拮抗菌强化的生物有机肥对西瓜枯萎病的防治作用

由西瓜专化型尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum)引起的西瓜枯萎病是导致西瓜生产毁灭性损失的土传病害,当前对该病尚无有效的防治措施.为了探索该病的生物防治效果,本研究从土壤中分离筛选西瓜枯萎病的拮抗菌,制成生物有机肥,通过温室盆栽试验检验防病效果,并对与拮抗相关的拮抗菌葡聚糖酶进行分子生物学检测.从不同土壤中分离纯化到对西瓜枯萎病菌有潜在拮抗作用的细菌172株,通过平板对峙法筛选出抑菌率在60％以上的拮抗细菌13株,从中挑选出2株抑菌率最高的菌株Cy5和CR38,分别用其与已腐熟的有机肥制成生物有机肥BIO5和BIO38.盆栽试验结果表明,BIO5在防病和促进西瓜生长方面表现优于BIO38.与对照相比,BIO5和BIO38对西瓜枯萎病的相对防治率分别为75％和25％.BIO5处理植株的株高、地上部鲜重、地上部干重分别比对照增加64.8％、63.0％和50％.施用生物有机肥还能显著改变根际土壤的微生物组成.BIO5处理根际土壤的细菌和枯草芽孢杆菌数量分别比对照增加48.5％和61.1％,真菌和尖孢镰刀菌的数量比对照分别下降52.1％和70.2％.分子生物学分析表明,菌株Cy5属于Paenibacillus jamilae菌株,并含有类似于P.polymyxa的β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶.本研究结果说明,拮抗菌强化的生物有机肥对西瓜枯萎病有防治潜力.     

海藻肥对小油菜生长发育的影响

为对比不同浓度的海藻酸在小油菜上的肥效,采用大棚试验,以3种不同浓度的海藻酸(小分子海藻酸、普通含量海藻酸、高含量海藻酸)作为海藻肥产品,按1 500倍的稀释液分别对小油菜进行叶面喷施,以清水作为空白对照,油菜收获后测定其地上部生物量和株高。结果表明,叶面喷施海藻酸处理的小油菜生物量、株高均高于清水对照,施用小分子海藻酸处理的小油菜地上部鲜重、地上部干重和株高略高于普通含量海藻酸,均显著高于高含量海藻酸,其中,小油菜地上部鲜重、地上部干重和株高分别比高含量海藻酸处理高19.8%、19.6%、和14%,分别比对照处理高28.6%、27.4%和33.8%。     

具有拮抗作用的硅酸盐细菌的分离与筛选

从沈阳农业大学试验基地中分离出两株具有解钾能力的细菌C1和Y3,解钾量分别比对照提高44.8%和26.2%,对其生理生化特性分析,确定为芽孢杆菌属,其中C1对4株植物致病真菌有较强的抑制作用。在玉米盆栽试验中,C1和Y3对苗期玉米都有一定的促长作用,体现在植株高度和地上部干重,较对照分别提高了14.5%、31.9%和11.4%、26.7%,均达到显著水平。     

不同用量氨基化碳纳米管对生菜生长和品质的影响

本试验以生菜为试验材料,研究水培条件下不同用量氨基化碳纳米管对生菜生长和品质的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,氨基化碳纳米管可以促进生菜生长,提高生菜品质。当氨基化碳纳米管用量为10 mg·L-1时效果最好,其株高、地上部干重、地上部鲜重、叶片数、最大叶长、叶绿素含量、根干重、根鲜重比对照分别增加了19.26%、24.09%、20.33%、6.17%、11.04%、6.04%、16.86%、10.13%;品质指标方面,可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量比对照分别增加了34.00%、32.44%,差异显著。     

重金属胁迫下生物炭和间作对刨花润楠生长及根系形态的影响

为了探讨在重金属胁迫下,不同用量(0,1%,4%,8%)生物炭与间作望江南(Cassia occidentalis)对土壤碳氮养分、刨花润楠(Machilus pauhoi)及望江南株高、生物量和根系形态的影响,研究生物炭与间作联合对刨花润楠促生增效效应,以刨花润楠为研究对象,开展了室内盆栽试验。结果表明:在Cd,Cr和Zn胁迫土壤中,间作望江南对土壤碳氮含量的影响不显著,生物炭则显著增加了土壤碳氮含量及碳氮比,且随施用量的增加而增加。生物炭与间作互作对两种植物生长前期的株高影响不明显,但随生长期的延长,各处理间两种植物的长势差异均逐渐显现,不同用量生物炭处理下望江南株高间差异不显著,但与对照相比,均显著增加。同时,施加生物炭有助于根系形态的发育及干物质积累,相比于单作下对照(CK),间作与生物炭(T_3)复合处理下刨花润楠根系和地上部干重分别增加了81.48%和122.52%,与不施炭相比,各生物炭处理下,望江南根系和地上部干重增幅分别为27.12%～39.63%和17.19%～19.03%;生物炭显著增加了望江南及刨花润楠根系各形态参数,与单作相比,间作下刨花润楠根系形态参数也略有增加,但影响不显著。生物炭与间作互作比各自单一处理对植物的促生增效作用更明显。该研究为轻度污染区植被造林提供科学依据和参考。     

磷酸盐与硒酸盐相互作用对小白菜磷和硒吸收的影响

采用土培盆栽试验方法,研究了不同浓度磷酸盐与硒酸盐相互作用对小白菜生长、磷和硒吸收的影响,旨在为安全有效地进行补硒和硒污染土壤的植物修复提供理论依据。结果表明,在试验的硒浓度范围内（1．0～5．0mg·kg-1）,硒酸盐对小白菜产生毒害作用,表现为单施硒酸盐处理较对照小白菜的根长、株高、地上部和地下部干重均下降,且高硒处理（5．0mg·kg-1）小白菜SPAD值显著下降。施用磷酸盐能显著增加小白菜生物量,明显缓解硒酸盐的毒害作用,且由于生物稀释效应导致小白菜地上、地下部硒浓度下降,但小白菜的硒吸收量增加。施磷小白菜地上部硒平均利用率提高至42％,且同等硒浓度低磷处理小白菜硒利用率高于高磷处理,表明适量施磷可提高硒的利用率。施磷时施硒对小白菜地上部磷浓度无显著影响,但由于硒的毒害作用导致磷吸收量下降。     

乙偶姻和枯草芽孢杆菌NRCB002的促生机制

【目的】研究植物根际促生菌及其代谢产物对作物生长的促进效应及其机制,为制备高效微生物肥料提供优良的菌种资源和应用技术支持。【方法】枯草芽孢杆菌枯草亚种(Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis)NRCB002发酵液组分的促生效应盆栽试验设置了5个处理,分别为发酵培养基(P)、发酵菌液(F)、发酵菌液上清液(S)、重悬菌液(G)和重悬菌液+乙偶姻(A),以浇灌等量的去离子水的处理为对照(CK)。进一步的乙偶姻施用方式盆栽试验设置两个处理,分别为在生菜幼苗根部浇灌(RI)、叶面喷施(FS) 0.1 g/L乙偶姻溶处理,以施用等量去离子水的处理为对照(CK)。生菜生长两周后,两组盆栽试验收获地上部及根系,测定株高、叶面积、地上部和根部的鲜重和干重,并分析根系指标。以K氏培养基为基础培养基,添加0、0.075、0.375、1.5 g/L的乙偶姻培养NRCB002,采用结晶紫染色法测定了NRCB002生物膜的形成量。【结果】1)与CK相比,除培养基P处理外,其余4个处理均显著提高了生菜幼苗的地上部和根部的鲜、干重;S、F和A处理还显著增加了生菜幼苗的株高、叶面积、总根长...     

AM真菌和水分条件对稀土尾矿堆中植物生长的影响

通过温室盆栽试验研究了不同水分处理下接种3种丛枝菌根（AM）真菌（Diversispora spurcum、Glomus aggre gatum和Glomus constrictum）后对稀土矿砂中黑麦草（Lolium perenneL.）和狗牙根（Cynodon dactylon（L.）Pers.）植物株高、地上和地下部分干重及植株内Pb和Zn含量的影响。结果表明：不同水分处理下黑麦草和狗牙根与AM真菌均有一定的结合。在干旱胁迫（W1和W2）下,接种3种AM真菌均提高了黑麦草的株高、地上和地下部分干重,其中,接种Glomus aggregatum促进作用最为显著,重度干旱胁迫（W1）处理下接种后黑麦草株高、地上和地下部分干重比对照分别提高了76.16%、202.86%和481.82%;接种Glomus constrictum显著提高了狗牙根的株高、地上和地下部分干重,W1处理下狗牙根接种后的株高、地上和地下部分干重比对照分别提高了119.17%、290.63%和247.37%。接种AM真菌的植株内Pb和Zn含量与AM真菌种类、植物品种、水分处理及重金属性质等相关,在W1处理下接种Glomus constrictum显著降低了黑麦草植株内Pb的含量,而对Zn的含量影响不大;而对于狗牙根,在W1处理下接种Glomus constrictum显著增加了其Pb和Zn的含量。此外,还测定了植物叶片丙二醛和脯氨酸含量,结果显示接种AM真菌明显降低了干旱处理下黑麦草和狗牙根叶片丙二醛和脯氨酸含量,表明接种AM真菌能有效提高植物的抗逆性。     

生物有机肥对陇东烤烟生长的根际营养调控

针对陇东旱塬烤烟生产中存在的因长期连作和施肥不合理引起的产量持续下降、品质不高以及病虫害严重等问题,通过在苗床期和大田移栽期采用根际施用生物有机肥,研究了根际营养调控对苗床期烟苗的生长、代谢和对苗床土微生物数量以及对烟叶产量的影响。结果表明:苗床期施用生物有机肥成苗速度快,叶片数提前达到移栽标准,最大叶叶面积和干重分别比对照增加28.9%和68.0%,地上部和根系干重分别比对照增加了191.9%和100.0%;总根长、比根长和根尖数分别比对照增加了161.5%、30.8%和290.2%;根系总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积以及脱氢酶活性分别比对照增加了69.1%、70.2%和70.0%。苗床土中微生物总数比对照增加了36.7%,并使细菌与真菌的数量比从1.54×104∶1增加至1.84×104∶1。施用生物有机肥处理的产量和产值分别比对照增加了23.2%和46.5%,中上等烟比例增加了16个百分点,纯收入增加了12363元hm-2。     

农业生物质热裂解实验研究

研究了温度和加热速率等因素对玉米秆、棉柴、麦秸和稻草等农业生物质热裂解过程中产品得率的影响。实验结果表明,适宜的热解温度为500～600℃,原料滞留时间以6～8min为宜,可燃气、生物炭和木焦油等三种热解产品的得率(wt％)分别为40.2％、34.7％和25.1％;产品成份和有关指标的测试结果表明,燃气的热值为12.88MJ/m³,生物炭的热值为25MJ/kg,冷凝木焦油中的有机组份主要包括甲醇、糠醛、苯酚、邻甲酚、甲苯和醋酸等。     

生物有机肥对大豆红冠腐病及土壤酶活性的影响

大豆红冠腐病是一种真菌引起的土传病害,其蔓延已经影响到大豆产业的正常发展。将腐熟的有机肥与3种生防细菌（枯草芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌和胶质芽孢杆菌）结合,制备成生物有机肥,并通过盆栽试验方法,研究了上述生物有机肥对大豆红冠腐病的防效和对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,施用生物有机肥可以显著降低红冠腐病的发生,在CPC处理的防效指定为0时,生物有机肥的两个处理防效分别达到84．74％和81．30％,远远高于普通有机肥处理的防效（24．24％）。在有效养分相同的情况下,BOF处理的大豆株高、鲜重、干重和主茎节数均高于OF处理,达到显著水平,表现出显著的促生效果。施用生物有机肥以后,土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性均高于对照和普通有机肥的处理,表明生物有机肥可以在一定程度上提高土壤酶的活性,改善土壤质量和肥力状况,具有防病促生的作用。     

Ocimum basilicum L. growth and nutrient status as influenced by biochar and potassium-nano chelate fertilizers

In sustainable agriculture, the protection of environment against pollution is the main goal for consumers. Nowadays, the overuse of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, are one of the main causes of environmental pollution. It is claimed that incorporation of organic compound into soil enhances nutrient availability and plant productivity. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effects of 0%, 1.5% and 3% cattle manure biochar and 0, 300 and 600 mg K-nano chelate kg^?1 soil on agronomic properties and nutrient status of Ocimum basilicum L. Biochar increased leaf area and plant height, significantly. Application of 1.5% and 3% biochar increased fresh weight by 40% and 42% and dry weight by 50% and 49%, respectively. Addition of 3% biochar increased P, K and Mn concentrations by 45%, 17% and 109%, respectively. Biochar increased N, P, K, Zn and Mn uptake, significantly. Addition of 300 mg K increased dry weight by 15%; while application of 600 mg K decreased it. Application of 300 and 600 mg K-nano chelate increased K and Zn concentration and K uptake significantly. Furthermore, 300 mg K increased Cu and Zn uptake. In order to achieve sustainable agricultural productions, biochar application is recommended especially in the soils of arid and semiarid regions.     

秸秆生物炭和鸡粪对铅胁迫下玉米生长和生理特性的影响

通过盆栽模拟铅(Pb)胁迫试验,研究了不同秸秆生物炭添加量(20,40g/kg土壤)、不同鸡粪添加量(20,40g/kg土壤)、秸秆生物炭和鸡粪等量复配(各20g/kg土壤)处理对Pb胁迫下玉米生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明:施用生物炭和鸡粪不同处理均显著增加铅胁迫下玉米的株高、鲜重、光合色素含量、光合性能和抗氧化酶活性。生物炭和鸡粪等量复配处理较对照提高鲜重69.9%、株高50.0%、叶绿素b含量50.0%、净光合速率(P_n)97.9%、蒸腾速率(T_r)126.5%、气孔导度(G_s)132.6%、超氧化物歧化酶活性(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)68.4%、过氧化物酶活性(Peroxidase,POD)69.4%、过氧化氢酶活性(Catalase,CAT)115.3%、脯氨酸含量88.6%、可溶性糖含量48.6%。生物炭和鸡粪等量复配处理对促进铅胁迫下玉米的生长,提高叶片的光合能力和抗氧化能力效果最佳,为改善重金属铅污染的土壤质量和作物生长提供了经济有效的途径。     

发酵玉米芯或甘蔗渣基质的黄瓜育苗效果

该文以完全发酵后的玉米芯/甘蔗渣为原料,添加不同体积的草炭、蛭石进行混合配比后的复合基质作为黄瓜育苗基质,黄瓜品种中农26为试验材料,以商品育苗基质作为对照。探讨使用玉米芯、甘蔗渣复合基质时对黄瓜育苗的影响,旨在分别选出适合黄瓜幼苗生长的较优处理。试验结果表明:处理T4(玉米芯:蛭石:草炭体积比=1:1:1)和处理T6(甘蔗渣:蛭石体积比=1:1)复合基质基本符合黄瓜育苗基质的要求,并且处理T6的株高(22.17 cm)、处理T4和处理T6的茎粗(分别为4.03和3.97 mm)显著高于对照,与此同时处理T4和处理T6的地上鲜质量(分别为5.01和4.63 g),地上干质量(分别0.94和1.19 g)等生长指标与对照无显著差异,同时处理T6其综合评价系数为0.712高于对照及其他处理,而处理T4综合评价系数优于含有玉米芯的其他处理并且与对照差异不明显,所以处理T6和处理T4可以作为黄瓜育苗基质使用。     

Characterization of biochar and their influence on microbial activities and potassium availability in an acid soil

Application of biochar to soil has increased considerably during recent years because of its effectiveness as a soil amendment causing beneficial effects on soil health. However, the effects have been reported to vary and depend upon types of feedstock and pyrolysis conditions during biochar production. Therefore, characterization of biochar is extremely important for its efficient utilization as a soil amendment. In the present study, biochar was prepared from agro-industrial by-products (rice husk and sugarcane bagasse) and weeds (Parthenium and Lantana) under similar pyrolysis conditions. Lantana biochar (LBC) showed the highest pH (10.4) while the lowest value (8.5) being recorded in rice husk biochar (RHBC). The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis indicated that LBC and Parthenium biochar (PBC) were superior with respect to potassium (K) content than sugarcane bagasse biochar (SBBC) and RHBC. The Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) study exhibited the existence of different functional groups in biochar. All the biochar treated soils showed significantly higher microbial activities with different degrees. Application of LBC and PBC at 4.50 g kg^?1 soil significantly increased K availability in soil. Lantana biochar and PBC amended the soil at 9 g kg^?1 significantly increased the soil pH thus makes these biochar as potential liming materials.     

生物碳对灰漠土有机碳及其组分的影响

土壤有机碳是影响土壤肥力和作物产量高低的决定性因子。以棉花秸秆为原料,在高温厌氧条件下热解制备生物碳,通过盆栽试验探讨了生物碳对新疆灰漠土有机碳及其组分的影响。试验设置3种生物碳:棉花秸秆分别在450℃、600℃和750℃下热解制备(以BC450、BC600和BC750表示);每种生物碳的施用量分别为5 g·kg-1、10 g·kg-1和20 g·kg-1(占土壤重量的比例);同时,以空白土壤为对照(CK)。结果表明:施用生物碳可促进小麦生长,两茬小麦的地上部干物质重均显著高于对照。施用生物碳可显著提高土壤总有机碳,且生物碳热解温度越高,施用量越大,提高作用越明显。各生物碳处理土壤易氧化碳含量均显著高于对照;生物碳低、中施用量处理(5 g·kg-1、10 g·kg-1)土壤水溶性有机碳含量显著高于对照,但高施用量处理(20 g·kg-1)与对照无显著差异;除BC750低施用量处理(5 g·kg1)外,其余各生物碳处理土壤微生物量碳含量也均显著高于对照。生物碳不同热解温度对土壤易氧化碳和微生物量碳含量的影响表现为BC450>BC600>BC750;但对土壤水溶性有机碳含量无显著影响。生物碳不同施用量对土壤易氧化碳的影响表现为10 g·kg-1≈20 g·kg-1>5 g·kg-1,水溶性有机碳含量为5 g·kg1≈10 g·kg-1>20 g·kg-1。生物碳对土壤微生物商的影响总体表现为:生物碳的热解温度越高,施用量越大,土壤微生物商越低。因此,合理的施用棉花秸秆生物碳可显著增加灰漠土有机碳储量,改变土壤有机碳组分,提高土壤生产力。     

低磷胁迫下溶液培养大豆生长和磷素营养特性及其与土培下磷效率特性的关系

采用无磷 (P0 )和低磷 (P1 )溶液培养方法 ,对 1 9份经田间和盆栽土培试验中磷效率特性表现不同的大豆基因型进行研究 ,探讨低磷溶液培养条件下大豆基因型生长和磷素营养特性及其与土培条件下磷效率特性的关系。结果表明 ,在低磷溶液培养下 ,不同大豆基因型吸收溶液中可溶性磷的能力存在差异 ,吸收的磷量可达到自身固有磷量的 5 %～ 80 %左右。土培条件下磷效率比值相对值较小 (即在酸性红壤耕地上适应性较好 )的基因型 ,在低磷溶液培养下 ,不同基因型吸收溶液中可溶性磷的能力有强有弱 ;而磷效率比值相对值较大 (即在酸性红壤耕地上适应性较差 )的基因型 ,亦有相似的表现。低磷处理的不同大豆基因型植株鲜重净增量为无磷处理的 17.79%～99.09% ,植株干重净增量为 15.64 %～11.6 67%。无磷处理的植株干、鲜生物量 ,地上部干、鲜量 ,磷效率比值和低磷处理的磷效率比值以及种子重与土培条件下大豆基因型磷效率比值相对值呈显著、极显著正相关。     

Biochar Application Promotes Growth Parameters of Soybean and Reduces the Growth Difference

Biochar is derived from the pyrolysis of biomass, and when buried in soil, can act as a long-term soil carbon store. Evidence suggests that biochar can improve soil fertility and crop production in some circumstances. However, the potential for promoting crop growth in agroecosystems is poorly understood, with different reports of soil properties following biochar application. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the spatial variability of soybean growth parameters in different biochar application rates and the reasons for the results obtained. The study used field plots with five biochar application rates (0, 20,40, 80, and 160 t·ha^?1). There were 15 field plots in total and the trial was fully randomized with three replications. The biochar was mixed into the topsoil (0–20 cm depth) before the soybean was sown. Soybean growth parameters were determined during the flowering–podding phase. The results showed that biochar not only improved the growth parameters of soybean, but also reduced growth differences in the same treatment, and higher biochar application rates would result in a larger effect size in a certain range (0–103.4 t·ha^?1). The leaf area in the no biochar treatment showed moderate variation, whereas the growth parameters (height, stem diameter, and leaf area) showed weak variation in the other biochar treatments; and the growth parameters, when the soybean were subjected to the biochar treatments, had moderate spatial dependence. In addition, the introduction of geostatistical theory can provide a theoretical foundation for further studying biochar–soil–crop system and the spatial variability of soybean growth and their relevance.     

Chromium from Hydrolyzed Leather Affects Soybean Growth and Nodulation

Hydrolyzed leather, obtained from industrial leather waste, is an organic nitrogenous fertilizer with a high chromium(Cr) content.Soybean crops can be adversely affected by the presence of residual Cr in soil after application of hydrolyzed leather fertilizer. The aim of this work was to assess the effect of hydrolyzed leather on Cr absorption, root development, and symbiotic nodulation of soybean plants grown on three different soils including two Lixisols and a Gleysol. These soils were previously fertilized with hydrolyzed leather at three different rates(0.0, 0.1, and 0.8 kg m~(-2)). Soybean shoot height, root development, nodulation, and mineral nutrient concentrations in plant tissues were determined after 45 d of crop growth. The application of hydrolyzed leather significantly increased Cr content in soil and Cr uptake by plants. Surprisingly, Cr was stored mainly in the aerial part of the plants. The presence of Cr had an adverse impact on shoot dry matter(41% reduction) and number of nodules(49% reduction) per plant grown on the soil with the lowest cation exchange capacity. However, no other significant effect was observed in nodule weight, diameter, or any other measured parameters.     

Effect of sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse biochar on soil properties and sugar beet production

Recently, biochar has shown to be an alternative to waste disposal and a source of nutrients, acting as a soil amendment. The effects of two types of biochar on soil properties and sugar beet production as well as potential for carbon (C) sequestration were evaluated:biochar produced from sewage sludge (SB) and biochar produced from a 1:1 mixture of sewage sludge and sugarcane bagasse (MB). A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted using a sandy loam soil from the Brazilian savanna under treatments of MB applications at 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, and 10.0%, SB application at 5.0%, and a conventional fertilization (CF) using lime and mineral fertilizers, with no fertilization as a control. After incubation for 45 d, seedlings were transplanted into each pot and cultivated for 55 d. Biochar characterization showed that pyrolysis reduced the biomass volume drastically, but concentrated the trace elements per unit of biochar weight. The MB treatments increased soil total C (by 27.8%) and pH (by 0.6), reduced the concentrations of nutrients, except for potassium (K), and chromium (Cr), and did not significantly alter lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations. Results of stable isotopes showed that all biochar treatments increased the total soil C stock and stability, suggesting a potential for application in C sequestration, and improved overall soil fertility. However, the biochar treatments also increased the concentrations of trace elements in the soil and plants. The sugar beet yields at 10.0% MB and 5.0% SB corresponded to 55% and 29% of the yield obtained in the CF treatment, respectively. These results may be due to biochar nutrients not being bioavailable when required by plants or to biochar nutrient adsorption.