国际组织和有关国家非洲猪瘟扑杀措施

非洲猪瘟(African swine fever,ASF)对全球养猪业造成了重大损失和严重威胁。由于目前仍未研发出有效疫苗,发生ASF疫情时,世界各国普遍采取以扑杀或改良扑杀为主的综合性防控措施。为给我国ASF防控和根除提供借鉴,介绍了OIE、FAO等国际组织,西班牙、巴西、俄罗斯等有关国家以及欧盟在ASF应急处置时规定和实施的扑杀措施。在ASF疫情处置和根除中,扑杀或改良扑杀政策是国际组织和有关国家较为通行的做法,在具体实施过程中,各国依据实际情况划定不同的扑杀范围,选择相应的扑杀政策,从而实现根除ASF的目标。     

完善地方动物疫情扑杀补偿政策的建议

正很多动物疫病具有致病性强、流行性大、易感性烈等特点。对发生的动物疫病采取必要的应急处置,及时进行扑杀,可以避免疫情范围扩大,缓解对畜牧业和社会的冲击。我国动物疫病应急处置机制体系建立较晚,扑杀补偿价格存在不能与市场经济有效衔接的弊端。通过近几年的调查研究和不断思考,提出一些完善动物疫情扑杀补偿政策的建议。1 我国动物疫情扑杀补偿政策的发展历程1949年新中国成立后,我国先后发生了多次动物疫情,但都没有催生任何政策性文件或者指导方     

四川启动2012秋季重大动物疫病防控工作

日前,四川省畜牧食品局启动了2012年全省秋季重大动物疫病防控工作。对四川省2012年秋季重大动物疫病的防控工作进行了全面部署,组织学习了《国家中长期动物疫病防治规划（2012～2020年）》,并邀请相关疫病防控专家对动物疫病防控技术进行了培训。本次秋防工作要求各级畜牧兽医部门切实加强重大动物疫病基础免疫工作;严格落实免疫、监测、扑杀、净化等综合防疫措施,加大人畜共患病及其他常规动物疫病防制力度：认真落实病原学监测、阳性动物扑杀、无害化处理和财政补偿政策,加强动物疫病监测和流行病学调查结果分析、评估等;     

中美两国生猪免疫政策与实践比较

中国和美国都把免疫作为重要的动物疫病防控措施。美国联邦法典未对免疫措施实施强制规定,而是对具体其生产和使用的技术标准进行了规定。我国的动物防疫法规定对重大动物疫病实施强制免疫,免疫+扑杀是防控重大动物疫病的基本策略。由于两国经济背景和家畜饲养方式不同,因而免疫政策、措施和方法有所不同。     

重大动物疫病防控要切实重视养殖环境的控制

正我国对重大动物疫病防控实行以强制免疫为主,包括扑杀、消毒灭原在内的综合防控策略,一方面通过对病畜的扑杀,消灭传染源,防止病毒的扩散和蔓延,另一方面通过免疫提高动物的特异性免疫力,保护易感动物。这一防控策略曾对我国重大动物疫病防控方面起到了积极的作用,但     

如何完善强制免疫补助政策

正最好的防控方法,就是按科学程序进行疫苗接种。针对当前防疫工作中不断出现的新情况、新问题,尤其是面对禽流感等重大动物疫情严峻形势下,基层畜牧兽医部门应该完善强制免疫工作,使"免疫与扑杀"相结合的防控策略落到实处,从源头上加强动物防疫工作。为此,笔者就如何完善强制免疫补助政策,谈几点想法。一是改革免疫补助政策模式,由免费疫苗发放逐步调整为事后补贴。免费疫苗发放的模式在刚开始实施时,因其成本低、见效快、易实施的特点,发挥了很重要的作     

关于清查金刚烷胺等抗病毒药物的紧急通知

各省、自治区、直辖市畜牧兽医（农牧、农业、动物卫生监督）厅（局、办）：当前，我国高致病性禽流感疫情形势严峻，实施严格的扑杀、强制免疫是控制疫情的根本措施。为避免影响国家动物疫病强制性免疫政策落实，给重大动物疫病防控工作带来不良后果，经研究决定，除经批准生产、使用的疫苗产品外，禁止使用其他药物防治高致病性禽流感等一类病原微生物引起的病毒性疫病。现就有关事项通知如下：     

农业部、财政部关于调整完善动物疫病防控支持政策的通知

正根据《中华人民共和国动物防疫法》等法律法规要求,农业部、财政部认真总结近年来动物疫病防控政策实施和试点工作情况,立足动物防疫实际,决定从2017年开始调整完善重大动物疫病防控支持政策。一是调整国家强制免疫和扑杀病种;二是建立强制免疫和扑杀病种进入退出机制;三是优化强制免疫补助政策,调整强制     

2019年畜牧兽医工作要点印发农业农村部提出统筹防控非洲猪瘟

<正>农业农村部印发2019年畜牧兽医工作要点,针对猪业提出要统筹好防控非洲猪瘟,打好非洲猪瘟防控攻坚战。严格疫情报告与处置。印发非洲猪瘟疫情应急实施方案,加强检测和评估,科学实施扑杀封锁措施。严格落实新发疫情扑杀、消毒、无害化处理等处置措施,严防扩散蔓延。进一步强化疫情溯源调查,及时发现和消除隐患。严格规范疫情报告制度,     

非洲猪瘟防控要点

当前我国已经将非洲猪瘟列入I类动物疫病,该病主要是感染非洲猪瘟病毒所致,一旦爆发疫情,给广大生猪养殖户带来巨大的损失。本文归纳了几点非洲猪瘟的防控要点。迄今为止,我国依然无针对非洲猪瘟的有效疫苗,一旦发现疫情只能通过扑杀净化方式,因此积极采取有效的防控措施至关重要。1非洲猪瘟控制措施一旦在本地区发现了疑似非洲猪瘟疫情,要严格根据《非洲猪瘟疫情应急预案》制定应急处置措施,以免该疫情进一步扩散和蔓延。     

How do resources influence control measures during a simulated outbreak of foot and mouth disease in Australia?

An outbreak of foot and mouth disease (FMD) could seriously impact Australia's livestock sector and economy. As an FMD-free country, an outbreak would trigger a major disease control and eradication program that would include the culling of infected and at risk animals (‘stamping out’), movement restrictions and zoo-sanitary measures. Additional control measures may also include pre-emptive culling or vaccination. However, it is unclear what disease strategy would be most effective under Australian conditions and different resource levels. Using a stochastic simulation model that describes FMD transmission between farms in a livestock dense region of Australia, our results suggest that using current estimates of human resource capacity for surveillance, infected premises operations and vaccination, outbreaks were effectively controlled under a stamping out strategy. However, under more constrained resource allocations, ring vaccination was more likely to achieve eradication faster than stamping out or pre-emptive culling strategies.     

A decision-tree to optimise control measures during the early stage of a foot-and-mouth disease epidemic

A decision-tree was developed to support decision making on control measures during the first days after the declaration of an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). The objective of the tree was to minimise direct costs and export losses of FMD epidemics under several scenarios based on livestock and herd density in the outbreak region, the possibility of airborne spread, and the time between first infection and first detection. The starting point of the tree was an epidemiological model based on a deterministic susceptible–infectious–recovered approach. The effect of four control strategies on FMD dynamics was modelled. In addition to the standard control strategy of stamping out and culling of high-risk contact herds, strategies involving ring culling within 1 km of an infected herd, ring-vaccination within 1 km of an infected herd, and ring-vaccination within 3 km of an infected herd were assessed. An economic model converted outbreak and control effects of farming and processing operations into estimates of direct costs and export losses. Ring-vaccination is the economically optimal control strategy for densely populated livestock areas whereas ring culling is the economically optimal control strategy for sparsely populated livestock areas.     

Time to critical overcrowding of Manitoba swine barns in the event of restriction on animal movement

Canada maintains a stamping-out policy for control of foreign animal disease. Integral to stamping out, there are obligatory animal movement restrictions that, over time, can result in severe animal welfare problems. The purpose of this study was to estimate the time to critical overcrowding in a sample of Manitoba swine farms, if they were placed under movement restriction. Time to critical overcrowding in both static and dynamic populations was estimated by modeling swine growth and projecting anticipated on-farm stocking density through time and comparing it with a standard maximal stocking density. The time to critical overcrowding of 15 isowean piglet production units was 0.66 +/- 0.88 weeks. On average, 7 isolated nursery facilities reached critical overcrowding in 52 +/- 14 days and 5 farrow-to-finish operations reached critical overcrowding in 43 +/- 18 days. Animal welfare concerns should be included in contingency plans to control foreign animal disease.     

Simulated economic consequences of foot-and-mouth disease epidemics and their public control in France

The efficient management of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemics in France was examined through a simulation model which combines epidemiological and economic modules. From the reactions of the importing countries in terms of the products subject to import bans and the regionalization commitments, the economic module assesses the financial consequences of FMD outbreaks borne not only by the breeding sector but also by the other economic sectors on regional and national levels. Among the control options for FMD, the strategy of stamping out infected herds and dangerous in-contact herds most often contributes to reducing the economic consequences of FMD epidemics. Implementing a campaign of emergency vaccination is socially optimal if the additional export losses associated with the delay of slaughtering the vaccinated animals are offset by the gains of reducing the duration of the FMD epidemic. The importance of reducing as much as possible the total duration of the import bans is stressed by the estimated cost of an extra week of import bans. The optimal control strategy was unaffected by the introduction of stochastic parameters.     

Foreign animal disease outbreaks, the animal welfare implications for Canada: risks apparent from international experience

Any outbreak of an Office International des Epizooties List A disease, such as classical swine fever or foot and mouth disease, has severe consequences for animal welfare, livestock production, exports of animals and animal products, and the environment. The public concern with the animal welfare effects of methods of disease eradication that result in the destruction of large numbers of uninfected animals has initiated a reconsideration of disease eradication policy in Europe. In many recent List A disease epizootics, the financial cost of addressing animal welfare concerns in healthy animals has greatly exceeded the cost of stamping out disease in infected herds. In the event of a similar incursion in Canada, the number of animals subject to welfare slaughter will be far greater than the number of infected animals killed. Current national disease eradication plans in Canada do not address the animal welfare component of disease control methods.     

走出国土绿化误区营造国民健康环境--再论国土绿化需实施草业为基础、草林并重的创新战略方针

根据国情、历史经验和科学规律,通过论述宜林区与非宜林区当制宜、绿化主体区与非主体区要明确、森林覆盖率与地被覆盖率应区分、工程措施与生物措施需并重,阐明草业在国土绿化和生态环境建设中的基础地位和独特作用.提出尊重历史与科学,国土绿化应走出重林轻草的误区,实施以草业为基础草林并重的创新战略方针与政策,以积极推进环境改善,保障国民健康.     

地方政府公共政策执行力系统分析

地方政府公共政策执行力由介入政策过程的诸因素构成。这些因素之间存在相互约束的逻辑关系。根据介入政策过程的不同环节，将政策系统分为环境系统、过程系统、政策领域和政策手段。     

甘南州畜牧业可持续发展问题探讨

中国作为一个发展中的大国,从二十世纪九十年代初期以来,也把可持续发展的方针贯穿到了国民经济宏观发展的战略思路中,并就如何落实这一指导国民经济发展的新思路制定了一系列的具体措施。甘南畜牧业作为甘肃经济发展的一个组成部分,它的可持续发展会带来非同寻常的战略意义。本文以可持续理论为指导,研究了甘南州畜牧业经济的发展与问题,全文共分四个部分,第一部分,探讨了甘南州畜牧业可持续发展的基本内容和特征。第二部分,阐述了畜牧业在甘南经济中的作用。第三部分,以可持续理论作对照,分析了甘南州畜牧业存在的问题及其原因。第四部分,是文本对甘南州实施畜牧业可持续发展所进行的对策研究。     

Introduction to classical swine fever: virus, disease and control policy

Classical swine fever virus is a spherical enveloped particle of about 40-60 nm in diameter with a single stranded RNA genome of about 12,300 bases with positive polarity, classified as a pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae. Natural hosts are domestic and wild pigs. The virus causes one of the most severe diseases in pigs world wide with grave economic consequences. The clinical picture of classical swine fever is variable, depending on the age of the affected animals and viral virulence. The virus is well characterised and reliable laboratory diagnostic procedures are available. In many parts of the world live attenuated vaccines are being used as a safe and efficient prophylactic tool. However, in EU Member States and several other countries vaccination is prohibited and CSF is controlled by a strict stamping out policy. In order to overcome the disadvantages of conventional vaccination inactivated marker vaccines have been developed that enable the distinction between vaccinated and infected animals. Whether these vaccines will be accepted as an additional tool in the framework of the stamping out policy is not yet decided.     

A low pathogenic H5N2 influenza virus isolated in Taiwan acquired high pathogenicity by consecutive passages in chickens

H5N2 viruses were isolated from cloacal swab samples of apparently healthy chickens in Taiwan in 2003 and 2008 during surveillance of avian influenza. Each of the viruses was eradicated by stamping out. The official diagnosis report indicated that the Intravenous Pathogenicity Indexes (IVPIs) of the isolates were 0.00 and 0.89, respectively, indicating that these were low pathogenic strains, although the hemagglutinin of the strain isolated in 2008 (Taiwan08) had multibasic amino acid residues at the cleavage site (PQRKKR/G). In the present study, these H5N2 viruses were assessed for their intravenous and intranasal pathogenicity for chickens. It was examined whether Taiwan08 acquires pathogenicity through consecutive passages in chickens. Intravenous pathogenicity of Taiwan08 depended upon the age of the chickens used for the IVPI test; all of the eight-week-old chickens intravenously inoculated with Taiwan08 showed clinical signs but survived for ten days post inoculation (IVPI=0.68), whereas all the six-week-old chickens died (IVPI=1.86). Taiwan08-P8, which were passaged in chickens for eight times, killed all the eight-week-old chickens (IVPI=2.36). The four-week-old chickens died after intranasal inoculation of Taiwan08-P8, indicating that Taiwan08 must have become highly pathogenic during circulation in chicken flocks. These results emphasize the importance of a stamping out policy for avian influenza even if the IVPI of the causal virus is low.