番茄种子萌发期耐旱性鉴定指标的研究

采用聚乙二醇(PEG)6000溶液模拟水分胁迫条件(0,-0.2,-0.3,-0.4MPa)对8份番茄种子进行萌发试验,研究了番茄萌发期渗透胁迫对种子萌发状况的影响。结果显示:渗透溶液的浓度越高对种子萌发的胁迫程度越大,并且在-0.4MPa水势下,所有材料都不能发芽。在-0.2～-0.3MPa水势下相对发芽势、相对发芽率、相对发芽指数、相对活力指数、胚根生长都受到不同程度的抑制,且两种浓度下的萌发耐旱指数具有相关性(r=0.759*)。通过萌发期耐旱指数与各指标的相关分析、聚类分析,认为选用-0.2～-0.3MPa的PEG6000溶液都可进行番茄萌发期耐旱性鉴定,并明确了萌发期耐旱性鉴定的指标体系,为综合评价不同番茄品种萌发期耐旱性奠定了基础。     

不同玉米种子萌发期耐旱性分析

种子萌发期是研究玉米生长和耐旱性的关键时期。为了鉴定不同玉米自交系的萌发期耐旱性,采用聚乙二醇(PEG)模拟干旱条件,对42份不同玉米自交系进行干旱处理,通过研究发芽指数、发芽率、发芽势等种子发芽性状,以其相对值为指标,鉴定不同玉米自交系种子萌发期的耐旱性。结果表明,在PEG-6000处理胁迫下,玉米自交系种子萌发受到抑制,不同自交系的耐旱性存在较大差异,通过隶属函数法结合抗旱分级标准筛选出丹3140为萌发期强耐旱自交系,农系1315、YML 1615、京2416为萌发期中等耐旱材料。     

20个烟草品种干旱胁迫下发芽和苗期生理特性及耐旱性评价

试验对干旱胁迫下20个烟草品种发芽和苗期生理生化特性变化进行了分析,并对其耐旱性进行了鉴定。在正常供水和15%PEG-6000模拟干旱条件下测定了种子发芽特性及幼苗生长、生理生化等指标,将各性状在正常供水与干旱胁迫下测定值的比值作为耐旱性评价指标。相关性分析表明,相对发芽指数、相对活力指数、相对幼苗鲜重和相对幼苗干重之间显著相关,是较好的耐旱性评价指标。通过聚类分析,将20个品种分为耐旱型、中等耐旱型和干旱敏感型3类,聚类结果与相关性分析结果一致。研究结果将为烟草抗旱性机理研究和育种以及烟草区域化种植提供理论依据。     

水分胁迫对甜玉米主要农艺性状及产量的影响

在大棚内采用人工供水的方法,研究不同水分胁迫下甜玉米品种主要农艺性状与产量的关系。结果表明,轻度干旱胁迫下可用株高、茎粗、散粉至吐丝间隔期(ASI)、穗粗、每穗粒数、千粒重等6个性状耐旱系数作为品种耐旱性鉴定的指标,而中度干旱胁迫下可用穗位叶面积、散粉至吐丝间隔期(ASI)、穗粗、每穗粒数、出籽率、千粒重这6个性状耐旱系数预测品种产量的耐旱系数。在不同程度水分胁迫下,散粉至吐丝间隔期(ASI)、穗粗、每穗粒数、千粒重等4个性状耐旱系数是不同品种耐旱性鉴定的重要指标,除此之外,株高、茎粗、穗位叶面积等决定植株形态的性状指标也对甜玉米耐旱性起一定作用。     

芝麻耐旱性的鉴定方法及关联分析

为了解芝麻的耐旱性及获得与芝麻耐旱性相关的分子标记,在发芽期,采用不同浓度PEG 6000处理不同来源不同种皮颜色的10份芝麻品种,测定其形态特征和生理特征及各指标的差异显著性。结果表明,模拟芝麻干旱处理的最佳PEG 6000浓度为15%;综合各项指标的主成分分析、最优回归方程分析及相关性分析表明,相对成苗率可以作为芝麻发芽期耐旱性鉴定的关键指标;利用上述方法对216份核心种质资源群体进行耐旱性鉴定,相对成苗率耐旱系数值位于12.15%~93.52%,平均为60.74%,变异系数为25.22,变异丰富且呈正态分布;资源群体的耐旱性指标值与608个多态性标记位点的关联分析,获得与芝麻发芽期耐旱性有显著关联的标记30个(P<0.05),解释率在1.99%~4.96%之间,平均2.84%。试验表明,相对成苗率是最适且最方便的耐旱性鉴定指标,适用于芝麻资源的耐旱性鉴定。     

旱稻新品种鑫两优212芽期的耐旱性研究

利用筛选的适宜浓度PEG溶液室内模拟干旱,研究了旱稻新品种鑫两优212和旱稻对照绿旱1号、普通对照金优207等3个水稻品种对芽期干旱胁迫的响应。结果表明,在12.5%的PEG模拟干旱处理下,供试材料的萌发和苗期性状都受到了显著抑制,PEG干旱胁迫处理后成苗率、苗长、苗重及根重降幅最小的品种都是鑫两优212,分别比对照降低1%、42.8%、57.3%、6%。根据3个品种在PEG模拟干旱胁迫处理后的苗期性状表现,结合芽期耐旱系数评价,得出鑫两优212的耐旱性最高,绿旱1号其次,金优207相对最差。     

不同种质玉米自交系种子萌发的干旱胁迫研究

种子萌发期被认为是作物生长的关键时期,也是衡量作物耐旱性强弱的重要时期。为了明确不同玉米自交系的耐旱性,本研究采用聚乙二醇(PEG)模拟干旱条件,对254份不同种质玉米自交系进行种子萌发期处理。通过检测发芽指数、发芽率、根数、根鲜重、根干重、茎鲜重、茎干重、根长、苗高等种子发芽性状,以其相对值为指标,鉴定不同自交系种子萌发期的耐旱性。结果表明,在5%PEG6000浓度胁迫时,种子萌发程度低,当PEG浓度为10%时,种子萌发受抑制程度较高；各性状相对指标都与品种综合抗旱能力呈显著或极显著正相关；不同自交系的耐旱性存在较大差异,通过隶属函数法结合抗旱分级标准筛选出99份中等耐旱材料。因此,该方法可以作为一种简单的玉米自交系萌发期耐旱性鉴定方法。     

谷子种子萌发对模拟干旱胁迫的响应及其耐旱性综合评价

谷子[Setaria italica(L.)Beauv]是一种优良的抗旱作物资源,在农业中具有重要的地位.但近年来,随着全球气候的变暖,水资源严重短缺,在栽培区域年降水量为250～450 mm,十年九春旱.急需选育出一些高抗旱性的材料.本研究以9个谷子材料为试材,以不同渗透势的PEG-6000溶液模拟水分胁迫条件,通过测定萌发抗旱指数和活力抗旱指数、相对发芽势、相对发芽率4个指标,研究了9个谷子材料的耐旱能力,并采用模糊隶属法用上述4个指标对9个不同材料的耐旱性进行综合评价.结果表明,9个谷子材料耐旱隶属函数总平均值范围为0.023～0.710.国08-25总平均值最高,耐旱隶属值为0.710,耐旱性最高,赤10-321总平均值最低,耐旱隶属值为0.023,耐旱性最低.     

干旱胁迫对‘大同34号’谷子种子萌发和幼苗生长发育的影响

为了探讨谷子出苗的外界环境最低水分需求和对干旱胁迫的忍耐能力,笔者利用PEG溶液(水势梯度为0~-0.50 Mpa)模拟干旱胁迫,研究了‘大同34号’谷子种子萌发能力的变化及对萌发环境的最低水分需求。结果表明,PEG干旱胁迫通过限制谷子种子有效水分的吸收而抑制其萌发,且随着渗透势的增大,萌发势减弱,主要表现为:累计萌发率、吸水速率、萌发活力、萌发胁迫指数等随胁迫强度的增加而下降,根芽比则随之增加。在-0.5 MPa PEG 6000溶液处理下,谷子萌发耐旱指数的差异性最显著,因此该浓度可作为谷子芽期耐旱性鉴定临界值。     

PEG胁迫下新疆主要加工番茄萌芽期耐旱性评价

在PEG模拟干旱胁迫下,对新疆14个主要加工番茄品种进行萌芽期和幼苗期耐旱性鉴定。在PEG半致死浓度（11.4%）下,对加工番茄发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚根长度、幼苗鲜重、幼苗干重等指标进行聚类分析和差异比较。结果表明,不同基因型加工番茄的耐旱性能具有较大差异。14个加工番茄品种中,早得、佳禾红运、石红15号、红果3号、麒麟钻石为耐旱性较强品种,里格尔87-5、美国世纪红、佳禾9号、新选里格尔87-5、昌农020耐旱性较弱,石红6号、麒麟020、麒麟87-5、佳义200耐旱性最差。加工番茄萌发能力参数聚类分析和幼苗生长参数差异分析结果较为一致,在加工番茄萌芽期和幼苗期可对其耐旱性进行快速鉴定。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...