、凯桥、华山、黄兴和公路浦东龙东大道、远东大道沿线的景观绿地进行了土壤现状调查。结果表明:上海典型新建绿地的土壤主要为碱性和强碱性;EC 值基本达标;有机质含量达标率在 60%以上,但含量偏低;土壤容重偏高,通气性差;阳离子代换量总体偏低。使用山泥、泥炭客土的土壤质量较好,可以满足城市绿化造景的需要。建议园林植物要 “适土适栽”、“适地适树”,要充分利用生活垃圾、污泥堆肥等有机质含量高的城市废弃物来改良土壤,对现有的城市绿化土壤质量评价指标需要进一步完善,建议增加 CEC、土壤排水能力等土壤质量评价指标。     

我国土壤质量及其评价研究的进展

在阐述了土壤质量的内涵基础上,分析了土壤质量和土壤健康、土地质量及土壤服务功能的联系。重点对我国土壤质量的评价研究进行了回顾和概述,从指标体系的选取和评价方法入手,探讨了评价的发展过程,分析了我国土壤评价指标体系因子选择的范围,在论述了国际土壤质量最新进展的基础上,指出了生物学指标研究是需要加强的方向;同时着重分析了我国土壤质量评价方法研究的进展,对我国土壤质量评价的方法进行了概括,指出了空间化,过程化,应用化和综合化的发展方向,并讨论了我国土壤评价研究的方向和趋势。     

有机农业发展现状及其研究趋向

简析了世界主要国家有机农业产生的背景和发展现状,并提出我国有机农业的主要研究方向,即有机农业与有机农产品的标准制定和认证;有机农业生产关键技术体系、管理体系、农产品服务体系的构建和集成;有机农业生产生态经济评价体系的构建和实施。     

葡萄品质的评价及其与土壤质地的关系研究

以河北省葡萄主产区涿鹿县的葡萄样品与土壤质地为研究对象,运用层次分析法(AHP)和K-均值聚类法对影响葡萄品质的主要指标可溶性固形物、单粒重、固酸比、pH和Vc进行评价,同时测定了相应葡萄采样点土壤的机械组成,并且对葡萄品质指标与土壤机械组成进行相关分析.结果表明:①一般一级葡萄品质的单粒重＞6.0 g,二级＞5.0 g,四级＜5.0 g;一级葡萄可溶性固形物＞175 g/kg,二级＞160 g/kg,四级＜130 g/kg;优良品质葡萄固酸比大都在20 ～ 30之间.②研究区葡萄单粒重与0 ～ 60 cm土层内细砂粒含量都呈显著正相关,与物理性黏粒(＜0.01mm)含量呈显著负相关;可溶性固形物与细粉粒含量呈显著负相关,与物理性黏粒含量呈显著或极显著负相关;固酸比与粗砂粒含量呈显著或极显著正相关.③优质葡萄采样区土壤质地在0 ～ 60 cm土层内均为轻壤土,品质差的葡萄采样区土壤质地在0 ～ 60 cm土层内均为重壤土或中壤土.因此,在涿鹿县土壤质地、单粒重、可溶性固形物和固酸比可作为评价葡萄品质的重要指标.     

Suitability of enzyme activities for the monitoring of soil quality improvement in organic agricultural systems

There is growing interest in the applications of soil enzymes as early indicators of soil quality change under contrasting agricultural management practices. However, despite there being an abundant literature on this subject, most comparative assessments have been based on a limited number of experimental farms and, therefore, conclusions are not as robust as desired. In this study, we compare 18 pairs of organic and neighbouring conventional olive orchards in southern Spain. These sites were selected to allow the definition of the relative contributions of site-landscape features, soil type, and time since organic accreditation and tillage intensity, on the soil quality. Soils were analysed for physico-chemical properties, the activities of dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, arylsulphatase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, and potential nitrification. The geometric mean of the assayed enzymes (GMea) was validated with an independently performed Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and used as a combined soil quality index. The effects of tillage intensity and time since organic accreditation on the improvement of soil quality were also evaluated within the subset of organic farms. Overall for the 18 sites, contrasted management practices did not differ in their impact on basic soil physico-chemical properties, except for loss of on ignition and available inorganic N which were higher and lower in organic farms, respectively. Organic management resulted in significantly higher soil enzyme activities. However, differences were not significant in some of the paired comparisons when considered individually. This highlights the need for extensive comparative assessment, as in this study, to draw clear conclusions concerning the changes to soil quality under sustainable management practices. The GMea was significantly correlated with the first axis of the PCA and shown to be appropriate for condensing the set of soil enzyme values to a sole numerical value. Soil quality changes in organic versus conventional farms, as measured by the GMea, ranged from −23% to 97%, and was highly dependent on time since organic accreditation (r = 0.88; P < 0.01). On the other hand, tillage intensity clearly tended to delay any progress in soil quality in the organic farms.     

Influence of agricultural soils on the growth and reproduction of the bio-indicator Folsomia candida

Soil organisms have been recommended as bio-indicators of soil quality due to their sensitivity to anthropogenic influences and their high degree of site-specificity. The objectives of this study were to determine if the relationship between the soil Collembola, Folsomia candida, and forest soil could be extended to other soils and, if not, to determine the relationship between its life parameters and soils from the different phases of an agricultural rotation sequence. A comparison of growth, reproduction and survival of 1 day old neonates and 10 day old juveniles subjected to a series of different soils (composted manure, pasture soil, forest soil, sand alone, and sand supplemented with yeast) established that the association between F. candida and forest soil quality cannot be automatically transferred to soils from other ecosystems. The test also showed that neonate (1 d) individuals were more sensitive to the different soil treatments than 10 d old juveniles and should be used in future tests. On this basis, neonate F. candida individuals were used to determine if the species could be employed to characterize the agricultural soils from the different phases of an organic or conventional rotation sequence. Results demonstrated that changes in body growth and reproduction constituted suitable criteria to characterize the soil quality of these different phases. The research required to develop these results as a standard bio-indicator test of agricultural soil quality is discussed.