华北落叶松枯落物覆盖对地表径流的拦阻效应

在宁夏固原六盘山叠叠沟小流域坡面径流小区(长0.9 m、宽0.5 m)内进行了10种枯落物覆盖量(0.0、0.5、1.0、3.0、5.0、7.0、10.0、15.0、20.0、25.0 t·hm-2)、5个入口流量(10、20、30、40、60 mL·s-1)的地表径流试验.结果表明:当枯落物覆盖量从0.0 t·hm-2增加到25.0 t·hm-2时,地表径流流速与无枯落物覆盖相比减小了57.50%～72.27%;地表径流流速随入口流量增加而明显加大,尤其是无枯落物覆盖时增加最快;在坡度为14°的条件下,枯落物覆盖对地表径流流速的阻延值△V(cm·s-1)与单宽流量q(mL·s-1·cm-1)、枯落物覆盖量G(t·hm-2)的关系为:△V=3.617 7q0.507 5G0.431 5(R2=0.910 2);枯落物覆盖量增加使地表曼宁阻力系数n值加大,在枯落物覆盖量小于10.0 t·hm-2时,n值随枯落物量增加而急剧加大;当枯落物覆盖量在10.0～25.0 t·hm-2范围内增加时,n值的加大趋势逐渐变缓;n值与枯落物覆盖量之间呈较好的二项式关系.     

云南元谋干热河谷区加勒比松人工林枯落物层的水土保持功能研究

对云南元谋干热河谷区加勒比松人工林枯落物层水土保持功能的模拟试验结果表明:该河谷区的加勒比松人工林枯落物层具有截留降雨的作用,其降水截留率可达73.48%,且滞缓林地地表径流的效果显著;厚度为3 cm的枯落物层能抑制林地土壤水分的蒸发率达54.5%;加勒比松人工林的枯落物层能防止林地土壤的击溅侵蚀,当枯落物层厚2.0 cm时,林地土壤的滴溅侵蚀业已停止。     

湖南湘西地区马尾松林枯落物动态估算模型研究

以湖南省湘西地区马尾松人工林为研究对象,对其2014—2017年森林生物量、森林枯落物凋落量与现存量等进行调查,并对森林枯落物凋落量与森林生物量二者之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明：森林枯落物凋落量与森林乔木地上原有生物量及增加量之间存在着显著相关关系,通过森林乔木地上原有生物量W_U0及增加量W_U△、林分密度N等林分因子来估算森林枯落物凋落量K_W具有很好的效果,其线性回归模型为K_W=0.003N+0.026W_U0+0.159W_U△+0.101,相关系数R=0.923。同时,可根据森林枯落物凋落量和现存量计算森林枯落物的分解速率,进而建立森林枯落物的动态变化预测模型及消长系数模型,对森林枯落物的动态变化过程及消长规律进行分析与预测。通过林分因子来估算森林枯落物凋落量和现存量,对于及时掌握森林枯落物的状态,进而对与之相关的物质循环、能量流动和生态服务功能进行分析与评价具有重要...     

金沙江流域4种林下枯落物储量及其持水特性研究

<正>枯落物层是森林地表的一个重要覆盖面,是森林结构中重要的组成部分。林木每年凋落的大量枯枝落叶,在水文生态效益和保土功能方面起着十分重要的作用。国内外许多学者在不同区域对多种森林类型下的枯落物特性作了研究,在枯     

桉树林枯落物灰分的化学性质及其对森林土壤的影响

每公顷森林土壤施4～20t灰分,可使土壤Ph(kcI)提高1—3个单位(取决于土壤含C量),降低交换性AI和H的含量,增加交换点和盐基离子水平。施灰分使大多数土壤的呼吸速率、N的矿化速率和硝化速率提高。在评价植物灰分改良土壤作用时,必须考虑土壤性质和灰分组成。     

通榆县杨树人工林地表枯落物载量调查与分析

以通榆县营造杨树人工林为对象,对不同龄组林地地表枯落物类型与载量进行调查与分析,结果表明:在4种枯落物中,枯落叶片风干含水率平均值最低,为9.68%;1 h时滞枯枝最高,为15.16%。全县杨树人工林地表枯落物总量587 202.7 t,幼龄林总质量最高,为226 527.5 t,占38.6%;中龄林总质量73 209.9 t,占12.5%;近熟林总质量最低,为19 018.6 t,占3.2%;成熟林总质量156 711.0 t,占26.7%;过熟林总质量量111 735.7 t,占19.0%。从枯落物总质量看,秋季防火重点为幼龄林、成熟林和过熟林。     

本溪山区森林枯落物对水质的影响

以本溪山区主要水源涵养林红松、落叶松、蒙古栎、水曲柳、核桃楸纯林为研究对象,运用定位观测法,对5种类型林分的林外雨与枯落物渗透雨(枯透雨)的水质进行了研究,以及利用5种类型林分之间枯落物渗透水的水质对比,测定林外降雨及各林分枯落物渗透水的pH值、硝酸盐(以N计)、氨氮(以N计)、硫酸盐(以SO_4~(2-)计)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、氟离子(F~-)、氯离子(Cl~-)、钙(Ca~(2+))、钠(Na~+)、镁(Mg~(2+))、钾(K~+)等12种指标,结果表明:大量化学元素和离子通过枯落物后均显著增加,其中变幅最大的K~+,浓度为4.19mg·L~(-1),是林外雨20倍。林外雨各指标浓度依次为SO_4~(2-)TNCa~(2+)Cl~-Na~+NH_3-NNO_3~-NMg~(2+)K~+F~-TP;枯透雨各指标浓度依次为SO_4~(2-)Ca~(2+)TNNO_3~-NCl~-K~+Mg~(2+)NH_3-NTPF~-Na~+。枯透雨中SO_4~(2-)浓度最高,为12.59mg L~(-1);TP浓度最小,为0.25mg L~(-1)。5种纯林在调查期间林外雨和枯透雨的pH趋于中性,而在经过枯枝落叶层的淋溶后,有明显的酸化现象,pH范围在5.1~6.6。     

凤阳山枯落物水文特性研究

采用网格结合模拟降雨研究方法,对凤阳山枯落物水文特性进行了研究。结果表明,在一定的雨强和降水量条件下,枯落物层中产生的径流量与坡度有着密切关系,坡度越大,产生的径流量越大;渗流在降雨结束后的延续时间与坡度有着密切关系,坡度越大,渗流延续时间越长;径流在降雨结束后的延续时间与坡度有着密切关系,坡度越大,径流延续时间越长;一般情况下,渗流较径流先产生、后结束;产生渗流的面积与坡度关系密切,坡度越大,产生渗流的面积越大;不同坡度位置产生渗流的时间随着降雨点坡向距离(以下简称为距离)的增加呈线性变化关系;实验表明,临界坡度约为30°;随着坡度的增加,产生渗流的距离变长;渗流主要集中在降雨点附近,该区域的渗流量所占总渗流量的比例随着坡度增加而减少。     

油松林枯落物对坡面土壤侵蚀的影响

本文研究了油松林枯落物对林地坡面土壤侵蚀的影响，即土壤颗粒在雨滴击溅和冲刷作用下，枯落物对侵蚀性降水所引起的土壤流失有抑制作用，并对枯落物防止土壤侵蚀功能作一探讨。研究表明原状枯落物层（２ｃｍ厚）油松林下无溅蚀发生，去掉枯落物层有微量溅蚀发生；其侵蚀径流量由有枯落物覆盖地表的２３１５ｍ￣３／（ｋｍ￣２·ａ）较无枯落物的５９３７．５ｍ￣３／（ｋｍ￣２·ａ）减少６１．２４％，其侵蚀模数由有枯落物层的１．１４４ｔ／（ｋｍ￣２·ａ）较无枯落物层的８．９２ｔ／（ｋｍ￣２·ａ）减少８７．７１％，在该油松林集水区，因原状枯落物保护较好，所以在该流域无水土流失，起到了水土保持的作用。     

油松侧柏人工林下枯落物对森林土壤的影响

对油松侧柏人工混交林及纯林下的枯落物调查结果表明,不同林分组成的枯落物贮量、分解速率、持水量各异,从而对土壤发育层次产生不同程度的影响,弱酸淋溶作用、腐殖质侵染及营养元素下移程度,侧柏纯林高于混交林和油松纯林;枯落物层中微生物数量,混交林>侧柏林>油松林;枯落物中水溶性营养元素的绝对量,油松林>混交林>侧柏林,相对量则是混交林>油松、侧柏纯林。     

Tannins from barks of Pinus caribaea protect Escherichia coli cells against DNA damage induced by gamma-rays

This work was aimed to evaluate genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity activity against gamma-rays of a tannin fraction obtained from barks of Pinus caribaea, as well as to elucidate the antigenotoxic mechanisms involved in radioprotection by using different approaches as pre-, co- and post-irradiation cell treatments with plant extract. The tannin fraction was not genotoxic to Escherichia coli cells in experiments using different exposure times. This extract was antigenotoxic against gamma-rays when the cells were pre- or co-treated with this extracts, but not during post-irradiation treatments, suggesting a possibly antigenotoxic action through free radical scavenging mechanisms. The results are discussed in relation to the chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of the studied plant species.     

萧氏松茎象发生与湿地松林地枯落物及土壤物理性质的关系

对萧氏松茎象不同危害程度湿地松林地的枯落物及土壤物理性质比较研究结果表明:枯落物及腐殖质层厚度对萧氏松茎象危害程度的影响最大,其次是枯枝落叶干质量和土壤含水量,枯枝落叶含水率和吸水率影响最小,即枯落物及腐殖质层越厚,枯枝落叶越多,土壤湿度越大的林区,萧氏松茎象发生越重。单因素分析表明:枯落物及腐殖质层厚度、枯枝落叶干质量和土壤质量湿度与有虫株率的相关关系均达到显著水平。萧氏松茎象有虫株率火炬松和马尾松林发生林地明显低于湿地松发生林地。与不发生林地相比,发生林地的土壤更湿润,土壤的保水能力更好,孔隙度更高,石砾含量相对较低。     

黑松和马尾松苗受松材线虫侵染后部分化学物质的响应

为研究松材线虫侵染对寄主植物生理生化物质代谢的影响,以黑松和马尾松4 5年生苗为实验材料,测定了接种松材线虫对2种寄主植物的营养物质和次生代谢物质含量的变化及其规律。结果显示:接种松材线虫初期,黑松和马尾松的总糖含量均较高,随接种时间的延长,总糖含量呈不断下降趋势;黑松的可溶性糖含量一直降低并明显低于对照,马尾松的可溶性糖含量在侵染前期与对照相比变化不明显,而15 d后快速降低;黑松和马尾松的可溶性蛋白含量侵染前期均低于对照,后升高,再降低;黑松的单宁含量明显高于对照,马尾松的单宁含量接种第1天略低于对照,第3天后开始升高;黑松和马尾松的总酚含量均在侵染前期高于对照,而后降低。这些物质的变化趋势显示松材线虫侵染不同寄主植物的生理反应。     

Effects of prescribed fire and season of burn on direct and indirect levels of tree mortality in Ponderosa and Jeffrey Pine Forests in California,USA

Many forests that historically experienced frequent low-intensity wildfires have undergone extensive alterations during the past century. Prescribed fire is now commonly used to restore these fire-adapted forest ecosystems. In this study, we examined the influence of prescribed burn season on levels of tree mortality attributed to prescribed fire effects (direct mortality) and bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) (indirect mortality) in ponderosa pine, Pinusponderosa Dougl. ex Laws., and Jeffrey pine, Pinusjeffreyi Grev. and Balf., forests in California, USA. A total of 816 trees (9.9% of all trees) died during this 3-yr study. Significantly higher levels of tree mortality (all sources) occurred following early and late season burns compared to the untreated control, but no significant difference was observed between burn treatments. The majority (461 trees) of tree deaths were attributed to direct mortality from prescribed burns and was strongly concentrated (391 trees) in the smallest diameter class (<20.2 cm diameter at breast height, dbh). For the largest trees (>50.7 cm dbh), significantly higher levels of tree mortality occurred on early season burns than the untreated control, most of which resulted from indirect mortality attributed to bark beetle attacks, specifically western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, and mountain pine beetle, D. ponderosae Hopkins. Red turpentine beetle, D. valens LeConte, was the most common bark beetle species found colonizing trees, but tree mortality was not attributed to this species. A total of 355 trees (4.3% of all trees) were killed by bark beetles. Dendroctonus brevicomis (67 trees, 18.9%) and D. ponderosae (56 trees, 15.8%), were found colonizing P. ponderosa; and Jeffrey pine beetle, D. jeffreyi Hopkins, was found colonizing P. jeffreyi (seven trees, 2.0%). We also found pine engraver, Ips pini (Say) (137 trees, 38.6%), and, to a much lesser extent, Orthotomicus (=Ips) latidens (LeConte) (85 trees, 23.9%) and emarginate ips, I. emarginatus (LeConte) (3 trees, 0.8%) colonizing P. ponderosa and P. jeffreyi. Few meaningful differences in levels of indirect tree mortality attributed to bark beetle attack were observed between early and late season burns. The incidence of root and root collar pathogens (Leptographium and Sporothrix spp.), including species known to be vectored by bark beetles, was low (18% of trees sampled). The implications of these and other results to management of P. ponderosa and P. jeffreyi forests are discussed in detail.     

Climate and historical stand dynamics in the tropical pine forests of northern Thailand

Forest recruitment is the outcome of local- and regional-scale factors such as disturbances and climate. The relative importance of local- and regional-scale factors will determine the spatial scale at which temporal pulses of recruitment occur. In seasonal tropical forests, where the annual dry-season is a critical bottleneck to seedling survival, multi-year periods of relatively cool, wet dry seasons may be required for successful tree recruitment. Consequently, when such conditions are present, region-wide synchronisation of recruitment may occur. To examine the case for regional synchronisation of forest dynamics in the seasonal tropical pine forests of northern Thailand, we investigated forest age structures at three spatial scales: stand, site and region. We compared forest age structures with instrumental climatic records beginning in 1902. We found significant statistical evidence of synchronous recruitment at the stand- and site-scales, but not at the regional-scale. While correlations between recruitment and climate were not statistically significant, recruitment success was often linked to favourable climatic conditions. For example, recruitment at all sites was associated with multi-year periods of cool-wet dry seasons. The lack of significant correlations between recruitment and climate appears to reflect complex interactions among local disturbance history, regional climate variability and pine recruitment.     

马尾松钙调素基因的克隆及响应松材线虫侵染的表达特征

松材线虫病是由松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)侵染引起的严重病害,引起重大的经济和生态损失。钙调素(CaM)是真核生物中Ca2+主要传导蛋白,本研究采用RT-PCR方法,首次从马尾松中克隆获得CaM,命名为pmCaM,并检测了其响应松材线虫侵染的表达特征。序列分析表明:pmCaM完整的开放阅读框核苷酸序列为450bp,编码149个氨基酸的蛋白质;该蛋白含有4个EF-hand结构域,具有钙调素的典型特征,与其它植物的CaM蛋白均有较高同源性。实时荧光定量PCR分析显示:接种松材线虫后30 180 min时间段,马尾松苗根、茎、叶器官中的pmCaM均下调表达,但不同器官间显著下调表达的时间点存在差异;同时,不同器官pmCaM表达量变化均存在特异的随时间发展的波动特征,其中发现,根茎pmCaM在松材线虫接种45 min时均处于表达量高峰。本研究结果显示pmCaM表达响应了松材线虫侵染,揭示pmCaM可能参与了调控松材线虫-马尾松互作早期的钙信号响应。     

Optimizing the joint production of timber and bilberries

Berries and mushrooms are increasingly appreciated products of Finnish forests. Therefore, there is a need to integrate them in silvicultural planning. Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) is an economically important wild berry that is widely collected for household consumption and sale in North Karelia, Finland. In this study, bilberry yield models developed recently were included in a stand growth simulator and the joint production of timber and bilberry was optimized by maximizing soil expectation value (SEV) with 3% discounting rate, assuming that 75% of the bilberry yield is harvested. The effect of bilberry production on the optimal stand management increased with increasing bilberry price. With high bilberry prices (4–8 € kg⁻¹) it was optimal to manage the mixed stand of Scots pine, Norway spruce and birch, and the pure stand of Norway spruce so as to promote bilberry production. In the Scots pine stand, where bilberry yields are higher, bilberry production affected optimal stand management already with a price of 2 € kg⁻¹. Compared to timber production, joint production led to longer rotation lengths, higher thinning intensities, more frequent thinnings, and higher share of Scots pine in the mixed stand. The contribution of bilberries to the total SEV increased with increasing bilberry price and discounting rate. In the mixed stand and pine stand the SEV of bilberry production, calculated with 3% discounting rate, exceeded the SEV of timber production when bilberry price was 4 € kg⁻¹.With 4% discounting rate this happened already with bilberry price of 2 € kg⁻¹. It was concluded that forest management which promotes bilberry yields is the most profitable in pine stands where the potential bilberry yields are high.     

Forest thinning and subsequent bark beetle-caused mortality in Northeastern California

The Warner Mountains of northeastern California on the Modoc National Forest experienced a high incidence of tree mortality (2001–2007) that was associated with drought and bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) attack. Various silvicultural thinning treatments were implemented prior to this period of tree mortality to reduce stand density and increase residual tree growth and vigor. Our study: (1) compared bark beetle-caused conifer mortality in forested areas thinned from 1985 to 1998 to similar, non-thinned areas and (2) identified site, stand and individual tree characteristics associated with conifer mortality. We sampled ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) and Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. and Balf.) trees in pre-commercially thinned and non-thinned plantations and ponderosa pine and white fir (Abies concolor var lowiana Gordon) in mixed conifer forests that were commercially thinned, salvage-thinned, and non-thinned. Clusters of five plots (1/50th ha) and four transects (20.1 × 100.6 m) were sampled to estimate stand, site and tree mortality characteristics. A total of 20 pre-commercially thinned and 13 non-thinned plantation plot clusters as well as 20 commercially thinned, 20 salvage-thinned and 20 non-thinned mixed conifer plot clusters were established. Plantation and mixed conifer data were analyzed separately. In ponderosa pine plantations, mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) (MPB) caused greater density of mortality (trees ha⁻¹ killed) in non-thinned (median 16.1 trees ha⁻¹) compared to the pre-commercially thinned (1.2 trees ha⁻¹) stands. Percent mortality (trees ha⁻¹ killed/trees ha⁻¹ host available) was less in the pre-commercially thinned (median 0.5%) compared to the non-thinned (5.0%) plantation stands. In mixed conifer areas, fir engraver beetles (Scolytus ventralis LeConte) (FEN) caused greater density of white fir mortality in non-thinned (least square mean 44.5 trees ha⁻¹) compared to the commercially thinned (23.8 trees ha⁻¹) and salvage-thinned stands (16.4 trees ha⁻¹). Percent mortality did not differ between commercially thinned (least square mean 12.6%), salvage-thinned (11.0%), and non-thinned (13.1%) mixed conifer stands. Thus, FEN-caused mortality occurred in direct proportion to the density of available white fir. In plantations, density of MPB-caused mortality was associated with treatment and tree density of all species. In mixed conifer areas, density of FEN-caused mortality had a positive association with white fir density and a curvilinear association with elevation.     

马尾松谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶PmGPX6基因cDNA克隆及转化拟南芥耐旱性初步研究

[目的]克隆马尾松谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶基因,并对其进行功能研究。[方法]采用RACE技术克隆基因c DNA序列,实时荧光定量PCR检测基因在马尾松干旱胁迫下的表达模式,花序浸泡法转化拟南芥,并对转基因与野生型拟南芥的生长表型和根系生长进行分析。利用荧光显微镜技术对转基因拟南芥不定根进行GFP荧光检测。[结果]克隆到1个871 bp的GPX基因全长c DNA序列,命名为Pm GPX6。Pm GPX6包括513 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码170个氨基酸残基。Pm GPX6蛋白与油松Pt GPX蛋白同源性达95%。Pm GPX6在马尾松根中高表达,茎、叶中表达量低。在干旱胁迫下,Pm GPX6在根、茎、叶中的表达量均在第15天达到最大,随后出现下降趋势。过表达Pm GPX6与野生型拟南芥植株在正常水分条件下表型与根长差异不大,但在干旱胁迫下,转基因植株根系更长。转基因拟南芥根在蓝色光激发下能发出强烈的绿色荧光,表明Pm GPX6基因能高效表达。[结论]推测Pm GPX6可能参与马尾松干旱胁迫应答。     

马尾松人工林地力维护研究进展

针对地力衰退与维护这一林业研究热点,文中从林分生产力、土壤理化性质、土壤养分、土壤微生物、土壤酶活性、自毒作用6个方面阐述了马尾松人工林的地力现状。众多研究表明,马尾松人工林尚未出现地力衰退,其产生地力衰退的原因主要是不合理的营林措施。同时从轮作、混交林、发展林下植被、林地施肥、生态系统管理等方面介绍了马尾松人工林地力维护进展,并对马尾松人工林地力维护研究趋势进行了展望。