青檀宣纸原料林栽培利用

青檀,为我国特产树种。其适应性强,在石灰岩山场生长良好,较耐旱和瘠薄,根系发达,萌蘖性强,可经营矮林作业以截取枝条。枝皮富有纤维,绵韧易剥,是制造宣纸的特需原料。一、播种育苗青檀种子具有生理休眠特性,且种子个体的休眠深度差异较大。种子催芽方法,一是将种子装入木桶内,     

Competition-density effect of tree organs in Acacia auriculiformis stands

The competition-density (C-D) effects for mean mass for tree, stem, branch and leaf were analyzed in Acacia auriculiformis stands. Mean tree mass-density and mean organ mass-density were well explained by the C-D equation of tree and the C-D equation of tree organ, respectively. An equation describing the relationship between mean leaf area u and density was formulated that fit the u-data well. The relationship between mean tree mass w and the ratio of each organ to mean tree mass (wo/ w) was examined. With increasing w, the stem mass ratio wS/w increased, whereas the branch mass ratio wB/w and the leaf mass ratio wL/w decreased. The yield difference between the lowest-density stand and the high-density stand became greater with stand growth. However, the yield of the mid-density stand was slightly lower than the yield of the high-density stand during the experimental period. To produce the most desirable combination of demanding individual-tree size and relative high stem yield, the mid-density is recommended as proper planting density for future management of A. auriculiformis stands.     

海藻糖生产技术

海藻糖是一种稳定的非还原性双糖,广泛存在于低等植物、藻类、细菌、真菌、酵母、昆虫及无脊椎动物中,既是一种贮藏性糖类,又是应激代谢的重要产物.由于海藻糖是由特殊双糖分子构成的非还原性糖,特性非常稳定,能够在高温、高寒、干燥失水等恶劣的条件下在细胞表面形成特殊的保护膜,有效地保护生物分子结构不被破坏,从而维持生命体的生命过程和生物特征.海藻糖可广泛用于生物制剂、医药、食品、化妆品及农业科学等各个行业.     

自动取暖保健热宝的制作

自动取暖保健热宝是传统手炉的替代新产品,该产品不用电可持续供热,它使用方便,价格低廉,是人们冬季的首选暖手用品,也是野外作业人员不可多得的取暖之宝.该产品具有热敷镇痛的功效,深受风湿关节痛、肩周炎、腰腿痛、胃痛等患者的欢迎.该产品每个综合成本1到2元,市场售价8到10元,若日产100个,每个平均利润5元,效益可观,实乃致富好门路.     

太阳能开发利用大有可为

我国太阳能资源十分丰富,目前最主要的利用方式是用于城乡居民热水供应,我国太阳能热水器已经安装了6000万平方米,预计2020年和2050年将分别达到2.7亿和5亿平方米,将替代高峰电力8000万千瓦和2亿千瓦,节约1200万千瓦和30000亿千瓦时的电能.我国太阳能热水器已经成为太阳能利用中应用最为广泛、产业化发展最迅速的领域,太阳能热水器的生产量和使用量都居世界第一.至2003年底,全国太阳能热水器使用量达到5200万平方米,占全球使用量的40%以上.目前我国太阳能热水器生产厂家超过3000家,年生产量超过1000万平方米,全真空玻璃管热水器在世界市场上占据主导地位.     

鱼腥草种源试验初报

收集了11省（市）23县（市）的23个鱼腥草种质资源,在浙江省丽水市林业科学研究所百果园基地进行种源特性观察试验,结果表明,23个种源从形态特征上可分为二大类,一类为生长初期叶绿色,茎节间较长,生长盛期叶翠绿色,叶缘波状,茎浅红色;另一类为生长初期叶带紫红色,茎节间较短,生长盛期叶墨绿色,叶近全缘,茎紫红色、浅红色或绿色。物候期较为一致,可分为破土萌芽长叶期（2月下旬到3月下旬）、快速高生长期（3月底到4月中旬）、开花结果期（4月下旬到6月底）3个阶段。不同鱼腥草种源在高、径生长和蒴果、种子数量等方面均存在显著差异。高生长以18号（浙江嵊州）种源最好,平均高度达83．08cm,15号（安徽绩溪）种源最低,仅为41.08cm;径生长以4号（云南会泽）种源最好（0．5063cm）,15号（安徽绩溪）种源最差（0．3cm）。综合性状以4、18、19（浙江长兴）、12（浙江嘉善）、5（贵州安顺）、17（浙江泰顺）等种源表现较好,能获得较高的生物量。单果序蒴果数以7号种源（河南正阳）最多,达83．4颗／果序,蒴果内种子数以10号种源（广函柳州）最高（22.67粒／蒴果）,综合蒴果和种子数量以10、5号种源较好。     

怀化市成立森林消防应急营

2008年4月1日,湖南省怀化市召开森林消防应急营成立大会,并举行了检阅仪式和实战演习.森林消防应急营共有340人,下设4个连和1个特勤队.人员分别由中坡国家森林公园护林员、国有泸阳林场一线产业工人和武警怀化支队官兵、怀化军分区预备役战士、武警怀化消防支队官兵组成.     

Characteristics of soil organic carbon mineralization and influence factor analysis of natural Larix olgensis forest at different ages

Soil organic carbon(SOC)mineralization is closely related to carbon source or sink of terrestrial ecosystem.Natural stands of Larix olgensis on the Jincang forest farm,Jilin Province were selected to investigate the dynamics of SOC mineralization and its correlations with other soil properties in a young forest and mid-aged forest at soil depths of 0–10,>10–20,>20–40 and>40–60 cm.The results showed that compared with a mid-aged forest,the SOC stock in the young forest was 32%higher.Potentially mineralizable soil carbon(C0)in the young forest was 1.1–2.5 g kg^-1,accounting for 5.5–8.1%of total SOC during the 105 days incubation period and 0.3–1.5 g kg^-1 in the mid-aged forest at different soil depths,occupying 2.8–3.4%of total SOC.There was a significant difference in C0 among the soil depths.The dynamics of the SOC mineralization was a good fit to a three-pool(labile,intermediate and stable)carbon decomposition kinetic model.The SOC decomposition rate for different stand ages and different soil depths reached high levels for the first 15 days.Correlation analysis revealed that the C0 was significantly positively related with SOC content,soil total N(TN)and readily available K(AK)concentration.The labile soil carbon pool was significantly related to SOC and TN concentration,and significantly negatively correlated with soil bulk density.The intermediate carbon pool was positively associated with TN and AK.The stable carbon pool had negative correlations with SOC,TN and AK.     

重阳木白带黑斑蛾的发生与防治

重阳木,为大戟科重阳木属落叶乔木,生长高大,枝叶茂密,树姿优美,城镇绿化多见孤植大树或小片成群栽植。重阳木深根性,抗风力极强,又是生长快的阳性树种之一,有些地方用以作防护林或用材林,效果很好。2005年,祁门县对赤岭口公路两旁重阳木进行病虫害调查,发现重阳木白带黑斑蛾幼     

国外提高蛋鸡产蛋量10种妙法

1.加喂维生系C.俄罗斯的研究结果表明:当鸡舍温度为32℃时,在每千克饲料中添加60毫克维生素C,10周内可提高产蛋率12%左右;舍温为35℃时,在每千克饲料中添加44毫克维生素C,在20周内可提高产蛋率11%.在17.8至24.4℃的气温下,在每千克饲料中添加维生素C400毫克,3个月可增产约6%的鸡蛋;在7至20℃的气温下,在每千克饲料中添加30毫克维生素C,48周内增产鸡蛋7%.     

短期NaCl胁迫对西伯利亚白刺幼苗Na~+、K~+分配和平衡的影响

[目的]为探究西伯利亚白刺盐适应机制。[方法]以1年生西伯利亚白刺水培幼苗为材料,研究不同浓度NaCl(0、200、300 mmol·L-1)胁迫24 h后根系Na~+、K~+离子流的动态变化(利用扫描离子选择微电极技术,SIET)及植株各器官中Na~+、K~+含量的静态变化(利用电感耦合等离子体光谱仪,ICP-OES)。[结果]表明:(1)短期NaCl胁迫显著提高了西伯利亚白刺根、茎、叶中Na~+含量,其中,叶中Na~+含量是根中的3倍以上;西伯利亚白刺根、茎、叶中K~+含量保持稳定或上升;(2)盐胁迫下,西伯利亚白刺根、茎、叶中K~+/Na~+呈下降趋势,其中,在200、300 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,根中K~+/Na~+差异不显著;(3)离子流结果显示,NaCl胁迫显著提高了西伯利亚白刺根系Na~+的外流;对照和200 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,K~+净流量分别为156、159 pmol·cm-2·s-1,差异不显著;300 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫显著提高了K~+的内流,净流量为-370 pmol·cm-2·s-1。[结论]综合分析认为,西伯利亚白刺通过叶片对Na~+区隔,加强根系对Na~+的外排和K~+内流,进而维持植株根系K~+/Na~+的相对平衡,以此适应盐渍环境。     

Effect of NaCl stress on ion distribution in roots and growth of Cyclocarya paliurus seedlings

We studied ion distribution in roots and the growth of Cyclocarya paliurus seedlings of three provenances, Huangshan in Anhui, Jiujiang in Jiangxi and Kunming in Yunnan, under conditions of 0, 1, 3 and 5 g/L NaCl stress using X-ray microanalysis. Results show that under NaCl stress of 3 and 5 g/L, the relative contents of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in root tissues increased, while the relative contents of K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ decreased. With an increase in salinity, the relative content of Na⁺ in the epidermis and cortex of the root increased, while the relative content of Cl⁻ in the stele and cortex of the root increased markedly. Thus, ions in the root tissues were unbalanced and the ratios K⁺/Na⁺ and Ca²⁺/Na⁺ decreased, while Na⁺/(K⁺+ Na⁺+Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺) increased. The decrease of the K⁺/Na⁺ ratio and the substantial increase of Cl⁻ in root tissues contributed to a decline in seedlings survival and reduced the increments for seedling leaf area, height, basal diameter as well biomass. Our preliminary conclusion is that the level of salt tolerance for the tested provenance seedlings was in the order of Huangshan > Kunming > Jiujiang, and the threshold of salt tolerance for C. paliurus seedlings was about 1 g/L. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinica, 2008, 44(6): 66–72 [틫自: 쇖튵뿆톧]     

盐胁迫对柳树无性系SH31离子含量及光合作用的影响

以柳树无性系SH31为试材,研究了NaCl溶液半抑制浓度胁迫下根、茎、叶中Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺ 的分布规律及叶片光合特性的变化。结果表明:在NaCl溶液半抑制浓度(0.6%)下,SH31耐盐性较强;在0.6% NaCl溶液胁迫下,根部在前16 d积累大量Na⁺并拦截部分Na⁺向地上部运输;盐胁迫降低了根、茎部对 K⁺ 的吸收,而叶部却保持较高的K⁺ 含量来维持离子平衡;Ca²⁺含量在根、茎、叶中与对照的相当。在NaCl溶液半抑制浓度盐胁迫下,SH31 的净光合速率前7 d降低之后保持稳定,而气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO₂先降后升,表明前7 d的蒸腾速率下降的主要原因在于气孔限制。SH31根部对Na⁺ 选择性吸收并维持K⁺、Ca²⁺的高含量及维持较高光合作用是其重要的耐盐机制。     

盐胁迫下11个树种生理特性及其耐盐性研究

以11个树种实生幼苗为材料,用不同浓度(0、3、5、8、10 g·kg-1)NaCl溶液进行浇灌处理,研究了盐胁迫下各树种的生理特性,并运用隶属函数法对其耐盐性进行综合评定,结果表明:(1)随着盐胁迫浓度的增加,各树种的叶绿素含量下降,脯氨酸含量增加,可溶性糖含量和质膜透性在树种间差异较大;(2)盐处理后,不同部位(根、茎和叶)Na 含量明显增加,K 含量随树种不同表现各异,K /Na 比值均呈下降趋势,且根中Na 含量明显比叶中的高;(3)日本丁香、银水牛果、榆桔和三裂叶漆的耐盐碱能力较强,豆梨、欧洲荚蒾、沃氏金链花及鹰爪豆具有中高度耐盐碱能力,而金雀儿、甜桦和光叶漆稍差,具有中度耐盐性.本研究为11个树种耐盐性标准的制订及其推广应用提供了理论依据.     

Evaluation of the inorganic compound leakage and carbohydrates as indicator of physiological potential of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ulmus parvifolia</Emphasis> seeds

Inorganic compound leakage and change of carbohydrate were measured in Ulmus parvifolia seeds throughout accelerated aging under 35°C and 75% relative humidity (RH) to investigate whether these indicators can be used as a rapid vigor test for efficient seed bank management. Accelerated aging seeds treated for 0–14 days exhibited loss of germinability in the longest aging treated seeds (11%, 14 days) compared to a good performance of 52% for control (0 day) seeds. Leachate electrical conductivity (EC) increase had strong negative correlation with seed vigor (−0.9). Magnesium ion concentration in electrolyte leakage from artificial aged seeds showed positive correlation (r = 0.94, P < 0.01). The ratios of inorganic ions showed that K⁺/Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺, and Na⁺/Mg²⁺ were inversely correlated with germination (−0.93, −0.82, and −0.91, respectively). Increases in starch and total soluble sugar content in aged seeds were associated with a decrease in seed vigor. In conclusion, EC, magnesium ion concentration, K⁺/Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺, and Na⁺/Mg²⁺ ratios and starch and total soluble sugar content could provide a sensitive and accurate index for the assessment of U. parvifolia seed vigor.     

广州市酸雨对不同森林冠层淋溶规律的研究

１９９８年４月至１９９９年３月对广州市白云山马尾松林和常绿阔叶林、广州市龙眼洞马尾松林两试验点进行了酸雨的监测,并测定和分析了林内穿透雨物理量及化学量,旨在探讨酸雨对不同森林冠层养分淋溶规律的影响。结果表明：（１）广州市酸雨占次数的７９．７％或占降雨量的９５．１％。（２）酸雨通过林冠层后,ｐＨ值明显增加。（３）在马尾松林和常绿阔叶林中,某些单次降雨出现ＳＯ４＾２－、ＮＯ３＾－、ＮＨ４＾＋Ａｌ＾３＋、Ｎａ＾＋的负淋溶现象,说明森林对这些离子（特别是ＮＯ３＾－、Ａａ＾３＋）具有吸收作用;阔叶林全年的ＮＯ３＾－和Ａｌ＾３＋净淋溶为负值,说明阔叶林比马尾松林对这两种离子具有更强的吸收能力。（４）雨水酸度增加（即ｐＨ值减小）,明显提高阳离子Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｍｇ＾２＋、Ｋ＾＋和Ｎａ＾＋冠层淋溶面分率。（５）ＮＨ４＾＋、ＳＯ４＾     

Chemical characterization of the ashes of some African hardwoods

Summary Eight African hardwoods of commercial interest (Mimusops djave; Mitragyna ciliata; Celtis mildbraedii; Antiaris africana; Terminalia superba; Daniella ogea; Entandrophragma cylindricum; and Afrormosia elata) were ashed. The percentage ash content of the woods was determined and the ash samples were analysed for soluble base (as K₂CO₃), Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺. A link between the densities of the woods and the Ca²⁺ content of their ash was established.     

Effect of NaCl on growth and ion relations in two salt-tolerant strains of Paxillus involutus

The effect of NaCl on growth, biomass and ion relations of two salt-tolerant isolates of Paxillus involutus, MAJ and NAU were investigated. The two Paxillus strains were exposed to the following concentrations of NaCl： 0, 100, 200 and 500 mmol·L^-1. Growth of MAJ and NAU was enhanced by 100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl but severely inhibited at the concentration of 500 mmol·L^-1. NAU exhibited a greater capacity to exclude Na^＋ and Cl^- under all salinity levels, whereas the salt-includer MAJ had a higher capacity in nutrient uptake under salt stress. The ratios Na^＋/K^＋, Na^＋/Ca^2＋ and Na^＋/Mg^2＋ in NaCl-treated MAJ and NAU did not increase at levels of 100 and 200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl but markedly increased at 500 mmol·L^-1. This suggests that the two strains, especially MAJ, enhanced nutrient uptake corresponding to the increased Na^＋ influx at moderate salinity. We conclude that both MAJ and NAU are able to tolerate 500 mmol·L^-1 NaCl but there are species-specific differences in retaining ionic homeostasis in the two Paxillus strains. NAU is a salt-excluder, MAJ is a salt-includer but retains a high capacity in nutrient selectivity under saline conditions. Their definite mechanisms to enhance salt tolerance of mycorrhizal hosts need further study.     

盐胁迫对红楠幼苗生长及Na+、K+吸收和分布的影响

In order to explore the salt tolerance mechanism of Machilus thunbergii, the effects of salt stress on seedling biomass, root morphology, sodium and potassium absorption and distribution were studied. The results showed that the above-ground biomass increased slightly under lower salt stress conditions, while the below-ground biomass, root length and root surface area showed a downtrend. The above-ground growth was limited under high concentration salt stress, while the under-ground growth was not subject to significant restrictions. The absorption of Na⁺ in root increased under salt stress, but that of K⁺ decreased. The ability of Na⁺ transporting from root to leaf and stem was weakened. The accumulation of Na⁺ in stem and leaves was less. With the decreased absorption of K⁺, the ratio of Na⁺/K⁺ also continuously increased. With the increased concentration of salt stress, the ability of K⁺ absorption in roots increased. The ability of K⁺ transporting from root to leaf and stem was enhanced, which resulted in significant increase of K⁺ in the leaves and stem. The accumulation of Na⁺ in the under-ground was significantly greater than that in above-ground, while the K⁺ content in above-ground increased significantly, which played a key role in maintaining normal growth and metabolism of M. thunbergii.     

Transfer characteristics of nutrient elements through hydrological process of a Pinus tabulaeformis stand in the West Mountain of Beijing

Forest precipitation chemistry is a major issue in forest hydrology and forest ecology. Chemical contents in precipitation change significantly when different kinds of external chemical materials are added, removed, translocated and transformed to or in the forest ecosystem along with precipitation. The chemistry of precipitation was monitored and analyzed in a 31-year-old Pinus tabulaeformis forest in the West Mountain of Beijing. Movement patterns of nutrient elements in hydrological processes can be discovered by studying this monitored data. Also, the information is useful for diagnosing the function of ecosystems and evaluating the impact of the environment on the ecosystem. Samples of rainfall, throughfall and stemflow were collected on the site. In the lab, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ were analyzed by flame atomic absorption and K⁺ and Na⁺ by flame emission. NH₄ ⁺-N was analyzed by indophenol blue colorimetry and NO₃ ⁻-N was analyzed by phenoldisulfonic acid colorimetry. The results showed that: 1) The concentration gradient of nutrient elements clearly changed except for Na⁺. The nutrients in stemflow were significantly higher than those of throughfall and rainfall as the precipitation passed through the P. tabulaeformis forest. The monthly patterns showed distinct differentiation. There are indications that a large amount of nutrients was leached from the canopy, which is a critical function of intra-ecosystem nutrient cycling to improve the efficiency of nutrient use. 2) The concentrations of NO₃ ⁻-N and K⁺ changed more than those of the other nutrient elements. The concentration of NO₃ ⁻-N in throughfall and stemflow was 4.4 times and 9.9 times higher than those in rainfall, respectively. The concentration of K⁺ in throughfall and stemflow was 4.1 times and 8.1 times higher than those in rainfall, respectively. 3) The leaching of nutrient elements from the stand was an important aspect of nutrient return to the P. tabulaeformis forest, which returned a total amount of nutrient of 54.1 kg/hm², with the contribution of Ca²⁺ and K⁺ much greater than that of other elements. Also, K⁺ was the most active element in leaching intensity. 4) Nutrient input through precipitation was the main source in the West Mountain of Beijing and the amount of nutrient added was 66.4 kg/hm², of which Ca²⁺ and N contributed much more than the other nutrient elements. When precipitation passes through the P. tabulaeformis forest, 121 kg/hm² of nutrient is added to the forest floor. Ca²⁺ recorded the greatest nutrient increase, with 61.2 kg/hm², followed by N (NH₄ ⁺-N and NO₃ ⁻-N), K⁺ and Mg²⁺, with 31.3 and 16.5, and 8.11 kg/hm², respectively. The least was Na⁺, 3.34 kg/hm². Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(7): 2,101–2,107 [译自: 生态学报]