基于GIS的黄淮海平原典型潮土区土壤重金属积累研究

以黄淮海平原典型潮土区——河南省封丘县为例,基于GIS数据统计分析方法和地统计学空间插值方法,其目的是为了:(1)明确土壤重金属Cr、Hg、As、Cu、Zn的当前含量水平及其历史变化趋势;(2)通过与潮土自然背景值(背景值)、国家土壤环境质量标准一级标准(一级标准)和绿色食品产地环境质量标准(绿色标准)的比较,阐明各重金属元素符合不同标准的土壤面积及其空间分布;(3)在上述研究基础上采用内梅罗综合指数法定量评价基于一级标准的土壤重金属综合环境质量及其县域分布.结果表明,5种重金属含量平均值除Hg与背景值相当外,其余均略高于背景值而远低于一级标准,除As外,土壤Cr、Hg、Cu、Zn含量均有随年限增加的趋势;占全县土壤总面积98％以上的Cr、As、Zn含量,100％的Hg含量,91％以上的Cu含量符合一级标准,超过99％以上的土壤符合绿色标准;基于一级标准的内梅罗综合指数进一步表明封丘地区土壤综合环境质量良好,仅有不足3％的土壤受到轻度污染.表明就重金属污染角度,当前状况下的封丘土壤适宜种植各类农作物,但个别超过绿色标准的地点应引起重视并及时采取防治措施.     

南水北调中线工程陕西水源区生态环境质量综合评价

对南水北调中线陕西水源区生态环境质量进行客观评价,可为南水北调工程的顺利实施提供决策和参考.利用RS和GIS分析方法,在生态系统理论的指导下,提取了研究区影响环境质量的6个因子图层数据,叠加形成一个综合环境指数图层数据,并将其划分为4个环境分区.从空间统计分析结果来看,综合自然指数Ⅰ,Ⅱ级最好,占整个水源区面积的64.69%,Ⅲ级较好,占整个水源区面积的31.52%;Ⅳ级区综合自然指数较差,占整个水源区面积的3.79%.对整个陕南水源区进行生态环境质量综合评价研究,能够对南水北调中线水源区生态补偿和水土保持建设提供数据支持和决策依据.     

荔城区耕地障碍因素与环境质量状况及其改良利用

本根据荔城区耕地地力调查与质量评价结果，分析了荔城区中低产耕地障碍因素和土壤综合环境质量状况。全区中低产耕地面积2293．39hm^2，占保护区耕地总面积的25.49％，以旱限制、缺钙限制、瘠瘦限制和酸限制型为主，占保护区耕地总面积的79．21％：全区耕地土壤综合环境质量以清洁和尚清洁为主，占保护区耕地总面积的85．72％，土壤污染物主要为汞、铅等；在分析耕地障碍因素和土壤综合环境质量状况的基础上，提出中低产耕地改良利用和污染防治对策。     

基于县域耕地资源管理信息系统的土壤综合肥力评价

应用ArcGIS 9.3,MapGIS 6.7和县域耕地资源管理信息系统,综合运用层次分析法、模糊数学法,将临泽县土壤图、土地利用现状图、行政区划图叠加求交生成评价单元图,进一步采用层次分析法确定土壤肥力评价因子的权重,对评价指标建立相应的隶属函数,通过计算其隶属度,求得每个评价单元的土壤肥力综合指标值,并依据综合值确定了土壤肥力等级及其面积。结果表明:临泽县土壤综合肥力较高的区域占临泽县耕地总面积的46.51%;土壤综合肥力中等区域占18.54%;土壤综合肥力一般区域占14.17%;土壤综合肥力较差区域占20.68%。利用县域耕地资源管理信息系统与GIS可以快速科学地对土壤肥力进行科学评价,与传统的评价方法相比,可以节约大量的人力、财力和物力。     

日照市茶树种植区表层土壤重金属环境质量评价

以日照市茶树种植区为研究对象,对其表层土壤重金属元素的空间分布特征进行分析,利用内梅罗综合指数法评价其环境质量状况,并将评价结果利用ARC/MAP地统计模块中的克里金插值法插值处理。结果表明,日照市茶树种植区重金属元素分布较为均匀,仅Cd,Hg的空间变异性相对较大;根据单因子污染指数评价结果,大部分地区环境质量较好,仅在局部地区存在Cd,Ni污染;根据内梅罗综合污染指数空间分布,大部分地区土壤属于Ⅰ级,少部分属于Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级,整个区域未出现Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级土壤。     

基于GIS与模糊数学的县级耕地地力质量评价研究

以安徽省宣城市宣州区为例,结合开展的测土配方施肥工作,在 GIS 支持下,利用土壤图和土地利用现状图叠置法确定评价单元,选取土壤养分含量和有效性以及立地条件 3 个方面共 14 个因子,建立耕地地力评价体系及其模型,运用层次分析法和模糊数学、综合指数等方法对耕地地力进行综合评价,评价结果符合当地实际,可以为全国测土配方施肥提供方法和技术支持.     

模糊数学和污染指数法在土壤重金属污染中的应用

依据土壤质量评价中所存在的模糊性和渐变性的特点,采用模糊数学和污染指数法对长春市土壤中重金属(Pb、Cu、Ni,Zn)综合污染状况进行环境质量评价,并进一步对各评价因子在不同功能区的污染程度和来源进行分析.结果表明,长春市土壤环境质量基本上为二级水平,已超过中国土壤自然背景值.各功能区土壤环境优劣顺序为工业区＞住宅区＞郊区耕地＞公园＞开发区;不同功能区各评价因子在土壤中污染水平差异较大,主导污染因子为Ni,已经达到中度污染水平,除此之外,Pb污染较重.     

云南省某锡矿废水污灌区土壤重金属污染评价分析

为揭示工矿企业污水灌溉对土壤环境质量的影响,以锡矿企业废水污灌区为例,对其表层土壤重金属Hg、As、Cd、Pb、Cr含量及pH值进行测定分析。对照国家《土壤环境质量标准》二级标准,采用标准对比法、单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法,对污灌区土壤环境质量进行了评价。结果表明,研究区土壤pH值介于3.83～6.45之间,均值为5.14,土壤偏酸;Hg和Pb单因子污染指数全部样本为一级,土壤清洁且安全;Cr和Cd单因子污染指数分别有2.22%和4.44%的样本为二级,达到警戒级,说明土壤尚清洁,未受到污染;As单因子污染指数2.22%的样本为三级,Pi跃1,达轻污染级,为主要污染因子,表明土壤已受到As轻度污染;研究区综合污染指数值为1.16,达到轻度污染级。     

针对土壤重金属污染评价的模糊数学模型的改进及应用

土壤重金属污染评价是土壤重金属污染研究的重要课题。本文改进了针对土壤重金属污染评价的模糊数学模型和评价因子权重的计算方法,提出了基于污染物浓度和毒性的双权重因子的模糊综合评价法。该法慎重考虑了各级标准界限的模糊性,较好继承了模糊数学方法用于土壤重金属评价的优点。它从定性和定量两方面,比较客观地反映污染因子对土壤环境质量的影响。采用双权重系数法确定各指标的权重,综合考虑评价因子的浓度和毒性,不但在大多数情形下与对比的其它方法结果相一致,而且可以克服其它几种方法出现的误判,提高了评价结果的分辨性,使评价结果更全面、更能真实地反映土壤重金属污染实际状况。     

阿克苏市耕地地力评价与改良利用研究

为了掌握阿克苏市耕地地力基本情况和科学指导农业生产,运用GIS技术和综合指数法对阿克苏市耕地土壤进行了地力评价与改良利用分区研究.结果表明,阿克苏市1,2,3级耕地面积占耕地总面积的63.81％,绝大部分耕地处于中上等水平,耕地生产潜力总体较高.地力等级相对较低的耕地主要障碍因素是土壤盐渍化,其次是土壤中有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效锌和有效锰的含量相对较低.利用评价结果对阿克苏市现有耕地进行改良利用分区,并提出相应的改良利用措施,实现了耕地改良利用分区的定量化.     

Phytotoxicity of cobalt,vanadium, titanium,silver, and chromium

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10^‐5 M) and 142 (with 10^‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10^‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10^‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10^‐4 M AgNO₃; at 10^‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10^‐5 N Cr₂O₇ were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr₂(SO₄)₃ was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements.     

Bioavailability of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Hg, Mo,Ni, Pb,Se, and Zn from Biosolids Amended Compost

Appropriate compost standards are being considered in Canada. Five aspects of compost safety and quality are being evaluated; probably the most controversial aspect is the standards for metals in compost. In order to assist in the development of appropriate standards, the authors began an extensive research project in October, 1993 to determine the bioavailability of metals from compost and compost-metal mixtures. Swiss chard was grown in compost-amended soils or compost in a growth room using five treatments of increasing percentages of compost in the media (0, 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent, 100 percent compost (v/v)). A Truro loamy sand and a race-track manure-biosolids compost (RTM-biosolids) supplemented with a high metal biosolids were used in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Dry matter yield, metal content in plant tissue, and total metal uptake were evaluated as well as the total and DTPA-extractable metal content in the compost-soil mixes. The results of this and five other experiments conducted by the authors will help determine whether the suggested limits for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in composts are appropriate.     

Variation of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,Mn, Zn,and al in slash pine foliage

Abstract

The seasonal patterns of foliage nutrient concentrations and contents were monitored for two growing seasons in an 11‐year—old Pinus el1iottii stand. In the first growing season after needle initiation, N, P, K, Mg, and Zn concentrations decreased, but this was followed by an increase in the fall and winter months. Another drop in concentration of all elements, except P, occurred in the second growing season. Decreases in total contents indicated that this drop was a result of translocation to other tissues. In contrast to the mobile elements, the concentration and fascicle contents of Ca, Mn, and Al increased with aging of the needles.

Between‐tree variability was least for N, P, and Zn and the N, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the current foliage had consistently lower variation than that in the 1‐year‐old foliage. Between‐tree variation for K was lower in the winter than the spring.

For pine foliage, recommended sampling period for N, P, Mg, and Zn is mid to late summer and for the other elements it is late fall to late winter.

There are several sources of variation that influence the level of nutrients in tree foliage. The most important of these, apart from the tree nutrient status, are seasonal fluctuations, variation between trees, and age of needles . Smaller sources of variation are associated with position of the needles within the crown, diurnal changes, year to year variation, and analytical errors^1,2. These variables must be studied in order to develop suitable sampling techniques and in Pinus this has been undertaken for P. banksiana ¹, P. taeda ³, P. strobus ⁴, P. resinosa ⁴, P. sylvestris ⁵, and P. radiata ^6,7. However, foliage sampling has not been studied in detail for slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem var. elliottii) and earlier studies with other pines have been largely confined to temperate or cool climates.

This study reports the variation in elemental concentrations with season, age of foliage, and between slash pine trees growing in a subtropical climate in Florida.     

Cooking,Roasting, and Fermentation of Chickpeas,Lentils, Peas,and Soybeans for Fortification of Leavened Bread

The effects of cooking, roasting, and fermentation on the composition and protein properties of grain legumes and the characteristics of dough and bread incorporated with legume flours were determined to identify an appropriate pretreatment. Oligosaccharide content of legumes was reduced by 76.2–96.9% by fermentation, 44.0–64.0% by roasting, and 28.4–70.1% by cooking. Cooking and roasting decreased protein solubility but improved in vitro protein digestibility. Mixograph absorption of wheat and legume flour blends increased from 50–52% for raw legumes to 68–76, 62–64, and 74–80% for cooked, roasted, and fermented ones, respectively. Bread dough with cooked or roasted legume flour was less sticky than that with raw or fermented legume flour. Loaf volume of bread baked from wheat and raw or roasted legume flour blends with or without gluten addition was consistently highest for chickpeas, less for peas and lentils, and lowest for soybeans. Roasted legume flour exhibited more appealing aroma and greater loaf volume of bread than cooked legume flour, and it appears to be the most appropriate preprocessing method for incorporation into bread.     

Thin layer chromatographic determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, citrinin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, penicillic acid, patulin, and penitrem A.

A general method is described for determining 16 mycotoxins in mixed feeds and other food products used in the manufacture of these feedstuffs. The mycotoxins are extracted and cleaned up by extracting with solvents of different pH. Thin layer chromatography is used to separate the toxins; toxins are then quantitated by the limit detection method. The minimum detectable concentration of mycotoxins in various products is: aflatoxin B1 or G1, 4--5 micrograms/kg; ochratoxin A or ethyl ester A 140--145 micrograms/kg; citrinin 600--750 micrograms/kg; zearalenone, 410--500 micrograms/kg; sterigmatocystin, 140--145 micrograms/kg; diacetoxyscirpenol, 2400--2600 micrograms/kg; T-2 toxin, 800--950 micrograms/kg; patulin, 750--800 micrograms/kg; penitrem A 14,000--14,500 micrograms/kg; penicillic acid 3400--3650 micrograms/kg.     

Glucoraphanin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin contents in seeds of 59 cultivars of broccoli, raab, kohlrabi, radish, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kale, and cabbage

The importance of dietary sulforaphane in helping maintain good health continues to gain support within the health-care community and awareness among U.S. consumers. In addition to the traditional avenue for obtaining sulforaphane, namely, the consumption of appropriate cruciferous vegetables, other consumer products containing added glucoraphanin, the natural precursor to sulforaphane, are now appearing in the United States. Crucifer seeds are a likely source for obtaining glucoraphanin, owing to a higher concentration of glucoraphanin and the relative ease of processing seeds as compared to vegetative parts. Seeds of several commonly consumed crucifers were analyzed not only for glucoraphanin but also for components that might have negative health implications, such as certain indole-containing glucosinolates and erucic acid-containing lipids. Glucoraphanin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, other glucosinolates, and lipid erucic acid were quantified in seeds of 33 commercially available cultivars of broccoli, 4 cultivars each of kohlrabi, radish, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kale, and cabbage, and 2 cultivars of raab.     

Distribution of Zinc,Manganese, Copper,Cobalt, and Nickel in Andosols Profiles

The distribution of zinc, manganese, copper, cobalt, and nickel in Andosols was investigated. Sixty nine soil samples were collected from different horizons of an Andosols profile in Miyakonojo Basin in south Kyushu, Japan, The total contents of heavy metals were determined by digestion and four extraction solutions, 1 M NH₄Ac (ammonium acetate) pH 4.5, 0.1 M HCl, 0.01 M EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) pH 6.5, and 0.005 M DTPA (diethylenetri-aminepentaacetic acid) pH 7.3 were used to determine the contents of available Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, and Ni in Andosols in relation to the organic carbon content. The results of the extraction analysis showed that by the use of 0.1 M H Cl high value of extracted heavy metals in the upper layers of the humus horizons were obtained while EDTA extraction yielded a large amount of the above mentioned metals in the high humus horizons. The extractable heavy metals contents were high and these metals closely related to the organic carbon content mostly in the humus horizons in the profile. Where, biocycling process may play an important role in the concentration of heavy metals. Based on the study, it was found that the total content of Zn increased towards the C horizons or pumice layers in the soil profile. Such a trend was also found in the case of the Mn content. While the Cu content in the humus horizons was much higher in the upper part of each humus horizon. According to this study the distribution of heavy metals, Cu (organic matter complexes) in the Andosols profile was more stable than that of Zn (organic matter complexes) in soils. It was shown that Zn in the surface humus horizon was enriched but that some amount was leached under buried conditions. The same phenomenon was also observed in the distribution of Mn in the profile. The movement of Co and Ni in the soil profile was limited, as evidenced by the sharp reduction in the concentrations of these two metals in buried soils.

Hence, it is concluded that the distribution of Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, and Ni was considerably higher in the humus horizons of the Andosols profiles.     

Hydrophilic chromatographic determination of carnosine, anserine, balenine, creatine, and creatinine

A new HPLC procedure based on hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) has been developed for the simultaneous determination of carnosine, anserine, balenine, creatine, and creatinine in meat. This is the first time that HILIC has been directly applied to the study of meat components, having the advantage of not requiring complex cleanup and/or sample derivatization procedures. The chromatographic separation has been developed using a silica column (4.6 x 150 mm, 3 microm), and the proposed methodology is simple, reliable, and fast (<13 min per sample). The method has been validated in terms of linearity, repeatability, reproducibility, and recovery and represents an interesting alternative to methods currently in use for determining the mentioned compounds and other polar substances. The detection limits are 5.64, 8.23, 3.66, 3.99, and 0.06 microg/mL for carnosine, anserine, balenine, creatine, and creatinine, respectively.     

Estimation of Reference Values for Cadmium,Cobalt, Chromium,Copper, Nickel,Lead, and Zinc in Brazilian Soils

Abstract

The objectives of this study were 1) to recommend reference values (RVs) and tolerance limits (TLs) for representative Brazilian soils and 2) to propose a model to calculate natural contents of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in a soil from the silt, clay, manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) values. A set of 256 soil samples was classified by similarity in seven groups, and the concentrations corresponding to the upper quarter of data collected were then calculated. These concentrations are proposed as RVs for Brazilian soils. Additionally, TLs were obtained for each group from the antilog expression (m+2s), where m=mean value and s=standard deviation of data transformed in log₁₀. The classification functions of discriminant analysis proved to be suitable to allocate new samples in the established groups. Thus, it is possible to evaluate soils under anthropic activity and, by comparison with reference values, to be aware of pollution risks in a given area.     

Volatilization of trifluralin,atrazine, metolachlor,chlorpyrifos, alpha-endosulfan,and beta-endosulfan from freshly tilled soil

The volatile and soil loss profiles of six agricultural pesticides were measured for 20 days following treatment to freshly tilled soil at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center. The volatile fluxes were determined using the Theoretical Profile Shape (TPS) method. Polyurethane foam plugs were used to collect the gas-phase levels of the pesticides at the TPS-defined critical height above a treated field. Surface-soil (0-8 cm) samples were collected on each day of air sampling. The order of the volatile flux losses was trifluralin > alpha-endosulfan > chlorpyrifos > metolachlor > atrazine > beta-endosulfan. The magnitude of the losses ranged from 14.1% of nominal applied amounts of trifluralin to 2.5% of beta-endosulfan. The daily loss profiles were typical of those observed by others for volatile flux of pesticides from moist soil. Even though heavy rains occurred from the first to third day after treatment, the majority of the losses took place within 4 days of treatment, that is, 59% of the total applied atrazine and metolachlor and >78% of the other pesticides. Soil losses generally followed pseudo-first-order kinetics; however, leaching due to heavy rainfall caused significant errors in these results. The portion of soil losses that were accounted for by the volatile fluxes was ordered as follows: alpha-endosulfan, 34.5%; trifluralin, 26.5%; chlorpyrifos, 23.3%; beta-endosulfan, 14.5%; metolachlor, 12.4%; and atrazine, 7.5%.